# The China Year Book 1928 — Who's Who & Directories

780 entries, LLM-transcribed. These entries were transcribed by the vision model of Opus 5.5. Before using any of these details, you must verify specific details with the original source which is linked to whenever possible.


## Hankow Labour Unions

**Union Employees of Hankow Light & Power Co., Hankow**  | | Sept., 1926 | 100 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**The Wulin Tannery Hands' Union, Hankow** Chungkwan, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 40 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Coolies on the Wharf at Chungkwan, Hankow** Chungkwan, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 200 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Employees of Pao Feng Cloth Co., Hankow** Heng-Maloo, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 300 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Sheng Hsin Flour Mill Hands, Hankow** Chungkwan, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 50 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Ching Hsi Bone-dust Factory Hands, Hankow** Tsengkiatun, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 50 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Fohsing Floor Mill Hands, Hankow** Wuchia, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 100 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Godown Coolies, Chiaokow, Hankow** Behind the Hsin Cheng Godown, Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 300 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Match Makers' General Union in the Wu-Han Cities** 1 Sanholi, Japanese Concession | ,, | ,, | 1,390 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Employees in Societe Franco-Chinoise de Distillerie de Hankow** Chiaokow | ,, | ,, | 70 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Oil Mill Hands' Union** Tsaochihchieh | ,, | ,, | 30 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Barbers' Union** 2 Chunchiehli, Kwangfuhsiang | ,, | ,, | 200 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Coolies' Union** Sze-Matow | Oct., | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Mahjongg Makers in Wu-Han Cities** Shenyuanli | ,, | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Cart Drivers' Union** Opposite Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Co. | ,, | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Workmen in Brick Tea Godowns, Hankow**  | | |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Coolies on Miaokia Wharf, Hankow**  | ,, | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Cask Makers' Union** Chiuchangchienchieh | ,, | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Waiters in Tea Rooms Hankow** Han Yueh Tea Rooms, Shensiuli | ,, | ,, | ov. 1,000 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Compositors' Union**  | ,, | ,, | ov. 200 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Female Tea Sorters' Union** Tuankiahsiang | ,, | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Hankow Butchers' Union** 2 Payuanli, Tsisheng-I-Maloo | ,, | ,, | ov. 100 — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))

**Union of Employees of the Hankow Waterworks and Electric Light Co** Tsisheng-Maloo | ,, | ,, |  — p. 1033 ([scan leaf 1088](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1088/mode/1up))


## Hankow and Wuchang Labour Unions

**Union of Coolies on the Wharf at Tawangmiao** Address: (blank) | Date of Organisation: Oct., 1926 | Number of Members: ov. 200 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Hankow Scutchers' Union** Address: (blank) | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: ov. 200 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Hankow Coal Carriers' Union** Address: 13 Hsichangli, Tsi-sheng-Erh-Maloo | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Union of Employees in Hankow Grocery stores** Address: (blank) | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Federation of Unions of Operatives in Mechanical and Electric Plants** Address: 86, Yushowli | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Federation of Union of Engine Operatives and Shop Clerks** Address: (blank) | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Comb Makers' Union** Address: (blank) | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Hankow Carpenters' Union** Address: Kwokiahsiang | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Rice Millers' Union** Address: 11 Yujenli, Model Area | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Masons, Carpenters, and Painters' Union** Address: (blank) | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Chauffeurs' Union** Address: Chuhsingli | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: 400 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Union of Employees in Hankow Drapery stores** Address: Howjungli, Chingfen-Erh-Maloo | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: 3,000 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

### (2) Wuchang.

**Chu An Cotton Mill Hands' Union** Address: Outside Wusheng-men | Date of Organisation: Mar., 1926 | Number of Members: 2,000 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Hankow Dee Yee Cotton Mill Hands' Union** Address: ,, ,, | Date of Organisation: May, ,, | Number of Members: 9,000 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Wuchang Ricksha Pullers' Union** Address: Hanyangmen | Date of Organisation: Aug., ,, | Number of Members: 2,000 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Yu Wah Cotton Mill Hands' Union** Address: Outside Wusheng-men | Date of Organisation: Sept., ,, | Number of Members: 4,000 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Tsen Huan Cotton Mill Hands' Union** Address: ,, ,, | Date of Organisation: ,, ,, | Number of Members: 1,200 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Hsukiapeng Labour Union, Wuchang** Address: Hsukiapeng - Chengchieh | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: 2,200 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Wuchang Boatmen's Union** Address: Outside Wusheng-men | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Union of Coolies on Lighters of the Han Yeh Ping Co** Address: 56 Titungchieh | Date of Organisation: Aug., 1922 (organised); Sept., 1926, (re-established), | Number of Members: 1,200 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Wuchang Electrical Operatives' Union** Address: Tsuanwahsiang Wushengmen | Date of Organisation: Oct., 1926 | Number of Members: 50 — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Union of Lighter Coolies, Wuchang** Address: 47 Hwaanli, Chunghsinho | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))

**Wuchang Branch of Hupeh Postmen's General Union** Address: Nanlow-Chengchieh | Date of Organisation: ,, | Number of Members: (blank) — p. 1034 ([scan leaf 1089](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1089/mode/1up))


