# The China Year Book 1912 — Who's Who & Directories

67 entries, LLM-transcribed. These entries were transcribed by the vision model of Opus 5.5. Before using any of these details, you must verify specific details with the original source which is linked to whenever possible.


## Mines and Mining: Mines and Companies

### Foreign Concessions (Coal)

**1. The Chinese Engineering and Mining Company, Limited** (British).—This company owns the Kaiping Collieries at Kaiping and Tongshan. in Chihli province, on the Imperial Railways of North China, 80 miles from Tientsin. The mines were opened in 1878 and transferred to the present company in 1900. Average daily capacity:—Tongshan Mine, 2700 tons; Linsi, 2700 tons; North-west shaft, Tongshan, 600 tons; total, 6000 tons. The Company's annual returns are also given as follows:— Head Office, Tientsin.—Agent and General Manager, Major W. S. Nathan, R.E.; Assistant-Agent, P. S. Thornton; Chief Accountant, F. A. Hanisch. Branches—Chinwangtao, Shanghai, Hongkong, London. Agencies.—Chefoo, Tsingtao, Weihaiwei, Newchwang, Mukden, Hankow. — p. 51 ([scan leaf 90](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n90/mode/1up))

**2. Pekin Syndicate, Limited** —Owning coal mines at Chinghuachen, Honan province. Opened in 1905; output began in 1908. Daily capacity, 2000 tons. Railway line from Chinghuachen to Sinsiang on the Peking-Hankow Railway. Head Office, 110 Cannon Street, London. Head Office in China, Tientsin; Agent-General, J. R. Brazier; Commercial Export Manager, H. P. King; Engineer-in-Chief, at Jameisen, Honan, J. P. Kenrick. By an agreement, signed in Peking, January 21, 1908, the Syndicate renounced its concessions in Shansi to the Bureau of Trade of Shansi for a monetary payment of Huapao Tls. 2,750,000. The third and final instalment of this amount was paid in two sums on May 9, 1910, and April 21, 1911, and was equivalent to £116,373 14s. 7d. — p. 51 ([scan leaf 90](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n90/mode/1up))

**3. Schantung Bergbau Gesellschaft** (Shangtung Mining Company). German. Collieries at Fangtze, Weihsien district (102 miles from Tsingtao), and at Hungshan, Poshan district (168 miles from Tsingtao). Opened in 1902. Employees in 1910 numbered 77 Europeans, 5800 Chinese. Revenue, after deducting expenses for management and output, is given as — p. 52 ([scan leaf 91](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n91/mode/1up))

**4. South Manchuria Railway Company** (Japanese), owning the Fushun collieries at Fushun, near Mukden, connected by railway with Suchiatun on the South Manchuria Railway. Operated from April 1, 1907. Estimated daily capacity, 3000 tons. Head Office—South Manchuria Railway Company (Mining Department), Tairen. — p. 52 ([scan leaf 91](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n91/mode/1up))

**Syndicat du Yunnan, Limited** An Anglo-French company, known as the Syndicat du Yunnan, Limited, holds a concession from the Chinese Government, dated June 21, 1902, to exploit the mineral deposits in the prefectures of Yunnanfu, Chengchiang, Liuan, Kaihua, Chouhsiang, and the departments of Yuanchiangchow, and Yungpeiting. These deposits are stated in the concession agreement to consist of copper, gold, silver, coal, iron, platinum, nickle, tin, petroleum, cinnabar, and precious stones. Owing to local opposition the exploitation of this concession has been delayed. According to the recent report of a French engineer, quoted in the press, the mines of copper and gold in Yunnan are excellent, but coal is not abundant and not of good quality. The tin mines are abundant at Liuan and Shaotung, whilst at Tali and Yungchang there are many copper mines; at Kaihua, Yungpeiting and Tunchuan there are also excellent gold and silver deposits. — p. 52 ([scan leaf 91](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n91/mode/1up))

**The Eastern Pioneer Company** The Eastern Pioneer Company (British) was formed in 1899 with a capital of £300,000 to exploit a mining concession in Szechuan granted by the Chinese Government. The concession has not been worked, and it is understood that a claim has been lodged against the Chinese authorities. — p. 52 ([scan leaf 91](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n91/mode/1up))

### Joint Foreign and Chinese Concessions

**1. Mengtikou Collieries** Anglo-Chinese syndicate owning the Mengtikou Collieries, Western Hills, near Peking. Development has been hindered by disputes as to ownership. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**2. Ching Hsing Collieries** at Chinghsing, Chihli province (Shansi border), owned by a Sino-German company and the Chinese Government. A railway line has been built connecting the mines with the Shihkiaochuang (Chenting)-Taiyuan Railway. Opened in 1903. Equipped with modern machinery. German engineers. Daily capacity, 1000 tons. Output, 1910: 150,000 tons. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**3. Chung Hsing Collieries** at Tsachuang, Ihsien district, Southern Shantung. Sino-German company. A railway from the mines to Taierhchuang, on the Grand Canal, is under construction. Estimated daily output, 300 tons. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

