{"id":9821,"date":"2024-09-04T15:08:35","date_gmt":"2024-09-04T15:08:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/?page_id=9821"},"modified":"2025-10-07T20:35:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T20:35:43","slug":"fanshen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/fanshen\/","title":{"rendered":"Notes on William Hinton&#8217;s <em>Fanshen<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n  table {\n    font-size: 90%;\n    margin: 0 0 1em;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>table th table td {\n    padding: 0.1em 0.1em;\n    line-height: 0.8;\n    border-bottom: 0px;\n  }\n<\/style>\n<p><a href=\"#toc\">Table of Contents<\/a> &#8211; Links to chapter notes.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#people\">List of Characters<\/a> &#8211; People mentioned in the book.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#places\">Map<\/a> &#8211; Map of the area and list of main locations.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"toc\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Table of Contents<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Chapter<\/th>\n<th>Page<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ack\">Acknowledgments<\/a><\/td>\n<td>vi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#preface\">Preface<\/a><\/td>\n<td>ix<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#prologue\">Prologue<\/a><\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Part I Sowing the Wind<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch1\">1. Long Bow Village<\/a><\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch2\">2. Can the Sun Rise in the West<\/a><\/td>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch3\">3. Eating Bitterness<\/a><\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch4\">4. Three Pillars of Heaven<\/a><\/td>\n<td>46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch5\">5. The Teaching of the Lord of Heaven<\/a><\/td>\n<td>58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch6\">6. Invasion<\/a><\/td>\n<td>69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch7\">7. Collaborators<\/a><\/td>\n<td>73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch8\">8. Seeds of Change<\/a><\/td>\n<td>82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch9\">9. The Whirlwind<\/a><\/td>\n<td>96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Part II Sunrise in the West: The Year of Expropriation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch10\">10. Which Road?<\/a><\/td>\n<td>103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch11\">11. Beat the Dog&#8217;s Leg<\/a><\/td>\n<td>107<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch12\">12. Find the Leaders<\/a><\/td>\n<td>118<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch13\">13. Dig Out the Rotten Root of Feudalism<\/a><\/td>\n<td>128<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch14\">14. Wang Lai-hsun Is Next<\/a><\/td>\n<td>139<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch15\">15. The Fruits of Struggle<\/a><\/td>\n<td>147<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch16\">16. Half of China<\/a><\/td>\n<td>157<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch17\">17. Counter Measures<\/a><\/td>\n<td>161<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch18\">18. Founding the Village Communist Party Branch<\/a><\/td>\n<td>168<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch19\">19. Peasants or Workers?<\/a><\/td>\n<td>179<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch20\">20. Contradictions, Internal and External<\/a><\/td>\n<td>188<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch21\">21. All Out War\u2014Retreat<\/a><\/td>\n<td>198<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch22\">22. Organizing Production<\/a><\/td>\n<td>210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch23\">23. Abuses of Power<\/a><\/td>\n<td>222<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch24\">24. The Blackmail of Wang Yu-lai<\/a><\/td>\n<td>232<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>III The Search for the Poor and Hired<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch25\">25. Cosmic Wei Ch&#8217;i<\/a><\/td>\n<td>243<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch26\">26. To the Village<\/a><\/td>\n<td>251<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch27\">27. The Work Team<\/a><\/td>\n<td>259<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch28\">28. Those with Merit Will Get Some Those without Merit Will Get Some<\/a><\/td>\n<td>269<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch29\">29. Self Report, Public Appraisal<\/a><\/td>\n<td>275<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch30\">30. Rich Man, Poor Man, Beggarman, Thief<\/a><\/td>\n<td>280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch31\">31. The Revolutionary Heat<\/a><\/td>\n<td>288<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch32\">32. Brothers<\/a><\/td>\n<td>297<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch33\">33. A Curved Road<\/a><\/td>\n<td>303<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch34\">34. Drama in the Fields<\/a><\/td>\n<td>312<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Part IV Who Will Educate the Educators?<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch35\">35. Confrontation at the Gate<\/a><\/td>\n<td>319<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch36\">36. The Village Leader Bows his Head<\/a><\/td>\n<td>332<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch37\">37. &#8220;I Dare Not Say I Have Finished&#8221;<\/a><\/td>\n<td>341<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch38\">38. Days and Nights<\/a><\/td>\n<td>350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch39\">39. A Summing Up<\/a><\/td>\n<td>360<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch40\">40. The Lucheng Road<\/a><\/td>\n<td>367<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"#ch41\">41. In the Dragon Hall<\/a><\/td>\n<td>373<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch42\">42. When Poverty Outranked Heaven<\/a><\/td>\n<td>378<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch43\">43. Unity Through Struggle<\/a><\/td>\n<td>388<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch44\">44. When I Get My Share<\/a><\/td>\n<td>396<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch45\">45. Unite Real Friends, Attack Real Enemies<\/a><\/td>\n<td>400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Part V Recapitulation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch46\">46. The Native&#8217;s Return<\/a><\/td>\n<td>419<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch47\">47. Both Ends Sun Unseen<\/a><\/td>\n<td>428<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch48\">48. Class Differentiation Repeated<\/a><\/td>\n<td>434<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch49\">49. It Is Too Slow!<\/a><\/td>\n<td>442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch50\">50. Who Dares Man the Second Gate?<\/a><\/td>\n<td>446<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch51\">51. A Young Bride Leads the Way<\/a><\/td>\n<td>454<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch52\">52. The Gate in the Church<\/a><\/td>\n<td>461<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch53\">53. Upgrading<\/a><\/td>\n<td>473<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Part VI Drastic Reappraisal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch54\">54. On the Eve of Victory<\/a><\/td>\n<td>479<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch55\">55. We Tried to Be God!<\/a><\/td>\n<td>488<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch56\">56. Who Is to Blame?<\/a><\/td>\n<td>495<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Part VII Untying the Knot<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch57\">57. Disaster<\/a><\/td>\n<td>511<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch58\">58. Revolutionary Steeling<\/a><\/td>\n<td>518<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch59\">59. Mutual Aid<\/a><\/td>\n<td>528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch60\">60. The Village People&#8217;s Congress<\/a><\/td>\n<td>535<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch61\">61. A Final Determination<\/a><\/td>\n<td>548<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch62\">62. The Midnight Raid<\/a><\/td>\n<td>551<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch63\">63. Hsueh-chen Dissents<\/a><\/td>\n<td>560<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch64\">64. &#8220;Illegal Fruits&#8221; Returned<\/a><\/td>\n<td>566<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch65\">65. Arrests and Restitutions<\/a><\/td>\n<td>578<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch66\">66. &#8220;Self Report, Public Appraisal&#8221; Solves the Tax Question<\/a><\/td>\n<td>593<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&#x2705; <a href=\"#ch67\">67. Long Bow Tsai Chien<\/a><\/td>\n<td>601<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a name=\"places\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Map<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map-700x724.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"724\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-10054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map-700x724.jpg 700w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map-768x794.jpg 768w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map-800x827.jpg 800w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/map.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Based on US Army Map Service 1955 NJ49-16 Series L500 based on North China 1942 and 1943 Japanese Army General Staff maps. Perry-Casta\u00f1eda Library Map Collection<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom-700x513.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"513\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-10049\" srcset=\"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom-700x513.jpg 700w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom-300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom-768x563.jpg 768w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom-800x587.jpg 800w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/locationzoom.