## Who's Who

***AMUERHLINGKUEI** (阿穆爾靈圭). Mongol. December, 1891, Prince of First Order Great-grandson of Prince Seng-ko-lin-ch'in. January, 1910, lieutenant-general of Bordered White Chinese Banner. February, 1912, Superintendent of Peking Octroi. Member for Mongolia of the National Council. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**BAO, KOSCHEN, C. Y** see PAO CH'I-YUAN. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**BAU, M., JOSHUA** see PAC MING-CH'IEN. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**BIEN, Z. S** see PIEN SHOU-SUN. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**CHAN SZ-JUI** see CH'EN SSU-JUI. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**CHANG, CARSON** see CHANG CHIA-SHEN. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**CHANG, CHEUK K** see Chang Tso-k'un. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHI-LING** (張季鸞). Courtesy name: CHIEH-SHEN ( 介身 ).—Native of Wuchang, Hupeh. Graduate of Mukden Law College. Has held the following posts: Secretary to governor of Heilungkiang; commissioner, Sino-Russian Boundary Delimitation; three times secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; director of iron mines, Wuchang; director, Commercial Products Museum, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; chief secretary, department of discipline, Northeastern Army; chief secretary, Peking-Mukden Railway Administration; chief secretary, general affairs department, Transport Division of Ankuochun. Director, general affairs department, Ministry of Communications, since July 1927. 2nd Class Chiaho Decoration. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHIA-AU** (張嘉璈). Courtesy name: KUNG-CH'UAN ( 公權 ).—Prefers to sign himself: Chang Kia-ngau. Born 1888 in and native of Paoshan, Kiangsu. Studied in School of Foreign Languages attached to Kiangnan Arsenal, and Keio University, Tokyo. 1910, Senior clerk, Ministry of Communications. 1912, secretary to Chekiang military governor; chief secretary of the Senate. Connected with Bank of China since 1914. Vice-Governor, Bank of China, since 1917 except for two breaks in 1918 and 1920-1921. July 1922, member, Finance Discussion Commission. August 1923, member of Commission for the Readjustment of Finance. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHIA-SHEN** (張嘉森). Courtesy name: CHUN-MAI ( 君勵 ).—Prefers English rendering: Carson Chang. Born 1886; native of Paoshan, Kiangsu. Graduate of Waseda University (Tokyo), political science department. Hanlin Compiler of imperial examinations. October 1911, editor-in-chief,, Peking-Tientsin Shih Pao. 1912, secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce; editor, Young Nation; assistant editor, Justice. 1913-1916, did research work in Germany and England. 1916, chief secretary, bureau of foreign affairs, Hangchow (Chekiang). 1917, general manager, China Times, Shanghai. President, Institute of Self-Government, Shanghai, since 1918. 1925, member, Russian Boxer Indemnity Commission. Author of several volumes on the Chinese constitution, social democracy in New Germany, etc. — p. 1094 ([scan leaf 1149](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1149/mode/1up))

***CHANG CHIH-CHIANG, (張之江)** .—Sometime Tupan (military governor) of the Northwest Frontier and concurrently Tutung of Chahar. One of the leaders of Kuominchun armies and Commander of the First Army Corps. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHIH-T'AN, (張志譚)** . Courtesy name: YUEN-PO (遠伯 ).—Born 1883 in and native of Fengjen, Chihli, Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Rose from senior secretary, Board of War, to co-director, bureau of frontier affairs, Kirin. 1911, secretary to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. July 1914. Taoyin of Suiyuan. January 1917, vice-minister of interior and concurrently director general, Metropolitan municipal administration. 1918, chief secretary of the Cabinet; chief, confidential documents bureau, War Participation Office. January 1919, acting vice-minister of war, with rank of lieutenant general. 1920, director general, Metropolitan municipal administration: acting minister of interior and director general of famine relief. May-December 1921, minister of communications. 1923, director, domestic loans bureau. June 1924, vice-president, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. 1926, minister of communications. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration and 4th Class Order of Merit. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

***CH'ANG CHIH-YING, (常芝英)** . Courtesy name: Ts'AI-YUEN (采園 ).—Prefers to sign himself: Chang Tse-ying. Native of Shantung. Graduate of Peiyang Police College. Sometime chief aide-de-camp to Fengtien First Army. 1925, commissioner of police, Woosung and Shanghai. Was detained during subsequent Chekiang-Fengtien war but escaped. Commissioner of police, Tientsin, since July 1927. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHIN-CHIANG, (張靜江)** . Courtesy name: JEN-CHIEH (人傑 ).—Native of Huchow, Chekiang. Born 1873. Towards the end of Manchu regime associated with Wu Chih-hui, Li Shih-tseng and other revolutionary leaders in Paris. One of the greatest admirers and most faithful supporters of Sun Yat-sen, sacrificed own wealth and property to further his cause. Member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and one of the Kuomintang "Elder Statesmen." May 1927, chairman of Chekiang Provincial Council. August 15, 1927, resigned upon Gen. Chiang Kai-shih's retirement. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHING-HUI, (張景惠)** . Courtesy name: HSU-WU (叙五 ).—Born 1873 in and native of T'aian, Fengtien. Leader of irregular troops, together with Marshal Chang Tso-lin, surrendered to government authorities. 1918, promoted lieutenant general. 1919, commander, 27th division. 1920, commanding general, Chinese Eastern Railway defence force. 1920, Tutung (civil and military governor) of Chahar and concurrently commander, 16th division. Made full general. February 1924, director general, national highways construction preparation bureau. 1926, minister of war. Minister of Industry since June 1927. 3rd Class Order of Merit. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

**CHANG CHING-YAO, (張敬堯)** . Courtesy name: HSUN-CH'EN (勳臣 ). Born 1881 in and native of Huoch'iu, Anhwei. Attended Paoting Military Academy. 1914, made lieutenant general; garrison commander of Nanchang, Kiangsi; commander, 7th division. 1917, commander-in-chief, Yangtze Inland Navy; bandit suppression commissioner for Kiangsu, Anhwei, Shantung and Honan; Tutung (civil and military governor) of Chahar. 1918, military governor of Hunan. June 1920, resigned, upon protest of American Legation against complicity of his troops in the murder of Dr. Reimert, missionary. December 1923, pardoned, 1927, commander of Shantung forces along Anhwei, Shantung and Kiangsu borders. 8 lions military sword. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

***CHANG FA-K'UEI, (張發奎)** .—One of military leaders trying to become master of Canton. First eight months of 1927, was supporter of Hankow Government. Then tried unsuccessfully to oust Li Chi-shen from Canton. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

**CHANG, FRANK** , see CHANG YING-FANG. — p. 1095 ([scan leaf 1150](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1150/mode/1up))