### Chinese Coal Mines

**1. Lanchow Collieries** Chihli province, on the Imperial Railways of North China, 83 miles from Tientsin. Modern machinery: German engineers. Average daily capacity, 4000 to 5000 tons. Output over 1000 tons daily. Head Office—Tientsin. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**2. Pao Chin Collieries** at Pingtingchou, Eastern Shansi, on the Chengting-Taiyuanfu Railway. Owners, the Pao Chin Mining Company of Shansi. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**3. To Li Mines** west of Changhsien, on Peking-Hankow Railway, 15 miles south-west of Peking. Owned by a Chinese syndicate, which is constructing an overhead railway from the mines to station at Changsintien. This line is at present transporting 200 tons per diem and, when completed, will be able to carry 1000 tons per diem. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**4. Lin Sheng Mines** 11 miles by branch line from Yakouying, on Peking-Hankow Railway, near Peking. Chinese company; French manager. Modern mining machinery. Two shafts, 4·80 metres in diameter and 190 metres deep, were being sunk in 1911, each with an estimated capacity for 2000 tons of coal in ten hours. Output, 500 to 800 tons per day. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**5. Liu Ho Kou Mine** on light railway, 15 miles west of Fenglochen, on the Peking-Hankow Railway, Chihli province. Output, 200 to 250 tons per day. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**6. Pinghsiang Mines** at Pinghsiang, Kiangsi province, connected by rail (65 miles) with Chuchou (on the future Canton-Hankow Railway) on the Hsiang River, 294 miles by water from Hankow. Owned by the Han Yeh Ping Iron and Coal Company (Chinese). Mines opened in 1898; under German supervision. Average daily output to July 1909, 1500 tons; since July 1909, 2000 tons. — p. 53 ([scan leaf 92](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n92/mode/1up))

**7. Poshan Mines** The Chinese owned mines in the Poshan Valley, 70 miles east of Tsinanfu, capital of Shantung, are said to have produced 250,000 tons of coal in 1910. The valley, which is about 20 miles long, and from a few hundred yards wide at one end to six miles in width in the north-west, is described as one vast coal-bed, which radiates out in different directions where the coal-bed, after being interrupted, is continued. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

**8. Kueichou Mines** at Siangki, Hupeh province, 30 miles from the Yangtze and 80 miles above Ichang. Worked by native methods. Connected with the Yangtze by small navigable streams. Estimated monthly output, 400 tons. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

**9. Lung Wang Tung Mines** near Chungking, Szechuan. Formerly owned by the Kiang Pei Ting Mining Company (British), now in the hands of the Chiang Ho Mining Company (Chinese), and worked by native methods. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

**10. Government collieries at Hohsien, Kuangsi** Supplied with German machinery, 1910. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

### Iron

**1. Tayeh Iron Mines** at Tiehshanpu, 17 miles by light railway from Huangshihkang on the Yangtze, 70 miles below Hankow, in Hupeh province. Owned and managed by the Han Yeh Ping Iron and Coal Company, Limited (Chinese). Described as "one of the richest iron mines in the world." "Ore exposed on surface . . . estimated at 500,000,000 tons." Under Japanese supervision; men employed, 3000. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

**2. Tungkuan Shan Mines** Tungling district on the Yangtze, 55 miles above Wuhu, Anhui province. A concession to work these mines, granted to the London and China Syndicate (British) in 1904, was surrendered in 1910 for the sum of £52,000, and the mines were transferred to a Chinese company to be formed for their exploitation. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

### Copper

**1. Government smelting works at Yaokai, Kansu** 70 miles west of Lanchow, have been established to deal with copper ore mined in the Tsinyuan district. Machinery of American and British make. Works in charge of British engineer, who has four Belgian and Spanish assistants. Plant said to be capable of turning out 4 tons of copper in 24 hours from 7½ per cent of ores. A modern gold milling plant (British) has been erected at the same place. A tubular boiler and pump were ordered in Germany. — p. 54 ([scan leaf 93](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n93/mode/1up))

**2. Government mines at Ch'anq Pailing** Kanchow prefecture of Kiangsi province. Have been worked for many years by native methods. Inspected by German engineer in 1908, who reported very favourably both as to quantity and quality of ore. Samples were obtained containing as much as 40 per cent of copper. — p. 55 ([scan leaf 94](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n94/mode/1up))

**3. Government mines, at Pai Shui Ho** Penghsien district, Szechuan province. Three Japanese assayists engaged and a smelting furnace purchased, September, 1910. — p. 55 ([scan leaf 94](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n94/mode/1up))

**4. Government mines, in Huilichow** Ningyuan prefecture, Szechuan province. Red and white copper, worked by native methods. These mines are the chief source of supply for the province of Szechuan. Price of red copper slabs at Chengtu, 0·38 taels (11d.) per catty (1⅓ lbs.); white copper, 0·70 taels (1s. 9d.) per catty. — p. 55 ([scan leaf 94](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n94/mode/1up))

### Silver

**San Ch'a mines** San Ch'a mines, near Kueihsien, Kuangsi province. Foreign machinery; Chinese management. — p. 55 ([scan leaf 94](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n94/mode/1up))

### Quicksilver

**The cinnabar mines** The cinnabar mines, at Yuanshanchiang, 15 miles from Lungchikow, in Kueichow province. A concession to work these mines was acquired by a syndicate called the Anglo-French Quicksilver and Mining Concession (Kueichow province) of China, Limited, in 1898, but owing to difficulties with the Chinese authorities little progress has been made with the development of the properties, which include iron smelting works at Tsingki, Eastern Kueichow, and various mining rights in the same province. Samples of the Yuanshanchiang ore assayed by an expert give a maximum of 4·4 per cent mercury and a minimum of 1·7 per cent; average of assays 2·78 per cent mercury. Average estimated daily output of mines 150 tons (of 2204 lbs.). London office of company—54 New Broad Street, E.C. — p. 55 ([scan leaf 94](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n94/mode/1up))