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Long Bow &#8211; Zhangzhuangcun \u5f20\u5e84\u6751<\/li>\n<li>Lucheng County &#8211; \u6f5e\u57ce<\/li>\n<li>Yellow Mill &#8211; \u9ec4\u78be<\/li>\n<li>Changchih &#8211; \u957f\u6cbb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"people\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>People<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Chang Ch&#8217;un-hsi, a Communist (m)<\/li>\n<li>Chang Hsin-fa, a Communist (m)<\/li>\n<li>Chang Huan-ch&#8217;ao, blacksmith (m)<\/li>\n<li>Chang Kuei-ts&#8217;ai, Communist (m)<\/li>\n<li>Chao C&#8217;uan-e, Communist (f)<\/li>\n<li>Secretary Ch&#8217;en (m)<\/li>\n<li>Ch&#8217;eng A-lien, Communist (f)<\/li>\n<li>Chin-chu, village cuckold (m)<\/li>\n<li>Chou Mei-sheng, collaborator, wartime secretary to village government, tried, flees (m)<\/li>\n<li>Ch&#8217;ou-har&#8217;s wife (f)<\/li>\n<li>Little Ch&#8217;uer <\/li>\n<li>Fan Pu-tzu, Catholic landlord #2, flees and dies of illness (m)<\/li>\n<li>Fan Ming-hsi, son of Pu-tzu, beaten to death (m)<\/li>\n<li>Fan Tung-hsi, son of Pu-tzu, local tyrant, killed by wartime resistance (m)<\/li>\n<li>Hou Chin-ming, beaten, flees (m)<\/li>\n<li>Hou Pao-pei &#8211; Team Leader Hou (m)<\/li>\n<li>Han-shenng, lost everything in debt to Sheng Ching-ho (m)<\/li>\n<li>Hsiao Wen-hsu, alienated (m)<\/li>\n<li>Hsu Cheng-p&#8217;eng, KMT general never returns to village (m)<\/li>\n<li>Hu Hsueh-chen, leader (f)<\/li>\n<li>K&#8217;ang Chen-niu, land and donkey confiscated (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Chao-ch&#8217;eng, land and ox confiscated (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Cheng-k&#8217;uan, hired laborer worked for Fan Pu-tzu and driver (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Ch&#8217;ung-wang, rich peasant, brother of Fu-wang, flees (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Cheng-k&#8217;uan, chairman of People&#8217;s Congress (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Te-yu, collaborator, wartime head of public affairs, brother of Fu-kuei<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Fu-kuei, collaborator, wartime head of police (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Fu-wang, landlord\/rich peasant, brother of Ch&#8217;ung-wang, beaten to death (m)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Yuan-lung (m)<\/li>\n<li>Liang Chi-hu<\/li>\n<li>Li Ho-jen, Catholic (m)<\/li>\n<li>Li Hsin-ai (f)<\/li>\n<li>Li Hung-er, rascal (m)<\/li>\n<li>Li Lao-szu, mason (m)<\/li>\n<li>Li P&#8217;an-ming, wagonner (m)<\/li>\n<li>Li Pao-yu, &#8220;merchant&#8221; (m)<\/li>\n<li>Li Sung-lin, Little Li (m)<\/li>\n<li>Miao brothers, tenants of Kuo Ch&#8217;ung-wan, died of starvation<\/li>\n<li>P&#8217;ei Ho-yi, rich peasant lost everythign in debt to Sheng Ching-ho (m)<\/li>\n<li>P&#8217;ei Shing-k&#8217;uan, accuses Father Sun<\/li>\n<li>Pu-ch&#8217;ao (no surname given) (f)<\/li>\n<li>Shang Shih-t&#8217;ou, wartime village head<\/li>\n<li>Sheng Ching-ho, landlord #1 (m)<\/li>\n<li>Sheng Kuei-t&#8217;ing, former secretary Carry-On Society<\/li>\n<li>Shen Chi-mei, collaborator, executed by shooting (m)<\/li>\n<li>Shen Fa-liang, lost everything in debt to Sheng Ching-ho (m)<\/li>\n<li>Shen Ch&#8217;uan-te, Catholic (m)<\/li>\n<li>Shen Hsien-e, beauty, aged 17 (f)<\/li>\n<li>Shih Fu-yuan, once appointed head of Long Bow, later district cadre (m)<\/li>\n<li>Shih La-ming, Catholic landlord, beaten to death (m)<\/li>\n<li>Shih Ts&#8217;ai&#8217;yuan, of army (m)<\/li>\n<li>Shih Szu-har, middle peasant bankrupted by Sheng Ching-ho (m)<\/li>\n<li>Sun, Father, collaborator, beaten, flees (m)<\/li>\n<li>T&#8217;ai-shan&#8217;s mother (f)<\/li>\n<li>Ts&#8217;ui brothers, land confiscated<\/li>\n<li>Old Lady Wang (f)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Ch&#8217;ang-yi, local veterinarian, land confiscated (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Ch&#8217;eng-yu, peasant, abused by the Church (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Ch&#8217;ung-lai, adopted brother to Wang Lai-hsun, treated as servant (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Ch&#8217;ung-lai&#8217;s wife (f)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Ch&#8217;un-le, land confiscated (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang En-pao, KMT secretary, suicide (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Kuei-ching, finances for the church, manager <\/li>\n<li>Wang Hua-nan (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Lai-hsun, second largest landholder in Long Bow, Catholic, wartime street captain (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Man-hsi, bully (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang pen-ping, &#8220;basic element&#8221; (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Wen-te, rascal (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Yu-lai, rascal&#8217;s dad (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wen Tui-chin, &#8220;Old Tui-chin&#8221; (m)<\/li>\n<li>Wu-k&#8217;uei (no surname) (m)<\/li>\n<li>Yang Kuei-sheng, landlord son, flees (m)<\/li>\n<li>Yin Ch&#8217;in-ch&#8217;un, catholic<\/li>\n<li>Yu Ken-ch&#8217;eng, land confiscated<\/li>\n<li>Yu Pu-ho, rich widow (f)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"ack\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Aknowledgments<\/h3>\n<p><strong>People Thanked:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Communist Party and Lucheng County government<\/li>\n<li>President Fan Wen-lan (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/zh-hans\/\u8303\u6587\u6f9c\">\u8303\u6587\u6f9c<\/a>) of Northern University<\/li>\n<li>Ch&#8217;i Yun &#8211; interpreter<\/li>\n<li>Hsieh Hung &#8211; interpeter<\/li>\n<li>Long Bow work team and peasants <\/li>\n<li>Milton H. Friedman &#8211; for &#8220;legal virtuosity&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carmelita_Hinton\">Carmelita Hinton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corliss_Lamont\">Corliss Lamont<\/a> &#8211; financial aid to help recover his material from U.S. Customs and Senator Eastland&#8217;s Committee on Internal Security<\/li>\n<li>Carmelita Hinton and Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation &#8211; help with drafts<\/li>\n<li>Susan Warren &#8211; for editing and consultation<\/li>\n<li>Nell Salm &#8211; of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monthly_Review\">Monthly Review<\/a> for &#8220;editorial innovations and preparation of final draft&#8221; and <\/li>\n<li>Others: Angus Cameron, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ida_Pruitt\">Ida Pruitt<\/a>, Adele and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._Allyn_Rickett\">Allyn Rickett<\/a>, wife <a href=\"https:\/\/alyssahinton.com\/background\/eclectic-life-story\/\">Joanne Raiford<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"preface\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Preface<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hinton introduces his role in the book as an observer attached to the work team visiting &#8220;Long Bow&#8221; in Lucheng County, Shanxi (Shansi) province during the spring and summer of 1948. <\/li>\n<li>Parts I and II are to offer a history of the book.<\/li>\n<li>Hinton talks about how the book&#8217;s account is put together: &#8220;This history was not easily assembled. The past was reviewed for me by a multiple of people whose membories of what had happened differed somewhat and whose stories contained both contradictions and gaps. Where contradictions could not be resolved or gaps filled in through careful checking and cross-checking, I have had to adopt such interpretations and solutions as seemed most consistent with other known facts. If the history that has thus emerged is not accurate in every detail, its main content and spirit nevertheless portray the truth about Long Bow.&#8221; (ix)<\/li>\n<li>Is Long Bow&#8217;s experience universal or unique? Something of both (x)<\/li>\n<li>Long Bow was different in that it had a sizeable Catholic minority; had many wihtout ancestral roots in the region, so weak clan structure (x)<\/li>\n<li>Long Bow was occupied by the Japanese during the war so was not a centre for wartime resistance and democratic rule<\/li>\n<li>As a result, postwar changes highly compressed in time<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;At least a dozen people were beaten to death by angry crowds; some hard-working small holders were wrongly dispossessed; revolutionary leaders rode roughshod over their followers. When the land reform team to which I was attached came to the village in 1948, its main job turned out to be righting the wrongs of the immediate past.&#8221; (xi)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;This book, by reflecting this concentration [on what was wrong with past policies], gives crimes, mistakes, detours and discouragement more weight than they deserve in any over-all evaluation of Long Bow&#8217;s development.&#8221; (xi)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;I have written a book of considerable length. Along the way I borrowed from the literary arsenal of the novelist, the journalist, the social scientist, and the historian. What I have produced, finally, seems to me to resemble, in spirit and in context, a documentary film. I call it, then, a documentary of revolution in a Chinese village.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Hinton acknowledges the important contribution of hist two interpreters: &#8220;The language spoken in Southern Shansi is not pure Mandarin but a dialect. In addition to pronouncing most words in their own local way, Shansi peasants use many words that do not appear in any Chinese dictionary. Even interpreters well versed in Chinese dialects often find themselves at a loss to decipher the details of conversations between peasants. Thus, though I had a working knowledge of Chinese, it would have been impossible for me to follow the meetings without help.&#8221; (xii)<\/li>\n<li>The book is timely because what happened in China can happen elsewhere, &#8220;Land reform is on the agenda of mankind.&#8221; (xiii)<\/li>\n<li>Preface dated May, 1966.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"prologue\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Prologue<\/h3>\n<p><a name=\"part1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part I Sowing the Wind<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"ch1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>1. Long Bow Village<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Historical background<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fields were barren, brown and desolate in winter, while in summer they were green, yellow and clothed with diverse crops (p17-18)<\/li>\n<li>Replacement of troops of the Imperial Garrison by conscripts of Yen Hsi-shan, warlord governor of Shansi (p20)<\/li>\n<li>Population varied drastically in size &#8211; generally the thousand acres around village could support 200-300 families. (p21)<\/li>\n<li>Normally up to around 1,000 people altogether. (p22)<\/li>\n<li>Graves dot the land of Long Bow (p22)<\/li>\n<li>Land divided up into thin strips with different owners (p22)<\/li>\n<li>Often up to 40 different surnames in the village.<\/li>\n<li>Foot binding was a practice even in 1945 (p24)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018Certainly for hundreds of years, any tired travelers who paused to rest at the crest of the hill and looked out over the flat to the north saw substantially the same sight \u2013 a complex of adobe walls under a canopy of trees set in the middle of a large expanse of fields.