**CHANG FU-YUN, (張福運)** —Born 1889; native of Fushan, Shantung. 1914, B.A., 1917, LL.B. (Harvard). 1916, member, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; lecturer, Peking National University. 1919, secretary, Siberian Commission. 1921, secretary, Ministry of Communications, secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922, director, department of navigation, Ministry of Communications. 1923, president, Communications University, Peking. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 5th class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1096 ([scan leaf 1151](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1151/mode/1up))

**CHANG HSI-T'IEN, (張錫田)** Courtesy name: SHIH-CH'IAO (石樵).—Native of Shenyang, Fengtien. Born 1882 in Tsunhua, Chihli. 1914-1922, professor in Mukden Industrial College, Mukden Engineering College, and Shenyang Normal College. 1922-1927, secretary, Kirin-Heilungkiang Transportation Tolls Head Office; chief secretary, relief office, Mukden Army; advisor, Ching Ching (Chihli) Mining Bureau; advisor, Peking-Suiyuan Railway Administration. Senior secretary, Ministry of Finance, since June 21, 1927; concurrently secretary, Famine Relief Bureau, Ts'nan. — p. 1096 ([scan leaf 1151](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1151/mode/1up))

**CHANG HSIANG-LIN, (張祥麟)** Prefers English rendering: Z. L. CHANG.—Born 1890; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Educated at St. John's University, Shanghai, and Columbia University, New York. Has held the following posts: secretary, Cabinet Office; assistant councillor, Ministry of Interior; assistant secretary, Ministry of Communications; secretary, Custodian of Enemy Property; attaché, Chinese Legation at Washington; secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference; assistant editor, Peking Daily News. January 1922-August 1927, Consul General at New York. 1927, assistant Commissioner to Philadelphia Exposition. Brevet rank of minister plenipotentiary elect. 2nd Class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1096 ([scan leaf 1151](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1151/mode/1up))

**CHANG HSIAO-JO, (張孝若)** Courtesy name: YI-TSU (詒祖). Son of late Chang Ch'ien. Born 1895 in and native of Nantungchow, Kiangsu. 1918, B.C.S. (Arnold Business College, U.S.A.). 1919-1920, president, administration of Nantungchow industrial enterprises; president, Huai Hai Industrial Bank; concurrently chief secretary, Kiangsu Grand Canal Improvement Board; secretary, Woosung Port Construction Board. August 1921, member, Kiangsu provincial assembly. 1923, industrial commissioner to Europe, U. S. A. and Japan. May 1924, appointed Minister to Chile, but did not proceed 2nd class Tashou Paokuang and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1096 ([scan leaf 1151](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1151/mode/1up))

**CHANG HSUEH-LIANG, (張學良)** —Son of Marshal Chang Tso-lin and better known as the "Young General". Courtesy name: HAN-CH'ING (漢卿). Born 1898 in and native of Haich'eng, Fengtien. Graduate, Mukden Military Academy. 1919, commander of Mukden governor's bodyguard. 1920, aide-de-camp to President Hsu Shih-ch'ang; participated in Chihli-Anfu war on the side of Chihli. 1921, attended the autumn manoeuvres in Japan; made brigadier general. 1922, commander, Fengtien Second Army, in Chihli-Fengtien war; chief of staff, Manchurian army reorganization bureau, and concurrently principal, Mukden Military Academy. 1924, commander, Fengtien First Army, in Chihli-Fengtien war. 1926, commander, Fengtien Third Army, and conqueror of Nankow. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. 3rd Class Order of Merit. — p. 1096 ([scan leaf 1151](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1151/mode/1up))

**CHANG HSUN-CH'ING, (張訓欽)** Native of Changsha, Hunan. Graduate, School of Commerce, Tokyo Imperial University. Sometime secretary, Nanyang Industrial Exhibition. 1924, vice-minister of finance. 1925, high adviser to Customs Conference; special commissioner for Hunan famine relief. Second class Tashou Chiaho decoration. advocate of cessation of civil strife. — p. 1096 ([scan leaf 1151](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1151/mode/1up))

**CHANG HU, (張弧)** Courtesy name: TAI-SAN (岱杉). Born 1876 in and native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1902-1905, educational and financial administrator in Fukien. 1906-1911, financial administrator in Manchuria. 1913-1915, vice-minister of finance; concurrently associate director, salt administration, and chief inspector, salt inspectorate. June 1915, dismissed on charge of embezzlement. December 1917, director, labour emigration bureau. 1918, acting vice-minister of finance; concurrently associate director, salt administration, and chief inspector, salt inspectatorate. August 1920, director general, currency administration. December 1921, minister of finance and director general of salt administration. May 1922, ordered to be arrested. February 1923, pardoned by President Li Yuan-hung. 1923 and 1925, minister of finance; concurrently director general of salt administration and currency administration. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG I-LIN, (張一麐)** Courtesy name: CHUNG-JEN (仲仁). Born 1865 in and native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1902-1909, and again 1911-1915, secretary to Viceroy and then President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1909-1911, secretary to governors of Chekiang and Kiangsu. October 1915-April 1916, minister of education. 1916-1918, secretary to President Feng Kuo-chang. 1918-1922, advisor to President Hsu Shih-ch'ang. Chief secretary, President's Office, under above three presidents. 1922, member, Kiangsu provincial assembly. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang decoration. Staunch advocate of cessation of civil strife. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG KIA-NGAU** see CHANG CHIA-AU. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG KUO-KAN, (張國淦)** Courtesy name: KAN-JO (乾若). Born 1873 in and native of P'uch'i, Hupeh. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1911-1912, assistant chief bureau of statistics; chief, bureau of statistics; chief, civil service bureau. October 1912-October 1913, chief secretary of the Cabinet. 1914, vice-minister of interior; member of Ts'an Cheng Yuan (Legislative Assembly). April 1916, minister of education. 1916, 1917, and again 1922, minister of agriculture and commerce. June 1916, concurrently acting minister of justice. August 1916, appointed civil governor of Heilungkiang, but did not assume office. November 1916, chief secretary of the Cabinet. July 1917, concurrently director general of national conservancy. February 1920, director general of Hankow Port Construction. October 1920, chief justice, administrative court. 1922, concurrently acting minister of interior. January 1924, minister of education. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st Class Wenhu decorations. 4th Class Order of Merit. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG PING-LIN, (章炳麟)** Courtesy name: T'AI-YEN (太炎). Born 1867; native of Chekiang. Noted for his literary accomplishments and intense interest in politics. Leader of T'ungyi Party. 1912, high adviser to the Cabinet, Nanking Government; political adviser to the President. 1917-1918, participated in organization of Canton Military Government. 1st class Order of Merit and 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG PO-LING** see Chang Shou-ch'un. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG SHAO-TSENG, (張紹曾)** Courtesy name: CHING-YU (敬輿). Born 1870 in and native of Tach'eng, Chihli. Graduate of Tokyo Military College. 1911, commander-in-chief, 20th division, with headquarters at Hsinmintun. November 1911, together with the late Lan T'ien-wei and Wu Lu-ch'en (generally known as the "Three Heroes of North China"), declared sympathy with the revolutionists and compelled the Manchus to promulgate a constitution of nineteen articles. 1912, pacification commissioner, Shanghai, to expedite unification between the North and South; councillor to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1913-1914, chief military officer, Suiyuan and Kueihua; adviser to the Pre- sident. 1916, military inspector general. June 1922, appointed civil governor of Shensi but did not assume office. August 1922, acting minister of war; concurrently president, commission on Mongolian rehabilitation. January 1923, appointment as premier ratified by Parliament; concurrently minister of war and president, commission on political rehabilitation. February 1923, made full general. September 1923, fled to Tientsin, when President Li Yuan-hung was forced out by President Ts'ao K'un's faction. January 1924, resignation formally accepted. 2nd class Order of Merit and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1097 ([scan leaf 1152](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1152/mode/1up))