### Tin

**1. The Kochiu mines** 30 miles from Mengtze, Yunnan province. Worked by native methods; 30,000 men employed; 4216 tons, valued at £512,968, exported in 1909. A blast furnace for these mines, purchased in Germany, arrived at Haiphong in January, 1911. NOTE.—The above mines were included in a concession granted to the Yunnan Syndicate, Limited. The syndicate, in 1907, transferred their mining rights in the district of Lingan (in which the Kochiu mines are situated) to a French company entitled Société d'Exploitation de Ling Ngan. Owing to local obstruction the company has, so far (1910), been unable to make any progress with the development of the mines. — p. 55 ([scan leaf 94](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n94/mode/1up))

**2. Ho Yuan mines** (Chinese), in Kuangsi province, near Wuchow. — p. 56 ([scan leaf 95](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n95/mode/1up))

**3. Niutsongling mines** near Nodoa (Tamchow department of Hainan). Owned by the Singapore Merchants Pioneer Company, Limited, formed in 1908. "A fairly rich stanniferous lode has been struck, the ore from which is expected to average 60 per cent per ton." — p. 56 ([scan leaf 95](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n95/mode/1up))

### Antimony

**1. Pao Hua Company's mines** (Chinese), in Kuangnan and Kaihua (Western Yunnan). Permit to work granted 1909. — p. 56 ([scan leaf 95](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n95/mode/1up))

**2. Szecheng mines** at Szecheng, in Western Kuangsi. Ore sent to refining works established at Wuchow in 1905. Distance of mines from works and cost of transport have militated against the success of the undertaking. — p. 56 ([scan leaf 95](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n95/mode/1up))

**3. The Hunan mines** in three districts of Hunan province:—(1) Central: Changteh, Anhua, Sinhua, Paoking and Changsha. (2) Southern: Hengchow, Yungchow and Chenchow. (3) Western: Yungshun, Fenghuang, Yuanchow and Shenchow. "The ore produced in the vicinity of Sinhua and Anhua is the richest, attaining a fineness of over 70 per cent of stibnite." The Hua Chang Antimony Company, of Changsha, has begun to refine antimony by scientific methods, and in the same place the Imperial Smelting Works are in course of erection. The export of antimony from Changsha was:— Note—The districts above referred to also produce iron, lead, zinc, tin, copper, sulphur, realgar and manganese. — p. 56 ([scan leaf 95](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n95/mode/1up))

### Orpiment

**Orpiment** (arsenic trisulphide) is obtained from mines near Chaochow and Menghua, in the Tali prefecture of Yunnan province. Export through the Chinese Maritime Customs at Tengyueh in 1909, 8764 cwt., valued at £8627, sent principally to Burma. — p. 56 ([scan leaf 95](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n95/mode/1up))


## Communications: Railways — Further Details

### I. State Railways

**Imperial Railways of North China (Chingfeng)** Peking to Mukden, via Tientsin and Shanhaikuan
This railway developed from the Kaiping tramway, which was constructed in 1880–1.
Capital, $49,971,571.43. Source, Anglo-Chinese.
Cost of construction: Expenditure on lines open for traffic, $47,245,485.01; expenditure on capital works from revenue, $8,903,485.29. Mileage (total), 601.
Mileage (main line), 522. Branch lines, 79, excluding Chinese Engineering and Mining Co.'s line.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. C. W. Kinder, C.M.G.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic, Peking to Tientsin, 1897. Main line completed 1903.
Junctions with other systems at: Loukoukiao, with Pehan Railway; Mukden and Newchwang, with South Manchuria Railway; Fengtai, with Peking-Kalgan Railway; Tientsin, with Tientsin-Pukow Railway.
Branches: Peking to Tungchow (12 miles); Fengtai to Loukoukiao (4 miles); Koupangtze to Yingkow (Newchwang) (57 miles); Tangho to Chinwangtao (6 miles), owned and controlled by C. E. and M. Co.; Lienshen to Hulutao Harbour (7 miles), now under construction.
Head office, Tientsin.
Receipts for year 1910, $10,928,242.31.
Expenditure for year 1910, $3,474,187.35.
Number of passengers carried, 3,239,158. Amount of freight, 2,752,155 tons.
Receipts from passengers, $5,141,402. From freight, $5,394,226.
Remarks: The Kaiping tramway, which was completed in 1881, from Tongshan to Hsukochuang, a distance of 7 miles, was converted into a railway and extended to Lutai, Tongku, Tientsin and eventually to Peking, in a westerly direction, and to Shanhaikuan, Kaopangtzu and Hsinmintun in a north-easterly direction. In 1907 the railway purchased the Japanese light railway between Hsinmintun and Mukden, which has since been converted to standard gauge, so that through trains now run between Peking and Mukden.
The ratio of working expenses to earnings in 1910 was 31.7 per cent. — p. 171 ([scan leaf 210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n210/mode/1up))

**Peking-Kalgan (Ching-Chang) Railway** Construction begun, October, 1905.
Capital, Tls. 6,358,157. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction, Tls. 8,000,000. Mileage (total), 140½.
Mileage (main line), 124. Branch lines, 16½.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Taotai Jeme Tien-yu.
Nationality, Chinese.
Opened to traffic, September, 1909.
Junction with other systems at Fengtai, with the Imperial Railways of North China.
Branch, Peking to Mentaokao (16½ miles) for coal mines, opened in 1908.
Head office, Peking.
Receipts for year 1910, $153,590.76.
Expenditure for year 1910, $2,031,718.75.
Number of passengers carried, 126,192. Amount of freight, [blank] tons.
Receipts from passengers, $61,969.35. From freight, $70,428.96.
Remarks: An extension of this railway to Suiyuanch'eng in North-west Shansi, via Tatungfu (Chanhsui), 220 miles, is now under construction. Construction work is proceeding as far as Tienchen (55 miles from Kalgan), and this section was opened to traffic in June, 1911. Kwong, formerly of the Yueh-Han Railway, is now in charge of the work on this extension. It is hoped eventually to extend the line to Urga and possibly connect with the Trans-Siberian Railway. — p. 171 ([scan leaf 210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n210/mode/1up))