\u2019 (p17)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #traditions<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Yen Hsi-shan (governor of Shansi)<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>2. Can the Sun Rise in the West<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1940s<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tenants rendered up many of their crops in taxes and rent (p27)<\/li>\n<li>Concentration of land ownership in Long Bow was not as nearly as high as other parts in China in 1940s (p27-28)<\/li>\n<li>Proportion of land (and draft animals) that landlords, rich peasants, clan associations, middle<br \/>\npeasants etc. each held (p28-31)<\/li>\n<li>Soldiers and officers relationship with the people (bad) and with Ching-ho (good) (p32)<\/li>\n<li>Descriptions of how the rich borrowed money to others and drove them to various degrees of bankruptcy (p32-34)<\/li>\n<li>Famine years of 1942-43 (p34)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018When anyone mentioned change, the gentry asked confident: \u201ccan the sun rise in the west?\u201d This confidence of stability of the land system and the culture it endangered \u2013 a system and a culture that had survived and often flourished since before the time of Christ.\u2019 (p27)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Those who possess a great deal of land, who do not themselves labor but depend entirely on exploiting the peasants through rent and usury, sustaining themselves without toiling these are the landlords. Those who own large amounts of land, plow animals and farm implements, who themselves take part in labor although at the same time they exploit the hired labor of peasants these are the rich peasants. Those who have land, plow animals, and farm implements, who labor themselves and do not exploit others, or do so only slightly these are the middle peasants. Those who have only a small amount of land, farm implements and plow animals, who labor on their own land but at the same time have to sell a part of their labor power these are the poor peasants. Those who have no land, plow animals, or farm implements and who must sell their labor power these are the hired laborers.&#8221; (From Jen Pi-shih, Several Problems Regarding Land Reform, 1948. Not published in English)&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #landsystem, #landownership, #debt<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Sheng Ching-ho (head of richest family in Long Bow, member of KMT); K\u2019ung Tzu Tao (Confucian Association); Han-sheng (old man); Shih Szu-har (middle peasant); Shen (poor peasant); Pei Ho-Yi; Fan Pu-tzu, Kuo Fu-wang, Kuo Ch\u2019ung-wang (rich peasants); Ho-P\u2019ang (peasant)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tables and Statistics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Long Bow Classes On Eve of Land Revolution (p28):<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Group<\/th>\n<th>% Population<\/th>\n<th>% Land<\/th>\n<th>% Draft Animals<\/th>\n<th>Ave. Family Size<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Landlords and Rich Peasants<\/td>\n<td>7%<\/td>\n<td>18%\/31%&#42;<\/td>\n<td>33%<\/td>\n<td>>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Middle Peasants<\/td>\n<td>40%<\/td>\n<td>45%<\/td>\n<td>66%<\/td>\n<td>&lt;5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Poor peasants<\/td>\n<td>47%<\/td>\n<td>24%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>3-3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hired laborers<\/td>\n<td>6%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>&#42; 31% includes land controlled &#8220;through religious and clan associations&#8221;. <\/li>\n<li>Draft animal percentages 33+66=99% but he says poor peasants and hired laborers controlled 5% of draft animals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"ch3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>3. Eating Bitterness<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Historical background<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Education disparity between the rich and poor (p38)<\/li>\n<li>Each family were weary of each other in the midst of poverty and hunger (p38)<\/li>\n<li>Depiction of slavery at the Wang household, where even after become Ch\u2019ung-lai\u2019s wife, she was beaten by several members of the household (p39-41)<\/li>\n<li>Descriptions (allegedly by peasants themselves) of their living situations (p43)<\/li>\n<li>Decline, which the author attributes to economic dislocations, social disorders, and war<br \/>\n(p44)<\/li>\n<li>Inter-generational poverty (p44-45)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018For weeks at a time almost half the population of every community lodged overnight in the fields, each family keeping an eye on all the rest. Thus both prosperous and poor peasants were forced to expend their often exhausted energies on a guard duty that was sheer waste from the point of view of society, but that meant the difference between life and death to every cropper.\u201d (p38) <\/li>\n<li>\u2018People said, \u201cthe debts of the poor begin at birth. When a boy is a month old the family wishes to celebrate; they have to borrow money in order to make dumplings and so, before the child can sit up, he is already in debt to the landlord. As he grows the interest mounts until the burden is too great to bear.\u201d\u2019 (p44-45)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #education, #slavery, #intergenerationalpoverty, #gender<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Shen Fa-liang, Wang Ch\u2019ung-lai<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>4. Three Pillars of Heaven<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1930s-40s<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Certain notoriety in 1920s due to \u201cEight Squires\u201d who cooperated with foreign priests in an effort to make converts to Catholicism (p47)<\/li>\n<li>Belief in magical influence of burial grounds (p48)<\/li>\n<li>In later years, Catholic Church became a most stalwart bulwark against social change (p48)<\/li>\n<li>Description of the structure of government (p48-49)<\/li>\n<li>Quarrels among the peasants over several issues (like ownership of trees, possession of women (p50)<\/li>\n<li>Gentry held power of life and death over peasants and carried out punitive measures, driving peasants off the land or beat them if necessary (p51-52)<\/li>\n<li>Many young peasants were driven into gangster-type secret societies such as the Red Rifles, may refer to Red Spears (\u7d05\u69cd\u6703) (p53)<\/li>\n<li>Many peasants seized and killed in Lucheng County (p54)<\/li>\n<li>All-pervading individualism, lack of vision as weaknesses in economy (p55)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8216;To qualify as a village official, one had to be fluent, unscrupulous, ingratiating when dealing with those of superior station, and threatening when dealing with poor and weaker persons. Above all, one had to be willing to submit to the whims of the gentry, and not feel humiliated when ordered to carry out some business for them. The peasants had their own less than flattering title for such people. They called them kou t&#8217;ui-tzu which means &#8220;leg of the dog.&#8221;&#8216; (p49)<\/li>\n<li>\u2018The extreme and often misdirected violence of peasant uprisings in China was an indication of certain basic weaknesses in the peasants as a political force, weaknesses which were cultivated anew in each generation by the very nature of the fragmented, small-holding, peddlers\u2019 economy in which they were all reared.\u2019 (p54)<\/li>\n<li>\u2018Only a new set of social and productive relations could break through the vicious circle, release China\u2019s productive power, and open the road to a prosperous future. But of new sets of social relations, of other modes of production, the peasants knew nothing, could imagine nothing, and hence had no beacons to guide them in any search for liberation. They were in the position of a man trying to survey the sky while imprisoned at the bottom of a well.\u2019 (p55)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #catholicism, #religion, #geomancy, #government, #corruption, #favouritism, #secretsocieties,<br \/>\n#capitalism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Eight Squires (Yang, Li, Wang, Kao, Sheng, Liu and two Fans); Shih, Ch\u2019eng, Kuo (from powerful families in 1940s); Li Pao-yu (middle peasant), Hsiao-tseng (neighbour); Hou Yu-fu (from Sand Bank Village), Hou (poor peasant); Fan Tung-hsi, Fan Pu-tzu<br \/>\n<strong>Locations:<\/strong> Lucheng County<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>5. The Teaching of the Lord of Heaven<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1900s-1940s<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Large Gothic-style church built in 1916 under the direction of Catholic missionaries (p58)<\/li>\n<li>Church reinforced the landlord tenant relationship through its teachings \u2013 and became a landholder in its own right (p56)<\/li>\n<li>Shansi Province as a storm center of the Boxers\u2019 Revolt, sacking churches, killing priests and converts, and seizing property (p60)<\/li>\n<li>Catholic missions came back after Peking was sacked (p60)<\/li>\n<li>People did not dare to oppose the church and lived in fear of exposure to the priests (p61)<\/li>\n<li>Charity and orphanage used to attract (force) new members (p61)<\/li>\n<li>High interest rates on loans, by late 1930s, Christian charity societies owned lots of land (p62-63)<\/li>\n<li>900 people waled to the Yamen at Lucheng to protest and petition for return of land to the village in 1925 (p65)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018By disrupting and dividing the community, demanding special privileges for its converts, engendering cliques and counter-cliques, imposing humiliations on civil and religious leaders alike, it won for itself the bitter hatred of the majority outside the Church. Its influence, even after it disappeared as an organized force, was deep and lasting.\u2019 (p58)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #boxers, #catholicism, #childabuse, #protest, #violence<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Yu Hsien (Shansi governor); Wang Kuei-ching (manager of charity); Chang; Wang Ch\u2019eng-yu<br \/>\n<strong>Locations:<\/strong> Lucheng County<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>6. Invasion<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Second Sino-Japanese War<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lukuochiao Incident in 1937 (p70)<\/li>\n<li>Japanese army garrisoned Lucheng, controlling the highway leading out to the county town of Changchih (p71-72)<\/li>\n<li>Long Bow became the last permanently garrisoned outpost on the road to Yellow Mill and established as a fortified point (p72)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cKill All, Burn All, Loot All\u201d campaigns by the Japanese (p72)<\/li>\n<li>Development of resistance and collaboration as political trends (p72)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018In these times of terrible trial, every person and every human institution was put on the rack, and the quality of the metal from which they were made was ruthlessly tested. Under this stress two main political trends developed: resistance and collaboration.