**CHANG SHOU-CH'UN, (張壽春)** Courtesy name: PO-LING (伯蓉). Prefers to sign himself: Poling Chang. Born April 1874 in and native of Tientsin. Chihli. Graduate of Peiyang Naval College. 1917-1918, attended Teachers' College, Columbia University. 1919, Litt. D., St. John's University, Shanghai. 1903, accompanied Yen Hsiu to study Japanese educational system. 1908, toured U.S.A. and Europe to study their educational systems. President, Nankai University, since 1904. Trustee, China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture. Leader of Chinese Christian Church. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

**CHANG, SHOWBIN, W** see CHANG WEI. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

***CHANG TA-I, (張大義)** Born 1883; native of Yunnan. Graduate of a law school in Japan. Member of Tung Meng Hui. 1911, took part in capture of Shanghai. 1912, chief secretary, ministry of interior, Nanking; technical expert, civil service bureau, Peking. 1913, member of parliament. Sometime chief judge, Yunnan High Court. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

**CHANG TSE-YING** see CHANG CHIH-YING. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

**CHANG TSO-HSIANG, (張作相)** Courtesy name: FU-CH'EN (輔忱). Native of Ihsien, Fengtien. Leader of irregular troops; then surrendered to the government authorities. 1912, commander, 27th cavalry regiment, 27th division. 1917-1918, commander, 5th brigade, 27th division; made a lieutenant general. 1919, chief of staff to Inspector General of Manchuria; promoted commander, 27th division. Tupan (military governor) of Kirin since April 1924. October 1927, made full general. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration and 4th Class Order of Merit. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

**CHANG TSO-K'UN, (張焯菆)** Courtesy name: P'ENG-NAN (朋南). Prefers English rendering: Cheuk K. Chang. Born 1890; native of Kwangtung. 1916, B. S. School of Agriculture (Cornell). 1921, agricultural expert to Canton Government. 1922-25, instructor in agriculture, Ling Nan Agricultural College. 1924, delegate, Pacific Food Preservation Conference, San Francisco; hon. director, Bureau of Sericulture of Chungshan District, Kwangtung. Director, Ling Nan Agricultural College, since July 1925. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

**CHANG TSO-LIN, (張作霖)** Courtesy name: YU-T'ING (雨亭). Born 1876 in and native of Haich'eng, Fengtien. Fought on Japan's side during Russo-Japanese war. 1906, surrendered to government authorities with his irregular troops. Military governor of Mukden and uncrowned monarch of Manchuria since 1911. 1912, commander, 27th division. 1916, concurrently civil governor of Mukden. 1917, assisted Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui in suppressing the Manchu restoration and restoring the Republic. 1918, concurrently inspector general of Manchuria. 1920, assisted Marshals Ts'ao K'un and Wu P'ei-fu in eliminating the Anfu Party; made full general and then Chen Wei Shang Chiang Chun (Marshal). 1921, high commissioner for Mongolia to reconquer Urga from Soviet Russia. May 1922, relieved of all posts following defeat in Chihli-Fengtien war. Proclaimed himself independent of Peking and commander-in-chief for maintenance of order and peace in Manchuria. 1924, assisted Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang in routing the Chihli Party and installing Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui as provisional chief executive in Peking. April 1926, defeated the Kuominchun armies. September 1926, met Wu P'ei-fu in solemn conference in Peking as joint masters of North China. November 1926, commander-in-chief of Ankuochun armies. June 1927, assumed office as Generalissimo of the Republic's land and naval forces. 1st Class Order of Merit; 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1098 ([scan leaf 1153](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1153/mode/1up))

**CHANG TSUNG-CH'ANG, (張宗昌)** Born 1881; native of Shantung. Courtesy name: HSIAO-K'UN (效坤). 1904-1905, fought on Russia's side during Russo-Japanese war. 1911, commander of cavalry brigade of revolutionary forces in Kiangsu. 1913-1916, commander of 3rd Division at Hsuchow. 1917, adjutant to President Feng Kuo-chang; superintendent of military education, Ministry of War. 1918-1922, brigade commander and then division commander in Kiangsi. 1922, occupation commissioner, Suiling (Kirin). 1924, commander of Fengtien 1st Army. January 1925, made Marshal. Military Governor of Shantung since 1924; concurrently vice-commander-in-chief of Ankuochun. A few thousands of White Russians are included among his forces. 1st Class Order of Merit. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