**Peking-Hankow (Luhan, Chinghan, Kinhan, or Pehan) Railway** Construction begun, 1897.
Capital, Tls. 102,343,872 (Chinese), and £500,000 (loan from Anglo-French capitalists). Source, French and Belgian.
Cost of construction, $71,735,666.12. Mileage (total), 814.
Mileage (main line), 755. Branch lines, 59.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in. (except Kaopeitien-Siling branch, which is metre gauge).
Engineer in charge of construction, M. Jean Jadot.
Nationality, Belgian.
Opened to traffic, December, 1905.
Junctions with other systems at: Loukoukiao, with I.R.N.C.; Chengtingfu, with projected railway to Tehchow; Shihchiachuang, with the Shihchiachuang-Taiyuanfu Railway; Chengchow, with the Kaifengfu-Honan Railway; Sinsianghsien, with the Taokow-Chinghua Railway; Sinyangchow, with projected railway to Fengyang; Kuangshui, with Hukuang Railways.
Branches: Liangsiang to Tuli (12 miles); Liuliho to Choukueichuang (10 miles); Kaopeitien to Siling (26 miles); Kaoyihsien to Lincheng (10 miles).
Head office, Peking.
Receipts for year 1910, about $12,134,476.
Expenditure for year 1910, about $369,999.86.
Number of passengers carried, 2,165,837. Amount of freight, 2,550,166 tons.
Receipts from passengers, $3,688,131. From freight, $8,446,344.
Remarks: Reverted to Chinese control on January 1, 1909. The Liangsiang-Tuli, Liuliho-Choukueichuang and Kaoyihsien-Lincheng branches connect the main line with local coal mines. The Kaopeitien-Siling Light Railway establishes communication with the Imperial tombs.
923 bridges and 115 locomotives. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 211](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n211/mode/1up))

**Tientsin-Pukow (Ching-pu) Railway** Construction begun: Northern section, June, 1908; southern section, February, 1909.
Capital, £5,000,000. Source, Anglo-German.
Cost of construction, uncompleted (see p. 165). Mileage (total), 626.
Mileage (main line): Northern section, German, 390; southern section, British, 236.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction: Northern section, Mr. J. Dorpmüller; southern section, Mr. T. W. T. Tuckey.
Nationality: Northern section, German; southern section, British.
Opened to traffic: Northern section, Tientsin to Yenchowfu, opened 1911 (August); southern section, Pukow to Linhuaikuan (93 miles), opened early 1911; Pukow to Hsüchoufu (211 miles), opened October, 1911.
Junctions with other systems at: Tsinanfu, with Shantung Railway; Pukow (by ferry), with Shanghai-Nanking Railway; Tientsin, with I.R.N.C.; Tehchow, with projected railway to Chengtingfu; Hsüchoufu, with projected Kaifengfu-Hsüchoufu and Hsüchoufu-Tsinkiangpu Railways; Fengyang, with projected Fengyang-Sinyangchow Railway.
Branches: (1) Yenchowfu (northern section) to Tsiningchow, under construction; (2) Lincheng (northern section) to Chung Hsing coal mines, under construction.
Head office, Tientsin. — p. 173 ([scan leaf 212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n212/mode/1up))

**Taokow-Chinghua (Tao-Ching) Railway** Construction begun, 1900 and renewed in 1902.
Capital, Tls. 1,203,968, advanced by Yuchuanpu, and £800,000 loan from Peking syndicate. Source, British.
Cost of construction, £614,600. Mileage (total), 96.
Mileage (main line), 96. (Branch lines.)
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Steward.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic, 1904.
Junctions with other systems at Sinsiang, with Peking-Hankow Railway.
Extension contemplated to Tsechow, 35 miles.
Branch, Fawangchen-Jameisen, 7 miles.
Head Office, Chouchou, Honan.
Receipts for year 1910, Tls. 358,313.89.
Expenditure for year 1910, Tls. 613,848.12.
Number of passengers carried, 196,330. Amount of freight, 470,047 tons.
Receipts from passengers, Tls. 47,044.65; from freight, Tls. 292,966.43.
Remarks: 81 bridges and 9 locomotives. — p. 173 ([scan leaf 212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n212/mode/1up))

**Shanghai-Nanking (Hu-ning) Railway** Construction begun on main line in 1904.
Capital loan, £2,900,000. Source, British. Chinese Government advances £221,373.
Cost of construction, $16,876,363. Mileage (total), 210½.
Mileage (main line), 193, of which 54 miles (Shanghai-Soochow) is double track. Branch lines, 17½.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. A. H. Collinson.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic to Nanking in April, 1908.
Branches: Shanghai to Woosung (10 miles), opened in 1898; and Nanking City Railway (opened in August, 1908), 7½ miles.
Head Office, Shanghai.
Receipts for year 1910, $2,018,348.79.
Expenditure for year, 1910, $1,390,678.28.
Number of passengers carried, 4,489,720. Amount of freight, [blank] tons.
Receipts from passengers, $1,766,338; from freight, $207,889.07.
Remarks: The Nanking City Railway was built by a British engineer, for the provincial government, at a total cost of about Tls. 530,000 (Shanghai currency). — p. 174 ([scan leaf 213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n213/mode/1up))