\u2019 (p72)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #resistance, #japanese<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Hu Hsueh-chen, Ch\u2019ou-har<br \/>\n<strong>Locations:<\/strong> Lucheng County<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>7. Collaborators<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Second Sino-Japanese War<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fort was built by conscript labor at the north end of Long Bow on the edge of no man\u2019s land in 1943 (p75)<\/li>\n<li>Incidental cruelties that accompanied the expropriation of the land on which the fort was built (p76)<\/li>\n<li>Provincial armies retreated into the hinterland after crumbling before Japanese advance in 1937 (p77)<\/li>\n<li>Almost a third of the people died of starvation in the famine year of 1942 (p78)<\/li>\n<li>The group that Fan commanded defected after the killing of their leader (p79)<\/li>\n<li>Advancement of Catholicism under the protection of foreign powers (p79)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018The defection at Lucheng was by no means an isolated incident. In the later years of the Anti- Japanese War, years that were characterized by a stalemate on the regular battlefronts, the surrender to the Japanese of whole units intact with their arms was arranged over and over again by high ranking Nationalist officers.\u2019 (p79)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #cruelties, #war. #defection<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Wu-k\u2019uei (poor peasant); Wen Tui-chin; Fan Tung-hsi (commander); Shih Jen-pao, Shen Chi-mei; Kuo Lo-ts\u2019ai (leading priest);<br \/>\n<strong>Locations:<\/strong> Lucheng County<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>8. Seeds of Change<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Second Sino-Japanese War<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Execution of Shang Shih-t\u2019ou (p82-83)<\/li>\n<li>Beginning of the revolutionary transformation process in Long Bow (p84)<\/li>\n<li>Political and military vacuum created by the Japanese driving Kuomintang bureaucracy and<br \/>\narmy out of north China (p84)<\/li>\n<li>Establishment and growth of the Eighth Route Army (p85-87)<\/li>\n<li>Recruits in Lucheng County to the resistance army (p87-90)<\/li>\n<li>Village leader of Ku-yi killed in 1943 (p93)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018The execution of Shang Shih-t\u2019ou redeemed the village not only in the eyes of its own inhabitants, but before the whole county, and with this act the process of revolutionary transformation in Long Bow began.\u2019 (p83-84)<\/li>\n<li>\u2018It is one of the great ironies of history that the warlords of Japan, who insisted ad nauseam that they were \u201cintervening\u201d in China only to build prosperity in \u201cGreater East Asia\u201d and save the Chinese people from a fate worse than death \u2013 Communism \u2013 greatly hastened by that very intervention the triumph of the Communist-led Revolution.\u2019 (p84)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #occupation, #resistance<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Shang Shih-t\u2019ou (Puppet administration); Shih Ts\u2019ai-yuan, Chao Yin-kuei (first recruits of Army); Chang T\u2019ien-ming, Shen So-tzu, Kung Lai-pao, Shih Fu-yuan (underground resistance group)<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch9\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>9. The Whirlwind<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> August, 1945<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Long Bow Village liberated August 14, 1945<\/li>\n<li>Overview of the early postwar military and political context<\/li>\n<li>KMT orders the Japanese military back into action (p97)<\/li>\n<li>American involvement (p98)<\/li>\n<li>Japanese have withdrawn from village blockhouse in July, 1945 but 100 men from &#8220;puppet Fourth Column&#8221; there, plus forces from the Ai Hisang Tuan (\u7231\u4e61\u56e2 Love the Village Corps\uff09of collaborators (p99)<\/li>\n<li>T&#8217;ian-ming as a &#8220;Trojan horse&#8221; feeling out the weaknesses of the collaborationist forces, and their surrender (p99)<\/li>\n<li>Militia surround Changchih (p100)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8216;More than once American marines and ex-puppet Kuomintang forces conducted joint operations against the &#8220;red bandits&#8221; who were &#8220;disrupting communications.&#8221; No more damaging coalition of forces could possibly have been assembled in a planned and conscious effort to dissipate the &#8220;reservoir of goodwill&#8221; which American wartime policy had built up in China.&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #puppets<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Chang T&#8217;ien-ming (&#8220;Trojan horse&#8221; infiltrating the Love the Village Corps)<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village, Changchih<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"part2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part II Sunrise in the West: The Year of Expropriation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"ch10\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>10. Which Road?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> August, 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapter continues with broad context of early postwar.<\/li>\n<li>Fear, including among Communists that they could not withstand Chiang Kai-shek&#8217;s attack to come (p104) &#8211; fear of a possible &#8220;change of sky&#8221; (p106)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Compromisers&#8221; such as landlords and middle-class who suppored the CCP during the National United Front but not ready for the break in that front to come (p104)<\/li>\n<li>CCP dual policy: &#8220;serious efforts&#8221; for a peaceful settlement, on the one hand, and preparation for attack of liberated areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8216;Mao Tse-tung compared the victory won by the people of the Liberated Areas to the liberation of a peach tree heavy with fruit. Who should be allowed to pick the fruit? Those who had tended and watered the three with their sweat and their blood, or those who had sat far away with folded arms? (p103)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;&#8221;Imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers.&#8221; This was Mao&#8217;s paraphrase, in August 1946, of Lenin&#8217;s famous dictum that imperialism is a colossus with feet of clay.&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #civilwar #changeofsky<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> None mentioned<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch11\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>11. Beat the Dog&#8217;s Leg<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anti-traitor (\u53cd\u5978\u6e05\u7b97\u8fd0\u52a8) meeting. First public meeting in Long Bow for 20 years. (p107)<\/li>\n<li>Puppet village head Kuo Te-yu brought forward bound.<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Huang-kou asks Chang T&#8217;ien-ming to be village chairman, turns it down asks to continue as public security officer (p110)<\/li>\n<li>First postwar campaign had slogans, &#8220;Down with Traitors, Down with Kuomintang Agents, Down with Local Despots&#8221;, &#8220;Liquidate the Bloody Eight Years&#8217; Debt&#8221;, and &#8220;Beat Down the Dog&#8217;s Legs to Find his Head; Beat Down the Little Fellows to Find the Leaders&#8221; (pp111-2)<\/li>\n<li>People&#8217;s Government now located at Lucheng County in the Yamen of county seat<\/li>\n<li>young cadres and militia men introduced to the village, their identities as cadres revealed.<\/li>\n<li>Public meeting to try Kuo Te-yu, attempt to hold a &#8220;speak bitterness&#8221; session, but few join. Kuei-ts&#8217;ai beats Kuo. Meeting called off meeting, which failed to get voices condemning him, and agreed to find people to speak up. (p114)<\/li>\n<li>Landlords and KMT spread rumors that Yen Hsi-shan and Japanese are coming and have list of revolutionaries (p114)<\/li>\n<li>T&#8217;ien-ming and Kuei-ts&#8217;ai call together small groups to find out what is holding people back (p114)<\/li>\n<li>Organization of a small group of &#8220;activists&#8221; (\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50) (p115)<\/li>\n<li>Next meeting goes better.<\/li>\n<li>Another public meeting trial with 190 peasants from around the district, many accusations emerge (p116)<\/li>\n<li>Two executions at edge of village. Third prisoner handed over to County Court at Lucheng but escaped and later caught and killed.<\/li>\n<li>Militia leads thousands of people on hunt for looted property (p117)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8216;If the political and military vacuum left by the surrender of the garrison and the collapse of the puppet village government was not quickly filled by the resistance forces, the gentry would fill it themselves by reshuffling their old political machine and varnishing it with a resounding new title such as &#8220;Anti-Japanese Patriotic Government.&#8221;&#8216; (p110)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;The young men asked nobody&#8217;s permission. They were not elected or appointed. They took power on the assumption that the underground work of their key leaders had earned them the right to administer the liberated village.&#8217; (p111)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;Let us speak out the bitter memories of the past. Let us see that the blood debt is repaid.&#8217; (p112)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;When we beat down the traitors, we can stand up. We can divide the fruits of their corruption and start a new life.&#8217; (p113)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;Along with these threats went a campaign to discredit the resistance movement; rumors were spread that women were nationalized in the Liberated Areas, ancestral graves violated, and all peasants forced to eat ta kuo fan or &#8220;food out of one big pot.&#8221; (\u5927\u9505\u996d) The other side of this coin was the claim that collaboration had really been resistance, that by bending temporarily to Japan&#8217;s will the puppets had worked for national salvation along a curved path.