**CHANG TSUNG-HSIANG, (章宗祥)** Courtesy name: CHUNG-HO (仲和). Born. 1877 in and native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. 1903, LL.B. (Meiji University, Tokyo). 1905-1907, compiler of commercial and constitutional laws. 1908-1910, superintendent of inner city police, Peking. 1911-1912, chief, law compilation bureau; chief justice, Supreme Court; concurrently president, Law Codification Commission. 1914, minister of justice; concurrently acting minister of agriculture and commerce. 1916-1919, minister to Japan. During May 1919 Student Movement, was branded a national traitor together with Ts'ao Ju-lin and Lu Tsung-yü for negotiation of ruinous Japanese loans. 1925, president, Exchange Bank of China, Peking. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration and 4th class Order of Merit. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

**CHANG, V. H** see Chang Wei-han. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

**CHANG WEI, (張瑋)** Courtesy name: HSIAO-PIN (倣彬). Prefers English rendering: Showbin W. Chang. Native of Kushih, Honan. 1910, B. A. (Cantab.) 1911-1916, professor of economics, finance and banking, Peking Law College. 1912-1923, chief of section, political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1924, consul general at Chita. 1925-1926, consul general at Irkutsk. 1927, assistant councillor and adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. Author of a book on Chinese literature. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

***CHANG WEI-HAN, (張維翰)** Courtesy name: Tz'U-PING (次屏). Prefers English rendering: V. H. Chang. Born 1879; native of Fenghsiang, Shensi. 1913, member, Shensi provincial assembly. 1922-1926, secretary, and then assistant councillor, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

***CHANG WEN-SHENG, (張文生)** Courtesy name: HSING-WU (星五). Native of Kiangsu. Lt. General in the Army. Sometime defence commissioner of Suchow and Haichow. 1920 Tuchun (military governor) of Anhwei. Oct. 1922, made a Chiang Chun and summoned for duty in Peking, when the office of Tuchun in Anhwei was abolished. First Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

**CHANG YAO-CHIANG** see CHANG YAO-HSIANG. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

**CHANG YAO-HSIANG, (張耀翔)** Prefers to sign himself: Chang Yao-chiang. Born 1896 in and native of Hankow, Hupeh. Studied at Boone University, Wuchang. Graduate of Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1918, B.A.; 1919, M.A. (Columbia). 1920, professor of psychology, Peking Normal University. 1921-1923, lecturer on psychology, Nanking Southeastern University, Tientsin Nankai University and Wuchang Chung Hua University. 1922-1926, dean, department of education and psychology, Peking Normal University. Founder and first president, Chinese Psychological Society; editor, Chinese Journal of Psychology. — p. 1099 ([scan leaf 1154](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1154/mode/1up))

**CHANG YAO-TSENG, (張耀曾)** Courtesy name: YUNG-HSI (容西). Born 1884; native of Yunnan. LL.B., Waseda University, Tokyo. 1912, Yunnan delegate to organize Nanking Government; member, Nanking advisory council and Peking Provisional council. 1913, M.P. and member of Temple of Heaven Constitution drafting committee. 1916, 1922, and again 1925, minister of justice. 1923-1927, chairman, Commission on Extraterritoriality. — p. 1100 ([scan leaf 1155](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1155/mode/1up))

**CHANG YING-FANG, (張膺方)** Courtesy name: YA-HSING (亞馨).—Prefers English rendering: Frank Chang. Born 1889 in and native of Hengshui, Chihli. Attended Tientsin Anglo-Chinese College; then joined General Chang Shao-tseng's 20th division. 1917, staff officer, 20th division. 1922, appointed to reorganize Shensi provincial police. 1922-1924, chief of military and naval audit bureau, Ministry of War. Brevet rank of lieutenant general. April 1923, member, commission for the study of China's finances. Author of a booklet in English and Chinese, "Why military expenditures should be independent." 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1100 ([scan leaf 1155](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1155/mode/1up))

**CHANG YING-HUA, (張英華)** Courtesy name: YUEH-SHENG (月笙).—Born 1886 in and native of Hengshui, Chihli. Attended Tientsin Anglo-Chinese College and Victoria University, Manchester. 1918, salt inspector, Chuannan district (Szechwan). 1919, salt commissioner for Szechwan. 1921, salt commissioner for Hotung (Shansi). 1922, commissioner of finance, Kansu; vice-director, Kiangsu government bank; superintendent of customs, Soochow; vice-minister and then minister of finance, concurrently director general of salt administration and chief inspector, salt inspectorate; chairman, commission for the study of China's finances. 1923, director general of currency administration; again acting minister of finance and director general of salt administration. 1926, for the third time acting minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration. 1st class Wenhu and 2nd class Chiaho decorations. — p. 1100 ([scan leaf 1155](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1155/mode/1up))

**CHANG, Y. C** see CHANG YU-CH'UAN. — p. 1100 ([scan leaf 1155](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1155/mode/1up))

**CHANG YU-CH'UAN, (張煜全)** Courtesy name: CH'ANG-YUN (昶雲).—Prefers English rendering: Y. C. CHANG. Born 1880 in and native of Canton, Kwangtung. Studied in Foochow Anglo-Chinese College and Tokyo Imperial University. Graduate of Peiyang University. 1903, LL.B., 1904, LL.M. (Yale). 1907, Chinshih in law of imperial examinations. 1906, attaché, special high commission to Europe, U.S.A. and Japan for investigation of constitutional governments. 1906-1907, inspector of schools in Shansi, Chihli, Shantung and Honan. 1908, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Tokyo. 1910-1911, president, College of Communications, Peking. 1912, secretary to the President and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1913, commissioner for foreign affairs, Shanghai and then Anking; concurrently superintendent of customs, Wuhu. 1915-1918, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1919, president, Tsing Hua College. 1920, chief of translation bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1921, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. August 1921-July 1927, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1925-1927, director, conference department, Customs Conference; Technical expert, Sino-Russian Conference and Commission for the investigation of extraterritoriality. Director, department of general affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 1927. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1100 ([scan leaf 1155](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1155/mode/1up))