**Canton-Kowloon (Chiu-kuang) Railway** Construction begun: (1) British section, 1905; (2) Chinese section, July, 1908.
Capital, £1,500,000 (loan). Source, British.
Cost of construction: (1) $12,296,929. Mileage (total), 22½. (2) $15,500,000; mileage, 89½.
Mileage (main line), 112.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Frank Grove.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic: (1) October 1, 1910; (2) October, 1911.
Junctions with other systems at Canton, with Canton-Hankow Railway (projected).
A loop line round the city of Canton, to link up this railway with the Canton-Hankow Railway, is now being surveyed. — p. 174 ([scan leaf 213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n213/mode/1up))

**Kirin-Changchun (Kuanchengtze) (Chi-chang) Railway** Construction begun, February, 1910.
Capital, Tls. 3,600,000. Source, Japanese.
Cost of construction, [blank]. Mileage (total), 80.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. K. L. Sung.
Nationality, Chinese.
Opened to traffic from Chang-chun (Kuanchengtze) to Coran in January, 1911.
Junctions with other systems at: Changchun, with South Manchuria Railway, and Kirin, with projected railway to connect at Hunchun with Korean Railway from Chongjin (240 miles).
Head Office, Changchun. — p. 174 ([scan leaf 213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n213/mode/1up))

**Kaifengfu-Honan (Pienlo) Railway** Construction begun, July 1, 1905.
Capital, $18,500,000. Source, Franco-Belgian.
Cost of construction, $17,770,000. Mileage (total), 140.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, M. Ebray.
Nationality, French.
Opened to traffic, December, 1908.
Junctions with other systems at: Chenchow, with Peking-Hankow Railway.
Extension contemplated from Kaifengfu to Hsuchoufu (120 miles), and from Honanfu to Sianfu.
Head Office, Chenchow.
Receipts for year 1910, $624,000.
Expenditure for year 1910, $424,000.
Number of passengers carried, 287,048. Amount of freight, 17,161 tons.
Receipts from passengers, $273,649. From freight, $262,004.
Remarks: 403 bridges and 15 locomotives. — p. 175 ([scan leaf 214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n214/mode/1up))

**Shansi (Cheng-tai) (Taiyuanfu to Shihchiachaung) Railway** Construction begun, 1904.
Capital, 40,000,000 francs, and Tls. 6,106,000 advanced by the Yuchuanpu. Source, Russo-Chinese Bank.
Cost of construction, $21,070,000. Mileage (total), 151.
Gauge, metre.
Engineer in charge of construction, M. Millorat.
Nationality, French.
Opened to traffic, October, 1907.
Junctions with other systems at: Shihchiachuang, with the Peking-Hankow Railway; Taiyuanfu, with the projected Tatungfu-Puchow Railway.
Head Office, Shihchiachuang.
Receipts for year 1910, $1,756,493.46.
Expenditure for year 1910, $1,722,521.37.
Number of passengers carried, 219,471. Amount of freight, 328,139 tons.
Receipts from passengers, $402,713.69. From freight, $1,353,779.75.
Remarks: The Russo-Chinese Bank assigned their rights under this concession to an independent French syndicate. The line is to be redeemed by China in 1912. — p. 175 ([scan leaf 214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n214/mode/1up))

**Canton-Hankow (Yueh-han) Railway** (1) Kuangtung Section; (2) Hupeh-Hunan Section.
Construction begun by American syndicate in January, 1904.
Capital, Hukuang loan of £6,000,000 (Four Nations' Loan). Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction, [blank]. Mileage (total), circ. 850.
Mileage (main line) (1) circ. 170; (2) circ. 560. Branch lines, 97 miles.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. A. H. Collinson.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic:—About 150 miles of (1) are under construction, of which about 60 at the southern end were open to traffic at the end of 1910.
Junctions with other systems at: Canton, with the Canton-Kowloon Railway (projected); Wuchang (by bridge, tunnel, or ferry), with Peking-Hankow Railway.
Branches: Canton to Samshui (32 miles), built by American engineers, and opened to traffic in 1904; Chuchow-Pinghsiang (65 miles), built by American engineers and opened in 1902.
Remarks: But little work has been done on the Hupeh-Hunan Section. Concerning the Hukuang Loan see note on the Hankow-Szechuan Railway. It was stipulated in the loan agreement that the Engineer-in-Chief of (2) should be British. Work was entirely suspended on the Kuangtung section in July, 1911. — p. 176 ([scan leaf 215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n215/mode/1up))