&#8217; (\u66f2\u7ebf\u6551\u56fd)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;The mobilization of the population could spread only slowly and in concentric circles like the waves on the surface of a pond when a stone was thrown in. The stone in this case was the small group of chi chi fen-tse or &#8220;activists&#8221; as the cadres of the new administration and the core of its militia were called. (\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong>  #antitraitormovement<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shen Chi-mei (head of Fifth District police, executed)<\/li>\n<li>Wen Ch&#8217;i-yung (commander of puppet garrison, executed)<\/li>\n<li>Sheng Ching-ho (richest man in Long Bow)<\/li>\n<li>Chou Mei-sheng (&#8220;chief of staff&#8221;), Kuo Te-yu (puppet village head)<\/li>\n<li>Shang Shih-t&#8217;ou (former pupet village head, executed)<\/li>\n<li>Chang T&#8217;ien-ming (leads meeting, public security officer)<\/li>\n<li>Kuo Huang-kou (&#8220;Yellow Dog Kuo&#8221;, underground district leader)<\/li>\n<li>Kuei-ts&#8217;ai (becomes village vice-chairman)<\/li>\n<li>Chang San-ch&#8217;ing (becomes secretary, former clerk in drug shop in occupied Taiyuan)<\/li>\n<li>Chang Chiang-tzu (appointed captain of militia)<\/li>\n<li>Shih Fu-yuan (underground activist, missed first meeting)<\/li>\n<li>Wang En-pao (son of Carry-On Society chairman, leading KMT figure)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Kuei-ching (Carry-On Society chairman)<\/li>\n<li>Yen Hsi-shan (warlord), Roshiro Sumita (Japanese general in Shanxi)<\/li>\n<li>So-tzu (died in war), Lai-pao (died in war), Fu-yuan (suffered beating in war)<\/li>\n<li>Shih-Jen-pao (escaped puppet from Fourth Column)<\/li>\n<li>Ch&#8217;ing T&#8217;ien-hsing (assistant to Shen Chi-mei, escaped, then caught and executed)<\/li>\n<li>Chin-mao (thrown in well, killed by wartime police)<\/li>\n<li>Shen Ch&#8217;uan-te (accused puppets of guilty of death of her brother)<\/li>\n<li>Wang Lai-hsun (landlord, looted property found at his property)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow, Lucheng<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>12. Find the Leaders<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch13\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>13. Dig Out the Rotten Root of Feudalism<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch14\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>14. Wang Lai-hsun Is Next<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch15\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>15. The Fruits of Struggle<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch16\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>16. Half of China<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch17\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>17. Counter Measures<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch18\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>18. Founding the Village Communist Party Branch<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch19\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>19. Peasants or Workers?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch20\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>20. Contradictions, Internal and External<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch21\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>21. All Out War\u2014Retreat<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch22\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>22. Organizing Production<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch23\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>23. Abuses of Power<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch24\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>24. The Blackmail of Wang Yu-lai<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"part3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part III The Search for the Poor and Hired<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch25\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>25. Cosmic Wei Ch&#8217;i<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch26\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>26. To the Village<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch27\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>27. The Work Team<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch28\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>28. Those with Merit Will Get Some Those without Merit Will Get Some<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch29\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>29. Self Report, Public Appraisal<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch30\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>30. Rich Man, Poor Man, Beggarman, Thief<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch31\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>31. The Revolutionary Heat<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch32\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>32. Brothers<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch33\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>33. A Curved Road<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch34\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>34. Drama in the Fields<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> 1945<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"part4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part IV Who Will Educate the Educators?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch35\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>35. Confrontation at the Gate<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch36\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>36. The Village Leader Bows his Head<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch37\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>37. &#8220;I Dare Not Say I Have Finished&#8221;<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch38\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>38. Days and Nights<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch39\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>39. A Summing Up<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch40\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>40. The Lucheng Road<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch41\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>41. In the Dragon Hall<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historiography:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch42\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>42. When Poverty Outranked Heaven<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Apr, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Continuation of Lucheng conference<\/li>\n<li>Work teams report on sectarianism in their ranks (p380)<\/li>\n<li>Discussion of the origins of the peasant line (p380)<\/li>\n<li>Secretary Ch&#8217;en&#8217;s report on the &#8220;right way&#8221; to organize work in the villages (p382)<\/li>\n<li>Teams carry out self-and-mutual criticism (p384)<\/li>\n<li>Discusses the problem of cadre livelihoods, example of Han Chi-ming (p384)<\/li>\n<li>Little Ch&#8217;uer&#8217;s plight after beating damages lungs (p386)<\/li>\n<li>Discussion of taxes after receiving land (p387)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Where did the peasant line originate? Why had they all adopted such extreme measures?&#8221; (p380)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong>  #sectarianism, #selfcriticism, #taxes, #beating<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Team Leader Hou, Secretary Ch&#8217;en, Little Ch&#8217;uer, Han Chin-ming, Chao Ch&#8217;uan-e, Li Wen-chung, Liang Chi-hu<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Lucheng<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch43\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>43. Unity Through Struggle<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> (Apr, 1948)<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Continuation of Lucheng conference<\/li>\n<li>Team Leader Hou carries out self-criticism (p389-92)<\/li>\n<li>Hou offers to step down (p391)<\/li>\n<li>Tensions between local cadres and the intellectuals in the work team (392-4)<\/li>\n<li>Hinton reflects on the perseverance of the team members (p394-5)<\/li>\n<li>Analysis of how self-and-mutual criticism works and how it can be done well. (p395)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;They examined themselves and their comrades, not for partisan sadvantage, not for the sake of exposure, not as an exercise in <em>mae culpa<\/em>, but in order to remove obstacles in the way of more effective work. This was the objective framework around which the unfolding of the subjective attitudes revolved. And this, not coercion, not curiosity, not some narcissistic self-torture made self-and-mutual criticism viable and grounded it in necessity.&#8221; (p388)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #selfcriticism #intellectuals<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Team Leader Hou, Little Yi<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Lucheng<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch44\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>44. When I Get My Share<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Apr, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Continuation of Lucheng conference<\/li>\n<li>Discussion of peasant women&#8217;s share of land and differing perspectives of various villagers on women&#8217;s rights (p396-7)<\/li>\n<li>On mealtimes as rare opportunity for spontaneous conversations (p398)<\/li>\n<li>Hinton is asked various questions about America (p399)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Our husbands regard us as some sort of dogs who keep the house&#8230;&#8221; p397<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Obviously, a lot of work still had to be done before women could call themselves really free.&#8221; p398<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #gender<br \/>\n<strong>Main People:<\/strong> Little Li, Secretary Ch&#8217;en<br \/>\n<strong>Locations:<\/strong> Lucheng, Chao Chen Village, Chingtsun, Yellow Mill, Ke Shih, East Portal<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch45\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>45. Unite Real Friends, Attack Real Enemies<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> April, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>County conference and end of county conference<\/li>\n<li>April 24 report by Secretary Ch&#8217;en critique of alienation of middle peasants. Summarises the policy of poor peasants as core, middle peasants as allies. (p401)<\/li>\n<li>Need for a clearer definition of middle peasant category, the &#8220;new middle peasant&#8221; category (p401) including all poor peasants that had been <em>fanshened<\/em><\/li>\n<li>new line allowed middle peasants up to 25% income from exploitation, instead of 15%<\/li>\n<li>Discussion of the challenges of fitting in people who had mixed incomes (p403-5)<\/li>\n<li>Calculating net\/gross income: in villages of China, net income usually around one third of gross income. Used as rule of thumb. (p406)<\/li>\n<li>Modification of the &#8220;base period rule&#8221; &#8211; three years prior to liberation for Long Bow (1942-5) were used as the base years &#8211; only families that were seen as exploiters for full three years were classified as rich peasant or landlord. If middle peasant for one year they were poor or middle peasants. (p408)<\/li>\n<li>New regulation on labor power, and new policy on families with above-average holdings (p408)<\/li>\n<li>1948 <em>Decisions Concerning the Differentiation of Class Status in the Countryside<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Result of these changes was that every family in 11 basic villages needed to be reclassed, not just once, but three times, from tzu pao kung i (\u81ea\u62a5\u516c\u8bae self report, public appraisal), to san pang ting an (three times and then decide \u4e09\u699c\u5b9a\u6848) (p411)<\/li>\n<li>These changes resulted in various objects of struggle (tou cheng tui hsiang \u6597\u4e89\u5bf9\u8c61) would become t&#8217;so tou te chung nung (\u9519\u6597\u7684\u4e2d\u519c wrongly-struggled middle peasants)<\/li>\n<li>The need to repay wrongly-struggled middle peasants impacted land reform cadre moral. Where were the resources to come from, especially when many had still not be <em>fanshened<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Secretary Ch&#8217;en attack on lack of Communist spirit (p413)<\/li>\n<li>Statistics showed that most people had been <em>fanshened<\/em>, even in worst organized villages in Fifth District. They were to fill the principle of An pu ting k&#8217;ulung (\u6309\u5e03?