**CHANG YUAN-CHIEH (張元節)** Courtesy name: YEN-NAN (燕南).—Native of Wusih, Kiangsu. Educated at Peking National University. Has held the following posts:—2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Tokyo; consul at Nagasaki and Kobe, Japan: 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Paris and London. 1921-September 1927, 1st secretary, Chinese Legation in Tokyo, and chargé d'affaires for four times. Author of several volumes on political affairs of Great Britain, Burma, popular education in Japan and International Law cases. 2nd class Chiaho decoration, as well as French and Japanese decorations. — p. 1100 ([scan leaf 1155](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1155/mode/1up))

**CHANG YUAN-SHAN, (章元善)** Courtesy name : YEN-HSUN (彥訓 ).—Prefers English rendering : Y. S. Djang. Born 1892 in and native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Studied in Kiangnan Provincial College, Nanking, and Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1915, B.A. (Cornell). 1915-1918, chemist to Peiyang plague prevention bureau and Chihli provincial industrial laboratory; lecturer on sanitary chemistry, Peking National University. 1918, general secretary, Tientsin antinarcotic society. 1920-1921, general secretary, North China international famine relief society. Associate executive secretary, China International Famine Relief Commission, since January 1922. General secretary, Peking Western Returned Students' Club, since 1924. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHANG, Z. L** see CHANG HSIANG-LIN. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHAO CH'I, (趙琪)** Courtesy name : JUI-CH'UAN (瑞泉 ). Native of Yeh-hsien, Shantung. Graduate of Tsingtao German-Chinese College. Studied in Germany. Formerly director of Lungkow Port Administration. Director of Kiaochow Port Administration since July 1925. Author of books dealing with the ports of Lungkow and Kiaochow as well as cases between Chinese and foreigners arising out of debts and contracts. 2nd Classs Paokwang Chiaho Decoration. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHAO CH'ING-HUA, (趙慶華)** Courtesy name : SUI-SHAN (燧山 ).—Born 1879 in and native of Chinghua, Chekiang. 1890, graduate of Hongkong Diocesan School. 1892, graduate of Canton Telegraph College. 1892-1897, director, Canton telegraph administration. 1897, assistant secretary to C. W. Kinder, engineer-in-chief of Peking-Mukden Railway. 1904, secretary to T. J. Bourne, chief engineer of the contractors constructing Taokow-Chinghua Railway. 1907, secretary to T'ang Shao-yi, director general of railways, Ministry of Communications. 1909-1913, managing director, Canton-Kowloon Railway. 1914, managing director, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 1916, manager, Shanghai branch, Bank of Communications. 1917, custodian of sequestrated Austrian and German shipping in Yangtze River. 1921, assistant councillor, Ministry of Communications; secretary to the Cabinet. 1922, foreign adviser to Inspector General of Manchuria. 2nd class Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHAO CH'UAN, (趙泉)** Courtesy name : CHIEN-T'ANG (鑑堂 ).—Born 1895 in and native of Chihsien, Chihli. Studied at Peking Academy. 1918, B.S. (Wesleyan University, U.S.A.). 1919-1922, secretary, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference, Assembly of League of Nations, and Washington Conference. 1923, member, Directorate General of Shantung Rehabilitation. 1924, chief of conference department, Directorate general of Sino-Russian negotiations. 1925-1926, chief of section, political affairs department, and then assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Secretary general, Chinese delegation to League of Nations since September 1926. 4th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHAO CH'UN-NIEN, (趙椿年)** Courtesy name : CHIEN-CH'IU (劍秋 ).—Born 1867; native of Kiangsu. Chihshih (D. Litt.) of imperial examinations. 1912-1913, vice-minister of finance; vice-director of Customs Revenue Administration; councillor, ministries of finance and agriculture, industry and commerce. 1915, accountant, Bank of China; joint investigator of likin system and supervisor of taxes, Peking. Vice-Director, Bureau of Audit, since 1917. Member of various financial commissions. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHAO HENG-T'I, (趙恒惕)** Courtesy name : YEN-WU (炎午 ).—Born 1880 in and native of Siangt'an, Hunan. Graduate, Tokyo Military College, artillery school. 1908-1911, commanding officer in Kwangsi province. During 1911 revolution, commander of a revolutionary force in Hunan. 1912, imprisoned by President Yuan Shih-k'ai and then released. December 1916, commander of Hunan 1st division and then commander-in-chief of Hunan forces. 1922, governor of “autonomous Hunan”. 1925-1926, civil governor, Changsha. Summer of 1926 was driven from Hunan by Nationalist forces. 2nd class Order of Merit. — p. 1101 ([scan leaf 1156](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1156/mode/1up))

**CHAO HSI-EN, (趙錫恩)** Courtesy name: CHIN-CH'ING (晉卿).—Prefers anglicized Shanghai rendering: S. U. Zau. Born 1882 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Studied at Nanyang College. 1902-1903, postmaster at Tatung, Shansi. 1911, vice-chairman, Chinese volunteer corps of West Shanghai. 1914-1916, deputy for raising government loans in Kiangsu and Chekiang; adviser to civil governors of Chekiang and Shantung. 1918, adviser to the Cabinet; director, Shanghai Chinese general chamber of commerce. 1921-1922, adviser, Wine and Tobacco Bureau; delegate to Pan-Pacific commercial conference, Honolulu. Prominent leader of Baptist Church and committee member of many educational and philanthropic institutions. Director of Pootung Electric Works, Chung Hua Industrial Company, Shanghai and Paoshan Bank, Tung Li Realty Co., etc. 1st class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

***CHAO HSIN-PO, (趙欣伯)** —LL.D. (Tokyo Imperial University). Born 1888. Legal adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin, since 1922. Member, Treaty Revision Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs since October 1927. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

**CHAO MING-KAO, (趙鳴皋)** Courtesy name: MEI-CH'AI (枚憽).—Born 1894. Native of Tahsing, Chihli. 1916, graduate, Paoting Military College. 1919, graduate, Tokyo Military College. Rose to rank of brigadier commander in Mukden Army. Director, division of appointments, Department of War, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July 1927. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