**Szechuan-Hankow (Chuan-Han) Railway** (Kuangshui to Kueichoufu in Szechuan, via Ichang).
Construction begun, Hupeh section, 1910. See remarks infra.
Capital, £6,000,000 (see infra). Source, Four Nations' Group.
Cost of construction, [blank]. Mileage (total), about 800.
Mileage (main line), Hupeh section, 560.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, [blank].
Nationality, German and American.
Opened to traffic, [blank].
Junction with other systems, at Kuangshui, with the Peking-Hankow Railway.
Extensions from Ichang to Hankow, and Kueichoufu to Chengtu, are contemplated.
Remarks: This line was originally to have been constructed with Chinese capital, by Chinese engineers, and work was begun on the Ichang-Kueichou section. Construction was in progress to a distance of 80 miles from Ichang in December, 1910. In May, 1911, the Hukuang Railway Loan agreement was signed between the Chinese Government and the American, British, German and French groups, providing for a five per cent. sinking fund gold loan of £6,000,000, of which £500,000 is to be used for the redemption at a premium of 2½ per cent. of certain unredeemed Gold Bonds of the total par value of G$2,222,000 issued by the American China Development Company on behalf of the Chinese Government, and the balance for the construction (a) of a Government railway main line from Wuchang, through Yochow and Changsha, to a point in the district of Yichanghsien on the southern boundary of Hunan, connecting with the Kuangtung section of the Canton-Hankow Railway; and (b) of a Government railway main line from Kuangshui in Hupeh on the Peking-Hankow Railway, through Siangyang and Chingmenchow to Ichang, and thence to Kueichoufu in Szechuan, to be known as the "Hupeh Section" of the Szechuan-Hankow Railway. A German engineer is to superintend the construction of the Kuangshui-Ichang section, and an American engineer will have charge of the Ichang-Kueichou section.
At the time of the signing of the loan the line had been under construction on the part of the Chinese for 1½ years, during which period a little over $3,000,000 is said to have been paid out by the Construction Department, while material, foreign and local, had been collected to the value of Tls. 1,200,000. Eight miles of line had been laid and construction trains were running for this distance. The embankment and bridges for a further 25 miles had been finished. The following statement of other work completed is taken from the North-China Daily News:—"Two stone landings at Ichang, three store houses, earthwork for the wharf and Ichang station yard, Ichang station buildings and two platforms, four station buildings along the line, two locomotive sheds, one water tower and two deep wells, one temporary machine-shop building with machines put up in working order, one residence building for the staff of the chief store department, two residence buildings for the staff and other employees of the locomotive department, two tunnels holed through of a total length of 1600 feet, fifty bridges, 100 drains.
"The following are under course of construction:—
"One permanent machine shop, eight tunnels, one coal yard, foremen's quarters and platelayers' cabins for the first section, the building for the construction head office, about sixty bridges and the same number of drains."
By a decree of June 17, 1911, the sum of over Tls. 4,000,000 said to have been expended on the line was ordered to be covered by "Government Interest Guaranteed Bonds." In regard to the sum of Tls. 7,000,000 described as "Cash in Hand" (probably a euphemistic expression) it was announced that it was optional whether this should be used to subscribe for Government shares or for the development of provincial industries. (N.B.—It is generally understood that a considerable proportion of this "Cash in Hand" is already locked up in provincial and other industries, which have not invariably proved profitable ventures.) — p. 176 ([scan leaf 215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n215/mode/1up))

### II. Foreign Concessions

**Chinese Eastern Railway (Tung-Ching)** (Manchouli to Suifenho, via Harbin, and Harbin to Kuanchengtze.)
Construction begun, 1897.
Capital, [blank]. Source, Russian.
Cost of construction (estimated), Rbles. 200,000,000. Mileage (total), 1077.
Gauge, 5 ft.
Engineer in charge of construction, [blank].
Nationality, Russian.
Opened to traffic, 1902.
Junctions with other systems at: Kuanchengtze (Changchun) with South Manchuria Railway; Manchouli, with the Trans-Siberian line; Suifenho, with the continuation of the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok; Angangki, with Tsitsihar Light Railway.
The Manchouli (via Harbin) to Suifenho (Pogranitchnaia) section forms the Manchurian section of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Head Office, Harbin.
Established in virtue of an agreement between the Chinese Government and the Russo-Chinese Bank, August 29, 1896. Construction work begun in the spring of 1897. Provision for the connexion with Port Arthur and Dalny (Tairen) made in 1898. Line opened, 1901.
The following returns are published:
The number of passengers carried in 1910 amounted to 1,006,000, of whom 340,000 were troops and 10,000 prisoners, the freight for the same year amounted to 56,768,000 poods (915,200 tons). The southern portion of this railway from Kuanchengtze to Tairen (Dalny), with branches, was handed over to the Japanese after the Russo-Japanese War (see South Manchuria Railway). — p. 178 ([scan leaf 217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n217/mode/1up))

**South Manchuria [(Nanman) Changchun to Tairen (Dalny)] Railway** Construction begun (see Chinese Eastern Railway).
Capital: Authorized, Y.200,000,000; subscribed, Y.120,000,000. Source: Japanese Government owns Y.100,000,000 of capital; Y.20,000,000 issued to public subscription, of which Y.2,000,000 paid up.
Cost of construction, [blank]. Mileage (total), 730¾.
Mileage (main line), 437½.
Gauge on all lines now 4 ft. 8½ in. Reconstruction of Antung-Mukden section recently completed.
Junctions with other systems at: Mukden and Newchwang, with I.R.N.C.; Changchun (Kuanchengtze), with Chinese Eastern Railway, and Kirin-Changchun Railway; Antung, with Korean Railways.
Branches: Choushuitze to Port Arthur (31½ miles), Tashikiao to Newchwang (17 miles), Yentai to Taikang (10 miles), Suchiatun to Fushun Collieries (34½ miles), Mukden to Antung (187 miles).
Head office, Tairen (Dalny).
Receipts for half-year ending June 30, 1910, Yen 5,594,767.
Expenditure for half-year ending June 30, 1910, Yen 3,015,332.
Number of passengers carried, 1,324,952; amount of freight, 1,670,271 tons.
Receipts from passengers, [blank]; from freight, [blank].
Remarks: By the Treaty of Portsmouth between Russia and Japan, the section of the Manchurian Railways south of Kuanchengtze was surrendered to Japan. The South Manchuria Railway Company was formed under an Imperial Ordinance of June 7, 1906, with a capital of £20,000,000, and on April 1, 1907, began to operate the railway. By June 1, 1908, the main line and branch lines had been converted from narrow gauge to the standard gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in., which obtains throughout China.
Besides the railway, the Company manages many other important enterprises in Manchuria. It maintains regular steamship communication between Tairen and Shanghai in connexion with the Trans-Siberian mail service, manages Tairen harbour, operates the Fushun collieries, supplies Tairen with gas and electricity, has constructed and operates hotels at its principal railway centres, manages and controls territory in the railway area, and directs many other less important enterprises. The Company has issued Five per Cent. Debentures to the amount of £8,000,000 sterling upon the London market, both capital and interest being guaranteed by the Japanese Government. The Company's capital expenditure up to September 30, 1910, was:—
The Company's aggregate receipts from April to September, 1910, were Yen 9,411,241, and expenditure for the same period was Yen 8,788,248. The second half of the year always shows the better results, owing to the export of beans reaching its maximum during that period. The six months ending March 31, 1910, gave the following results: Receipts, Yen 13,221,358; expenditure, Yen 9,135,525; net profit, Yen 4,085,833. — p. 178 ([scan leaf 217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n217/mode/1up))