\u7a9f\u7abf -> \u6309\u5e03\u8865\u7a9f\u7abf?) (p415)<\/li>\n<li>All villages to be reclassified as Type I &#8211; where land reform had been successfully carried out. Money appropriated to repay middle peasants wrongly attacked.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8216;As the conference progressed toward a conclusion, two questions emerged with increasing frequency: What constituted adequate <em>fanshen<\/em>? And what constituted a correct policy toward middle peasants?&#8217; (p400)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;Secretary Ch&#8217;en summed up policy thus: &#8220;With the poor peasants as a core, we form the Poor and Hired Peasants&#8217; League. Then with the middle peasants as allies, we form the Peasants&#8217; Association. Then with all the other anti-feudal elements in the community as additional allies, we form the Village Congress. Thus we unite our friends and isolate our enemies. &#8230;&#8221;&#8216; (p401)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;What complicated matters was the existence of large numbers of people with mixed incomes, families that lived partly by labor extended and partly by exploitation, families who planted, hoed, and harvested themselves, but also hired labor, rented out land, or loaned out money. Where did these people fit in?&#8217; (p403)<\/li>\n<li>&#8216;&#8221;This is the most important work of the whole movement. He who leads the classification holds the knife in his hand. If you class a middle peasant as a rich peasant, it is as serious as killing him. You push the family into the enemy camp. You violate the policy of uniting with the middle peasants to isolate the enemy. If, on the other hadn, you classify a landlord as a middle peasant, you protect a landlord. You clasp a viper to your bosom. You violate the policy of destroying feudalism.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #classification<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; Secretary Ch&#8217;en<\/p>\n<p><strong>Location:<\/strong> Lucheng<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"part5\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part V Recapitulation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"ch46\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>46. The Native\u2019s Return<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> May, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Return of Yu-lai, causing a panic (p419-22)<\/li>\n<li>Mass meeting called to reassure the people (p423)<\/li>\n<li>Description of the Poor Peasants\u2019 League and its power (p424-25)<\/li>\n<li>Capture of an industrial town at Shihchiachuang linking up the two great Liberated Areas in North China (p425-26)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cThere are four cadres who couldn\u2019t pass the gate but what difference has it made in their lives? They were dishonest and resisted the masses, but they live on as before.&#8221; (p. 424)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #war, #native, #return<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Yu-lai, Yu-lai\u2019s son, Yu-lai\u2019s daughter, Ch\u2019ou-har, Ch\u2019ou har\u2019s wife, Old Shen Ch\u2019uan-te, Pao-ch\u2019uan\u2019s mother, Hung-er, His-yu, Wen-te, Ts\u2019ai-yuan, Hsin-fa, Old Lady Wang, Ch\u2019un-hsi, Li Lao-szu, Hsiao Wen-hsu, Hsieh Hung<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch47\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>47. Both Ends Sun Unseen<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> May, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Author does domestic work with the locals (p428-30)<\/li>\n<li>Program of recapitulation (p430)<\/li>\n<li>Election held, with Communists enjoying great success (p431-32)<\/li>\n<li>Self-and-mutual criticism (p433)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cTheir action demonstrated that concrete results could be expected from examinations at the gate, from self-and-mutual criticism. It also demonstrated that the movement in Long Bow was not some isolated phenomenon but part of the great wave of land reform and Party consolidation that was sweeping the whole of North China.&#8221; (p433)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #election, #selfcriticism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Li P\u2019an-ming, Li Lao-szu, Old Lady Wang, Jen-pao, Kuo Ch\u2019ung-wang, Shen<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch48\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>48. Class Differentiation Repeated<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> May, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Effect of rain on Fanshen \u2013 no one could go outdoors (p434)<\/li>\n<li>County Conference (p435)<\/li>\n<li>Arguments on the classification of peasants (p437-40)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cWhen you were mustered out you got nine hundredweight of grain. You could have brought a donkey, a plow, and a dozen pots. And the four acres of land were heavy with standing wheat when you got them. From that harvest alone you could have saved enough to buy all that you needed. But no, you spent it all on fancy living. If you aren\u2019t a new-middle-peasant, it\u2019s your own fault.&#8221; (p438)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #classification, #class, #peasantry<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Kuo Yu-tzu, Kuo Ch\u2019ung-wang, Kuo Yu-tzu, Li T\u2019ung-jen, Ch\u2019en Chun-fu, Kuo Feng-tzu, Lu Ken-ti<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch49\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>49. It is Too Slow!<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> May-June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Formation of a Provisional Peasants\u2019 Association (p442)<\/li>\n<li>Exploitation of individualism for personal gain (p445)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u2018I am discouraged,\u2019 said Little Li. \u2018Ten years ago when I began to work as a cadre people said, \u2018When the Japanese surrendered and war continued. Now ten years have passed. It is too slow. Where is the industry we dreamed about?\u2019\u2019&#8221; (p444)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cIndividualism was a phenomenon which they well knew how to exploit. Nursing a grudge at having been falsely arrested, very much aware that the whole village wished them ill, and actually frightened by it, they concentrated on enhancing as much as possible their reputation for audacity and ruthlessness.&#8221; (p445)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #individualism, #communism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Yu-lai, Little Mer, Huan Ch\u2019ao, Hsieh, Little Li, Pao-ch\u2019uan, Chin-chu<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch50\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>50. Who Dares Man the Second Gate?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The four who returned from jail resisting all criticism, leading to complaints (p446)<\/li>\n<li>Meetings held to calm the nerves (p449)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cThe stalemate had at last been broken, but only insofar as evidence was concerned. No rank-and-file peasant had yet agreed to take the lead in voicing charges in public. Since a few bold Party members could not possibly substitute for the action of the people themselves, it was necessary to mobilize still further among the sectional groups of the Association.&#8221; (p453)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #crime<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Yu-lai, Wen-te, Hung-er, Hsi-yu<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch51\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>51. A Young Bride Leads the Way<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Women\u2019s meeting of the Peasants\u2019 Association (p454-55)<\/li>\n<li>Two sides of the story of Hsien-e being beaten (p455-56)<\/li>\n<li>Debate of the condition of Hsien-e (p457-58)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cAnd so it is time for you too. Since you are not native here, you have nothing to fear anyway. You can go back to Hukuan and they can\u2019t do anything to you. Look at Hsien-e. She is not afraid. Why not stand up and fight beside her? Who is stronger? You are much stronger; yet you are afraid that she is not. That means she is brave. But it also means that the people here are on top, and the bad cadres no longer ride the crest of the wave.&#8221; (p460)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #feminism, #communism, #association, #native<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Hou, Hsueh-chen, Hsien-e, Ch\u2019ou-har, Feng-le, Hei-hsiao, Hsi-le, Hsieh Hung, Wen-te<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch52\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>52. The Gate in the Church<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Summary of the meeting<\/li>\n<li>Denunciations of Hung-er (p463)<\/li>\n<li>Fight broke out between Ch\u2019ou-har and Wen-te (p464)<\/li>\n<li>Wen-te denounced as a man who could not possibly continue to be a Communist (p466)<\/li>\n<li>Wen-te refuses divorce (p467)<\/li>\n<li>Secretary Liu causes long debates among the workers (p470)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cCh\u2019ou-har was rampbling around like a sleep-walker and repeating an old saying that Hsieh himself had taught him: \u201cThose who are loyal are not afraid to die.&#8221;&#8221; (p461)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #violence, #denunciation, #workersassociation, #communism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Hsieh-Hung, Hsieh-e, Hei-hsiao, Ch\u2019ou-har, Old Lady Wang, Hung-er, Chao-ch\u2019eng, Cheng-k\u2019uan, Secretary Liu<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch53\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>53. Upgrading<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reclassification of peasants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cToward midnight everyone became so eager to go home to bed that a number of decisions on very complicated cases carried almost without debate. Little wonder that some of those whole class was fixed that night felt bruised.