***CHAO T'I, (趙偳)** Courtesy name: CHOU-JEN (周人).—Born 1870; native of Honan. Studied in Peiyang Military College. June 1916-August 1922, Tuchun (military governor) of Honan. Tch Wu Chiang Chun (General). 1st class Wenhu and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decorations. Adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin since 1926. 8 lions military sword. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

**CHAO YEN-HSU, (趙延緒)** Courtesy name: SHAO-TSUNG (紹宗).—Native of Fushun, Fengtien. 1914, graduate, Paoting Military College. 1918, graduate, Nanyuan Aviation School. 1920, founded the Mukden Aviation School. Vice-minister in charge of aviation matters, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July, 1927. 2nd class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

**CHAO YI-T'AO, (趙詒璹)** Courtesy name: SUNG-NAN (頌南).—Born 1869; native of Quinsan, Kiangsu. Studied in Shanghai and Paris. Has held the following posts:—President, Hupeh agricultural school; professor of Chinese, Rome; 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Brussels, Rome, and The Hague; attaché, Chinese delegation to 2nd Hague Peace and Paris Peace conferences. 1921-1926, consul general at Paris. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration as well as several foreign decorations. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

**CHAR, GEORGE Y** see HSIEH YUAN-FU. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

**CH'EN CHIN-T'AO, (陳錦濤)** Courtesy name: LAN-SHENG (瀾生).—Born 1870 in and native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. Graduate of Hongkong Queen's College. 1902, M.S. (Columbia). 1906, Ph.D. (Yale). 1906-1911, inspector of education, Canton and Peking; chief of budget and statistics departments, board of finance; vice-director, bureau of printing and engraving; chairman, currency reform commission; vice-governor, Taching government bank; member of Tzuchengyuan (Legislative Assembly); vice-president, board of finance. 1912, minister of finance, Nanking Provisional Government; delegate to International Chambers of Commerce Conference, Boston; director, bureau of audit. 1914-1915, financial commissioner to Europe and U.S.A. 1915-1917, adviser to the President; minister of finance; concurrently minister of foreign affairs. May 1917, removed from Finance post as a result of plot by political opponents and prosecuted for embezzling public funds. February 1918, pardoned by President Li Yuan-hung. 1920, minister of finance, Canton Military Government. 1925-1926, manager of Northwestern bank, Chahar; minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration. Recognized as one of China's best financial experts. Author of "Societary circulation" (doctoral dissertation), as well as two volumes on distribution of wealth and public schools in four countries. 2nd Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1102 ([scan leaf 1157](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1157/mode/1up))

**CH'EN CHIUNG-MING, (陳烱明)** Courtesy name : CHING-TS'UN (競存 ).—Born 1875 in and native of Haifeng, Kwangtung. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1910, member, Kwangtung provincial assembly. During 1911 revolution, assisted Kwangtung to declare independence; acting Tutuh (military governor), Canton. 1912-1913, director of military affairs and then Tutuh, Canton; fled to the South Seas after failure of 2nd revolution. 1915, returned to Canton and took part in several attempts to recover Kwangtung province for the Kuomintang. 1917, minister of war, Canton Military Government. 1918-1920, stationed in Fukien to support the Constitutionalists' independent stand against Peking. 1921, drove out Mo Jung-hsin and made civil governor, Canton, and concurrently commander-in-chief of Kwangtung forces; led expedition against the militarists in Kwangsi and disarmed their soldiers. April 1922, removed from office for refusing to support Sun Yat-sen's anti-North expedition. August 1922, drove Sun Yat-sen out of Kwangtung. January 1923, driven out of Canton by Sun Yat-sen's forces, and retreated to Waichow. Since then has been waiting in Hongkong and vicinity for opportunity to recover lost ground. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CHEN DING-SAI** see CH'EN T'ING-JUI. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CH'EN EN-HOU, (陳恩厚)** Courtesy name : K'UN-FENG (昆峰 ). Born 1875 in and native of Wanp'ing, Chihli. Sometime councillor, and then director of protocol department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1925-1926. technical expert, Customs Conference; acting vice-minister of foreign affairs. Reappointed councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 1927. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CHEN, EUGENE** see CH'EN YU-JEN. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CH'EN HENG-CHEH, (陳衡哲)** Prefers English rendering : SOPHIA CH'EN. Wife of H. C. ZEN (JEN HUNG-CHUN 任鴻雋 ).—Native of Changchow, Kiangsu. 1914, went to U.S.A. under Tsing Hua College scholarship. 1919, B.A. (Vassar College). 1920, M.A. (Chicago). First Chinese woman elected to Phi Beta Kappa Society. 1920, professor of Western history and English literature, Peking National University. 1922, lecturer on Western history, Nanking Southeastern University. 1927, delegate to Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu. Author of two volumes on Western history and frequent contributor to a number of Chinese periodicals. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CH'EN HUAN-CHANG, (陳煥章)** Courtesy name : CHUNG-YUEN (重遠 ).—Born 1881 in and native of Inkslab Island, Kwangtung. 1905, Chinshih (D. Litt.) of imperial examinations. 1911, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1899-1900, editor, Chinese Reformer. 1902-1903, professor and principal, Shih Ming high school. Founder and president, National Confucian Association, since 1911. 1913, adviser to the President; editor, Confucian Monthly; agitated for inclusion of Confucianism as state religion in the Constitution. 1918, member of parliament. 1920, adviser to the President. President of Confucian University, Peking. Author of "Economic Principles of Confucius and His School" (doctoral dissertation) and several volumes on Confucianism. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CH'EN HUI-TEH, (陳輝德)** Courtesy name : KUANG-FU (光甫 ).—Prefers English rendering: K. P. Chen. Born 1880; native of Chinkiang, Kiangsu. 1909, B.C. (Wharton School of Commerce, Pennsylvania University). 1898-1901, served in Hankow Post Office. 1901-1904, secretary, Fuchong Leather Manufacturing Company and Hanyang Arsenal. 1904, delegate of Hupeh provincial government at St. Louis Exposition. 1910, secretary, Nanking Exposition. 1912-1914, organizer and manager, Kiangsu Provincial Bank. 1914, adviser, Bank of China. Founder and general manager, Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank, since 1915. 1920-1922, member, Chinese Advisory Committee of Shanghai Municipal Council. 1924, director, Southeastern University School of Commerce, Shanghai, and China Cement Manufacturing Co. 1925, adviser, Customs Conference; representative of Chinese bankers at Ministry of Communications Traffic Conference to help draft regulations for extending bank credits to shippers. — p. 1103 ([scan leaf 1158](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1158/mode/1up))