**Shantung (Tsingtao to Tsinanfu) Railway** Construction begun, September, 1899.
Capital, 54,000,000 marks. Source, German.
Cost of construction, 52,901,226 marks. Mileage (total), 284.
Mileage (main line), 256; branch lines, 28.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Opened to traffic, June, 1904.
Junctions with other systems at: Tsinanfu, with the Tientsin-Pukow Railway; Weihsien, with projected Chefoo-Weihsien Railway; Kiaochou, with projected Kiaochou-Ichowfu Railway.
Branch: Changtien to Poshan (28 miles).
Head Office, Tsingtao.
Receipts for year 1910, 683,400 marks.
Expenditure for year 1910, 183,700 marks.
Number of passengers carried, 654,128. Amount of freight, 677,850 tons. — p. 180 ([scan leaf 219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n219/mode/1up))

**Yunnan (Tien-yueh) (Laokai on Tongking Frontier to Yunnanfu) Railway** Construction begun, January, 1904.
Capital, $32,216,000. Source, French.
Cost of construction, Tls. 48,000,000 (approx.). Mileage (total), 291.
Mileage (main line) in China, 291; branch line, Laokai to Haiphong, 248 miles.
Gauge, metre.
Opened to traffic, April 1, 1910.
Will probably be eventually extended to the Yangtze at Luchow. — p. 180 ([scan leaf 219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n219/mode/1up))

### III. Provincial Railways

**Tsitsihar Light (Angangki) Railway** Construction begun, September, 1907.
Capital, Tls. 284,758. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction, Tls. 241,283.48. Mileage (total), 17.
Gauge, metre.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. W. R. T. Tuckey.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic, September, 1909.
Junction with other systems at: Angangki, with the Chinese Eastern Railway.
Head Office, Tsitsihar. — p. 180 ([scan leaf 219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n219/mode/1up))

**Tungkuan-Honanfu (Lotung) Railway** Construction begun, August, 1910.
Capital, Tls. 3,340,000. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction, [blank]. Mileage (total), 150.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, [blank].
Nationality, Chinese.
Remarks: This is an extension westward of the Kaifengfu-Honan Railway. Road-bed laid to Tieh-men, 40 miles from Honanfu, in January, 1911. — p. 181 ([scan leaf 220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n220/mode/1up))

**Kiangsi (Nan-hsun) (Kiukiang to Nanchang) Railway** Construction begun, 1906.
Capital, Tls. 2,800,000. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction (estimated), Tls. 4,000,000. Mileage (total), 87.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Okasaki.
Nationality, Japanese.
Opened to traffic from Kiukiang to Wanglaomen (20 miles) in December, 1910, and to Mahuiling, another 5 miles, in April, 1911.
Head office, Nanchang.
Remarks: The original scheme sanctioned by the Chinese Government in 1904 contemplates an ultimate extension from Nanchang to Shaochau in Kuangtung, to connect with the Canton-Hankow Railway. — p. 181 ([scan leaf 220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n220/mode/1up))

**Anhui (Wu-kuang) (Wuhu to Kuangtechow) Railway** Construction begun, 1906.
Capital, Tls. 900,000. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction (estimated), Tls. 4,000,000. Mileage (total), 150.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Muller.
Nationality, German.
No portion yet opened to traffic, and work suspended for lack of funds.
Head office, Wuhu.
Remarks: It is intended eventually to extend this railway to Huchoufu to connect with the Chekiang Railway. — p. 181 ([scan leaf 220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n220/mode/1up))

**Chekiang-Kiangsu (Hu-hang-yung) (Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo) Railway** Construction begun on Shanghai-Hangchow section in 1906.
Capital, $9,796,000. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction, [blank]. Mileage (total), 218.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer nominally supervising construction, Mr. H. T. Foord.
Nationality, British.
Opened to traffic from Shanghai to Hangchow (118 miles) in August, 1909.
Junctions with other systems at: Shanghai, with the Shanghai-Nanking Railway (projected; the two termini are at present several miles apart). The extension from Hangchow to Ningpo (100 miles), which was begun in June, 1910, is suspended for want of funds.
Head office, Shanghai.
Remarks: A loan agreement between the Chinese Government and the British and Chinese Corporation, for a Five per Cent. Gold Loan of £1,500,000 for this railway, was signed in March, 1908; an Edict of September, 1905, however, had transferred the right of constructing this line to a provincial railway bureau, and two companies, one in Kiangsu and one in Chekiang, had been formed to carry out the work with Chinese capital. Provincial opposition to the introduction of foreign capital was so strong that the Government effected a compromise, by which the construction of the line was left in the hands of the provincial companies, who were to borrow about Tls. 10,000,000, and not less than Tls. 7,500,000, from the Yuchuanpu. The companies have only taken up a small portion of this loan, and the line may, therefore, be said to have been constructed with Chinese capital by Chinese engineers, the position of the British engineer-in-chief having been such that he was unable to exercise any real authority over the construction.
A newspaper report gives the following revenue return for the first quarters of 1910 and 1911:— — p. 181 ([scan leaf 220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n220/mode/1up))