&#8221; (p. 475)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #reclassification<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Old Lady Wang, Shen Ch\u2019uan-te, Yuan-lung, Kuo Wang-yueh, Hsin-fa, Yang Yu-so<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"part6\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part VI Drastic Reappraisal<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"ch54\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>54. On the Eve of Victory<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> Late Spring, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Main thoroughfare of their village clogged with soldiers (p479)<\/li>\n<li>Description of the People\u2019s Liberation Army (p479-80)<\/li>\n<li>An intensified educational campaign that paralleled in many ways the movement for Party consolidation and democracy in the villages (p480)<\/li>\n<li>Unprecedented unity throughout the Army, a high level of political consciousness and surging morale (p481)<\/li>\n<li>End of the two full years of all-out civil conflict (p481)<\/li>\n<li>Chiang Kai-shek\u2019s increasingly fierce conflict with students and professors of China\u2019s universities (p484-85)<\/li>\n<li>Mao\u2019s speech, characterizing land reform efforts as successful, but only after the correction of serious errors (p486)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cWhat struck me about the troops that I saw in Long Bow was their confidence. They were, after all, moving up to the front. Another two days on the road would bring them to the Taiyuan plain where a long and bitter battle to liberate the provincial capital was already under way. In less than a week they would be under fire, perhaps even engaged in a frontal assault on fixed positions. Soon some of them would surely be dead. But they showed no trace on anxiety, hesitation, or doubt. They seemed to take for granted the justice of their cause and its ultimate triumph. They were approaching the front with eagerness!&#8221; (p481)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cBut the soldiers of the People\u2019s Liberation Army understood the truth embodied in Mao Tse-tung\u2019s famous phrase, \u2018Imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers.\u2019&#8221; (p483)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #communism, #landreform, #agriculture, #army, #equality<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Ts\u2019ai-yuan, Lai-hao\u2019s mother, Ch\u2019i Yun<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch55\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>55. We Tried to be God!<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Careful reclassification of villages (p488)<\/li>\n<li>Gathering of cadres at the subregional level (p488)<\/li>\n<li>Second County Conference (p489)<\/li>\n<li>Debates on Article 16 of the Draft Agrarian Law (p490)<\/li>\n<li>Announcement of aid to cadres\u2019 families to be the same as aid to soldiers\u2019 families, which was greeted with excited cheers (p494)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cA Communist can have none but a proletarian line, the class line of the working class, and that class line is: depend on the poor peasants; unite with the middle peasants; and join up with all anti-feudal elements to eradicate the feudal system. That is the whole of it. No one part can be omitted.&#8221; (p491)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #landreform, #equalitarianism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Secretaries Ch\u2019en and Chang, Ch\u2019i Yun, Chao Ch\u2019uan-e<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch56\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>56. Who Is to Blame?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Feudal land system had basically been abolished (p495)<\/li>\n<li>Party branches composed of the least selfish and most forward-looking people in the villages (p496)<\/li>\n<li>Lu Family Settlement meeting (p497-98)<\/li>\n<li>Problems of the Land Reform policy (p499-500)<\/li>\n<li>Demands of the poor peasant (p503)<\/li>\n<li>A series of long reports dwelt on the basic policies of the Chinese Revolution (p504-09)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cThat night the Long Bow team members sat in their favorite spot amidst the rubble. The bell tower, with its ghostly slogan, \u201cThe Japanese Army Forever Remains,&#8221; loomed above them.&#8221; (p499)<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u2018In the past we followed the leaders much too blindly,\u2019 said Han Chin-ming, breaking the silence that had settled upon the whole group. \u201cPerhaps they said something about shielding landlords. We rushed around to collect material on it. No one wanted to come up with a different opinion. If anyone did speak out he met only ironic words such as \u2018What a hero!\u2019 \u2018Such good ideas!\u2019 It was better to lie down and sleep.&#8221; (p500)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #individuality, #landreform, #leftism, #responsibility<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Little Ch\u2019uer, Little Li, Secretary Chang, Ch\u2019i-Yun, Wen-te, Hung-er, Han Chin-ming, Secretary Wang, Secretary Ch\u2019en<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"part7\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part VII Untying the Knot<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a name=\"ch57\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>57. Disaster<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> End of June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enactment of a terrible disaster (p511)<\/li>\n<li>Long Bow had the poorest land, had enjoyed the least favorable growing conditions that year and had raised the worst crops (p512)<\/li>\n<li>Group after group of people wandering listlessly about (p513)<\/li>\n<li>Production meeting called by the work team to rally mutual-aid groups for a program (p514)<\/li>\n<li>Six or eight leading Communists who took responsibility and met eagerly to carry on work (p514)<\/li>\n<li>Destruction of Ts\u2019ai\u2019s family (p516)<\/li>\n<li>Ts\u2019ai decision to march at the head of the peasant rebellion (p517)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cNow even those poor seedlings had been destroyed. How could people recover from such a blow? How could morale ever be restored? The whole team wanted to rush back immediately to help organize relief and lead in the reconstruction of the village but Secretary Ch\u2019en would not let anyone go.&#8221; (p512)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #storm, #relief, #reconstruction, #peasantrevolution, #leftextremism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Cheng-k\u2019uan, Hsin-fa, Ts\u2019ai-Chin, Hsieh Hung, Team Leader Hou<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch58\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>58. Revolutionary Steeling<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> End of June, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ts\u2019ai\u2019s colleagues on the work team all quit as full-time political organizers because they saw no future in it (p518)<\/li>\n<li>Mounting difficulties posed by the new atmosphere of freedom that had been growing ever since the work team first came to the village (p519)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cExtreme democracy&#8221; had grown to such proportions in Long Bow that very few peasants could be found who were willing to undertake public service (p520)<\/li>\n<li>Change of Ts\u2019ai-yuan, Long Bow\u2019s popular war hero (p523)<\/li>\n<li>Fight between Ts\u2019ai-yuan and an 18-year old boy (p523)<\/li>\n<li>Team Leader Ts\u2019ai urged the Party members to stand up bravely and work hard to lead the people along a proper road (p526)<\/li>\n<li>Lively discussion by the village Communists (p526-27)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u2018You here and your children can benefit by all the progress that is made,\u2019 she went on, \u2018but as for us, we do not even know about the fate of our own families. We cannot help them and some of us must even struggle against them if they are landlords. But we all do our best for the Revolution.\u2019&#8221; (p523)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cAlso, it seemed to me, the work team members were a little ashamed. They had arrived so confidently in March with slogans about incomplete fanshen, bad cadres, and landlord elements in the Party. Thereafter, all the spare time of the village people had been taken up with meetings from which great changes were expected. And now, suddenly, all this was no longer possible.&#8221; (p525)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #progress, #extremedemocracy, #individualism, #anarchy<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Ts\u2019ai, Fu-yuan, T\u2019ien-ming, Kuei-ts\u2019ai, Hou Paop-pei, Li Wen-chung, Szu-har, Hu Hsueh-chen<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch59\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>59. Mutual Aid<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> July, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distribution of relief grain to all those left without food (p528)<\/li>\n<li>Overall estimate of the damage caused by the catastrophe (p529)<\/li>\n<li>Unpopularity of mutual aid (p530)<\/li>\n<li>Main criticisms voiced by the peasants (p530-31)<\/li>\n<li>All villagers called to meet with the aid groups they had originally belonged and to reorganize in any way they thought best (p532)<\/li>\n<li>New mutual aid groups (p533)<\/li>\n<li>Elections about to be held (p534)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cIn spite of all these criticisms most people wanted to continue mutual-aid production. They envied the results achieved by those few groups that still functioned.&#8221; (p531-32)<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u2018We communists must find solutions for every difficult and lead the way to higher production; otherwise there will only be confusion,\u2019 he warned. Tsai\u2019s criticism only depressed the spirits of the branch members still further. Leading by suggestion and example was proving to be much more difficult than anyone had anticipated.&#8221; (p533)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #recovery, #mutualaid, #criticism, #reorganization, #communism, #elections<\/p>\n<p><strong>People:<\/strong> Hsin-fa, T\u2019ien-hsi, T\u2019ai-shan<\/p>\n<p><strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch60\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>60. The Village People\u2019s Congress<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> July, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Village People\u2019s Congress (p535-36)<\/li>\n<li>Various strata of the peasantry in Chinese rural society in the 1940s (p536)<\/li>\n<li>Congress as a new form of political expression at the grass-roots level (p536-37)<\/li>\n<li>Peasants\u2019 Association and its differentiation from People\u2019s Congress (p537-38)<\/li>\n<li>Envisioning the pyramid of the nation with Congresses (p539)<\/li>\n<li>Leading role of Communists depended on education, persuasion and active participation (p542)<\/li>\n<li>Elections (p543-44)<\/li>\n<li>Old Tui-chin\u2019s return (p545-47)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cThe village People\u2019s Congress, as it developed in China in the 1940s, was a council of delegates periodically elected by all the enfranchised citizens of a given village. Once established, this Council or Congress assumed full responsibility for local affairs.