**Fukien (Chang-hsia) (Changchoufu to Amoy) Railway** Construction begun, 1907.
Capital, $6,000,000 (Tls. 469,934 only raised). Source, Chinese.
Mileage (total), 33.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Sik Ki-chang.
Nationality, Chinese.
Opened to traffic from Amoy to Sungsu (10 miles) in May, 1910. Ultimate extension to Chaochoufu to connect with the Swatow-Chaochoufu Railway is contemplated.
Head office, Amoy.
Receipts for year 1910, Tls. 33,844 (?).
Expenditure for year 1910, Tls. 397,598. — p. 182 ([scan leaf 221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n221/mode/1up))

**Swatow-Chaochoufu (Chao-shan) Railway** Construction begun, September, 1904.
Capital, $3,303,303. Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction, $250,000. Mileage (total), 30.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Sato.
Nationality, Japanese.
Opened to traffic, November, 1906.
Head office, Swatow.
Receipts for year 1908, $204,537.
Expenditure for year 1908, $220,031.
Number of passengers carried, 672,879. Amount of freight, [blank] tons.
Receipts from passengers, $193,188. From freight, $11,073.
Remarks: 75 locomotives. — p. 183 ([scan leaf 222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n222/mode/1up))

**Sunning (Hsin-ning) Railway** (Kungyik to Samkaphoi, via Sunning.)
Construction begun, 1906.
Capital, $2,660,000 ($274,000 paid up). Source, Chinese.
Cost of construction (estimated), $3,510,000. Mileage (total), 55.
Gauge, 4 ft. 8½ in.
Engineer in charge of construction, Mr. Chin Ye-hee.
Nationality, Chinese.
Opened to traffic from Kungyik to Taoshun (39 miles) in July, 1910.
An extension from Kungyik to Sanui is under construction, and a projected extension from the latter point to Kongmoon has been sanctioned by the Yuchuanpu. A loan of Tls. 300,000 from the Kuangtung Bank is said to have been arranged recently.
Head Office, Sunning.
Receipts for year 1910, $512,000 (?).
Expenditure for year 1910, $411,000 (?).
Receipts from passengers, $206,940. From freight, $782,940. — p. 183 ([scan leaf 222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n222/mode/1up))


## Education: Government Institutions at Peking

### Government Institutions at Peking

**The College of Languages** intended to train students for the translation of foreign works into Chinese. The course is five years, and six hours are devoted to study per day. Only students who can write good Chinese are admitted. The languages taught are English, French, Russian, German and Japanese, and every student must take at least one of these, in addition to such general subjects as morals, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics, chemistry, drawing and physical drill. There are three branches to enable students to specialize in diplomatic, economic and educational translations. After concluding their course, students are rewarded with the degree of Chujen (M.A.) and are eligible for employment in one of the Ministries with the seventh official rank. — p. 317 ([scan leaf 388](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n388/mode/1up))

**Nobles' Military College** established at Peking, provides a two years' course of military education for direct descendants of officials above the second rank and princes. The German language and the German system of military drill are taught. Other military schools will be found under "Army." — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**Nobles' Law College** provides a two years' course of law for sons of princes and the nobility. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**The Fapu (Ministry of Laws) Law College** has for its object the teaching of law to students who have already obtained official rank and are awaiting appointment, with a view to providing the judges and law officials required under the new system. The course is three years, and besides various branches of Chinese and foreign law, it includes tuition in one foreign language. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**The Tuchihpu (Ministry of Finance's) College** provides courses in economics and finance for candidates for employment in the Ministry, in the Customs and in the Taching or Government Bank. Students are admitted from the junior grades of officials in the employment of the Ministry, and also from among those who have finished the High School course. The course in this college is three years. Students must be over sixteen and under twenty-five years of age at the time of admission. English is taught in this school. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**Police Schools** —These schools, which are under the Minchengpu (Ministry of the Interior), are of two grades, and are intended for the training of officers for the police. Lower Schools are supposed to be established in each Fu or prefecture, and a Higher School should be organized in each provincial capital. The curriculum includes general and police law, local administration, geography, English or Japanese and drill. After completing the Higher School course, the student has one year's practical instruction in the police force before being appointed as an officer. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**Manchu and Mongolian Languages School** —This school, established in Peking, is intended to preserve the mother tongue of the dynasty and the Mongolian language. In a subordinate department Tibetan is taught. The complete course is five years, at the expiration of which successful candidates are eligible for appointment in the Lifanpu (Ministry of Dependencies). Japanese and Russian are optional subjects. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**Chinghua College** (near Peking), founded to provide a preparatory course for students proceeding to America to study under the arrangement made when the American Government remitted a portion of the Boxer Indemnity. The teachers are Americans. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))

**The Yuchuanpu (Ministry of Posts and Communications') College** gives courses of instruction in railway and postal administration. — p. 318 ([scan leaf 389](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1912/page/n389/mode/1up))