&#8221; (p535-36)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cTo many Long Bow residents this seemed a rather fine point. But the all-inclusive character of the village People\u2019s Congress was not, in the last analysis, determined by the needs of any given community but by the fact that these Congresses were part of a much wider scheme of government proposed by the Communist Party and accepted by the regional administrations as the goal of the future.&#8221; (p538)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #congress, #class, #ruralsociety, #politics, #democracy, #reorganization, #elections<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Ch\u2019i Yun, Hsieh Hung, Cheng-k\u2019uan, Hsin-fa, Ta-hung, Hu Hsueh-chen, Wang An-feng, Shih Hsu-mei, Jen Ho-chuh, Hsiao Wen-hsu, Ch\u2019un-his, Tui-chin<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch61\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>61. A Final Determination<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> July, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Final determination of the class status of every family in the community (p548-49)<\/li>\n<li>Final classification had solved many problems (p549)<\/li>\n<li>Wang\u2019s family given a personal class and a family class (p549-50)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cOnce the class status of every family in the village had been determined, it was possible to look back on the whole process of land reform since 1945, and on its various stages\u2026\u2026 What was finally revealed with striking clarity by these figures was the extent of the damage done to middle peasants by the leftism of the first post-war years.&#8221; (p550)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #landreform, #personalclassification, #leftism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Wang Ch\u2019ang-yi<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch62\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>62. The Midnight Raid<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> July, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; Seizure of wealth of the only gentry family in the village that had never been touched (p552-59)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cIn rural China, night possesses an absolute quality long absent in the industrialized West. This, at least, was the case before the transformation of the Chinese countryside by co-operatives and communes. At night everyone went early indoors. If they lit any lamp at all, it was but a twist of cotton in a cup of vegetable oil.&#8221; (p551)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #gentry, #workgroup, #seizureofobjects, #secretwealth<\/p>\n<p><strong>People:<\/strong> Yu Pu-ho, Pu-ch\u2019ao, Yu Jen-ho, Hsin-fa, Cheng-k\u2019uan, Man-hsi<\/p>\n<p><strong>Location:<\/strong> Yu Pu-ho\u2019s home (Long Bow Village)<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch63\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>63. Hsueh-chen Dissents<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> July-August, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discovery of one genuine rich peasant still in possession of surplus wealth leant added meaning to the whole classification process (p560)<\/li>\n<li>Expropriation of Yu Pu-ho (p561)<\/li>\n<li>Official list of confiscated objects (p562-63)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cHu Hsueh-chen\u2019s reaction to the settlement made with Pu-ch\u2019ao was an extreme one. In kind, however, it was no different from the negative response of almost all the members of the Communist Party branch when the Congress finally got around to that important matter \u2013 the return of \u201cillegal fruits,&#8221; which was the next item on the agenda.&#8221; (p565)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #illegalfruits, #possessions, #commune<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Hsin-fa, Pu-ch\u2019ao, K\u2019uan-hsin, T\u2019ien-hsi, Hu Hsuen-chen<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch64\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>64. \u201cIllegal Fruits&#8221; Returned<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> July, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Debates on the return of \u201cillegally seized&#8221; property (p566-67)<\/li>\n<li>An-feng\u2019s shawl (p567)<\/li>\n<li>Distortion of the struggle (p568)<\/li>\n<li>Militiamen upset by the idea of surrendering \u201cfruits&#8221; (p570)<\/li>\n<li>Completion of list of \u201cfruits&#8221; to be returned (.571)<\/li>\n<li>Matter of the cart provoking long discussion (p571-74)<\/li>\n<li>Prolonged controversy over Chang-hsun\u2019s cart (p574)<\/li>\n<li>Questions posed by Ts\u2019ai and answers given by the party (p575-76)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cMany Party members also recalled that when other peasants hesitated to voice their grievances at the meetings, it was the Communists who brought up the charges in their name, and that when such grievances won property or millet, it was the Communists who carried the articles or the grain to the beneficiaries\u2019 homes. At that time, in the heat of the battle, they had not asked who was getting more and who less; they had simply worked night and day to carry through the people\u2019s demands. But what thanks did they get for it? No thanks at all, but only accusations that they had themselves seized all the \u201cfruits&#8221; and had fanshened in excess.&#8221; (p567)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #fear, #redistribution, #fairness, #selfandmutualcriticism, #theft, #illegalfruits<\/p>\n<p><strong>People:<\/strong> An-feng, Hu Hsueh-chen, Ts\u2019ai-yuan, Ta-hung, T\u2019ien-hsi, Hsin-fa,  Shen Yu-hsing, Shen Chi-mei, Old Lady Wang, Chang-hsun<\/p>\n<p><strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch65\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>65. Arrests and Restitutions<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> August, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Families looked to the Congress Committee to solve family quarrels (p578)<\/li>\n<li>Magistrate Li\u2019s denunciation of the Draft Agrarian Law and Settling Accounts Movement (p580)<\/li>\n<li>Mass meeting, with whole village assembled (p580-81)<\/li>\n<li>Counter-revolutionary talk treated more as a joke than a problem (p581-82)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cFilling of the holes&#8221; (p582-84)<\/li>\n<li>Redistribution of land (p587-91)<\/li>\n<li>Settlement policy (p587-88)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cFamily quarrels such as this were common enough. What made the incident significant was the fact that Po-t\u2019ai\u2019s father came to Congress with his complaint. A few weeks earlier he would have come crying for Team Leader Hou. Now he sought out the Congress and by his action indicated that the people were beginning to recognize the existence of the new government.&#8221; (p578)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #familyquarrels, #congress, #newgovernment, #redistribution, #reclassification<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Team Leader Hou, Po-t\u2019ai, Ch\u2019un-his, Wang Kuei-ching, Shih La-ming, Magistrate Li, Ken-pao, Wang Hua-nan, Ch\u2019eng Ai-lien, Chin-sui, Man-ts\u2019ang<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch66\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>66. \u201cSelf Report, Public Appraisal&#8221; Solves the Tax Question<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> August, 1948<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lack of large scale industrial nitrogen fixation (p594)<\/li>\n<li>Collection of ordinary taxes had a personal quality (p594)<\/li>\n<li>Village was relieved and happy when the burden was allocated fairly among all the peasants according to their crops (p595-96)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cSelf report, public appraisal&#8221; method (p596-97)<\/li>\n<li>Arguments on what taxes should be paid (p598-99)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cIn a developed capitalist society, even if the political contradictions standing in the way of such a mobilization could be resolved, its effectiveness would still be hampered by that alienation which separates so many people from meaningful production and substitutes the ubiquitous \u201ccash nexus&#8221; for socially valid human relationships.&#8221; (p594)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #communism, #taxation, #industry<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Hao Pao-pei, Ts\u2019ai-chin, Ch\u2019un-hsi, Ho-ch\u2019ueh, Ts\u2019ai-yuan, Jen-kuei<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"ch67\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h3>67. Long Bow Tsai Chien<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Period:<\/strong> August, 1948<br \/>\n<strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reflection by the author on his time in Long Bow<\/li>\n<li>Departure of author from Long Bow (p601)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cPoor-peasant line&#8221; and the fact that the whole movement had temporarily gone so far astray (p602)<\/li>\n<li>Successes of land reform (p603-04)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quotes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cWe felt that Secretary Lai was right. Feudalism had indeed been uprooted, and nothing could ever be the same again in Southeast Shansi. Not only had the land system of imperial times at least been completely done away with, but the political and cultural super-structure, and beyond that the very consciousness of men, had also been remade.&#8221; (p602)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> #feudalism, #progress, #communism<br \/>\n<strong>People:<\/strong> Ch\u2019i-Yun, Hsieh Hung, Han, Li, Ts\u2019ai Chin, Hou Pao-pei<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Long Bow Village<\/p>\n<p><em>This page was put together by Jeffrey Lok Yeung and Konrad Lawson. Jeffrey is a student of modern history at the University of St. Andrews from Hong Kong. He is primarily interested in social history of Japan, colonial\/post-colonial Taiwan, and early-colonial Hong Kong. He is also interested in comparative and transnational histories of the evolution of revolutionary thought anywhere East of the former Iron Curtain. If you have suggestions or corrections, please get in touch with Konrad at kmlawson at froginawell.net.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents &#8211; Links to chapter notes. List of Characters &#8211; People mentioned in the book. Map &#8211; Map of the area and list of main locations. Table of Contents Chapter Page &#x2705; Acknowledgments vi &#x2705; Preface ix Prologue 3 Part I Sowing the Wind &#x2705; 1. Long Bow Village 17 &#x2705; 2. Can&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9821","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9yoH3-2yp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9821"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10055,"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9821\/revisions\/10055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/froginawell.net\/frog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}