**CH'EN JU-HSUAN, (陳茹玄)** Courtesy name: YI-FAN (逸凡).—Prefers to sign himself: Chen Ye Young. Born 1894; native of Kwangtung. 1917, B.A (Illinois). 1919, LL.B. (Columbia). 1921-1923, editor, General Chamber of Commerce Monthly, and lecturer, Peking Law College. 1923, professor of law and economics, Nanking Southeastern University. 1925, concurrently vice-president, Southeastern University, Nanking. Author of "International Politics" and "The Book of Politics." — p. 1104 ([scan leaf 1159](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1159/mode/1up))

**CHEN, K. P** see CH'EN HUI-TEH — p. 1104 ([scan leaf 1159](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1159/mode/1up))

**CH'EN LU, (陳鑠)** Courtesy name: JEN-HSIEN (任先).—Prefers French rendering: Tcheng Loh. Born 1878 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Studied in Foochow Arsenal College and Wuchang Tsuch'iang College. 1906, LL.B. (Paris); interpreter to special high commissioners for investigation of constitutional governments in Europe, U.S.A. and Japan. 1907, attaché, Chinese delegation to 2nd Hague Peace Conference. 1908, Chinshih and Hanlin Compiler of imperial examinations. 1909-1911, secretary, and then director of political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1914, appointed minister to Mexico; plenipotentiary delegate to Sino-Russian-Mongolian conference at Kiachta. 1915, resident general at Urga. 1916, appointed to perform investiture of Living Buddha of Mongolia. May 1918, vice-minister of foreign affairs. November 1918—September 1920, officiating minister of foreign affairs. Minister to Paris since October 1920. November 1927, appointed representative on League of Nations Council. Author of two volumes on historical works on Mongolia and types of French documents. 5th class Order of Merit; 1st class Chiaho and Wenhu decoration as well as many foreign decorations. — p. 1104 ([scan leaf 1159](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1159/mode/1up))

**CH'EN MOU-TING, (陳懋鼎)** —Native of Fukien. 1890, Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1909, acting senior secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. August 1911, councillor of Privy Council. April 1912, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1913, senator. July-November 1914, commissioner of foreign affairs and customs superintendent, Nanking. November 1914—July 1915, Chining Taoyin. July 1917, secretary of the Cabinet. 1919, commissioner of foreign affairs, Amoy. 1921-1926, adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. — p. 1104 ([scan leaf 1159](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1159/mode/1up))

**CH'EN PAO-SHEN, (陳寶琛)** —Born 1849; native of Fukien. 1868, Chinshih (D. Litt.) of imperial examinations. Sometime assistant chancellor of Grand Secretariat, and managing director of Fukien Railway. 1910, chief examiner for Kiangsi and Kansu provinces, with rank of vice-president of board of ceremonies. 1911, governor of Shensi; adviser, Privy Council. Tutor of ex-Emperor since July 1911. July 1917, member, Council of Regency during Manchu Restolation. 1925, left Peking with ex-Emperor. Author of "the universal rites of the Ch'ing dynasty" approved by the board of ceremonies. 1st class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1104 ([scan leaf 1159](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1159/mode/1up))

**CH'EN SHIH-KUANG, (陳世先)** Courtesy name: CHEN-TUNG (震東).—Chief secretary, Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai, under sixteen commissioners. September 1924, commissioner for foreign affairs and superintendent of customs, Shanghai. 1927, Shanghai delegate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nanking Nationalist Government. 2nd Class Tashou Chiaho and 3rd Class Wenhu decorations as well as numerous foreign decorations. — p. 1104 ([scan leaf 1159](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1159/mode/1up))

**CH'EN SHU-JEN** (陳樹人).—Native of Kwangtung. Born 1884. Graduate of Tokyo Imperial University, Arts College, and a warm admirer of Japanese paintings. An artist himself, taught for some time in the Chinese School at Tokyo. One of the old Kuomintang members, was elected member of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. 1923, chief, political department, Canton municipality, but resigned a few months later. Subsequently, chief, general affairs department, Canton Government's ministry of interior; chief of the overseas Chinese department of same ministry. 1927, acting head, ministry of labour, Canton. Moderate in his views, and regarded more as educationist than politician. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CH'EN, SOPHIA** see CH'EN HENG-CHEH. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CH'EN SSU-JUI** (陳斯銳). Courtesy name: CHIEN-CH'UAN (劍泉).—Prefers to sign himself: Chan Sz-jui. Born 1884 in and native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. Educated in Hongkong Queen's College. 1912, LL.B. (London) and barrister-at-law (Middle Temple). 1914-1916, chief of translation bureau, Ministry of Communications. 1920-1922, assistant secretary to the Cabinet. May 1921-July 1927, chief of section, treaty department, Ministry of Communications. 1925-1926, chief of translation section, Customs Conference, and Commission for the investigation of extraterritoriality. Senior clerk, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 1927. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CHEN, S. P** see CH'EN SSU-PANG. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CH'EN SSU-PANG** (陳祀邦). Courtesy name: HSIN-CHOU (新周).—Prefers English rendering: S. P. Chen. Born 1884 in Singapore; native of Tsining, Kwangtung. 1904, B.A.; 1907, M.B., B.CH. (Cantab. and St. Thomas's Hospital, London). Assistant demonstrator in anatomy in University laboratory; senior resident surgeon, Western General Dispensary, London. 1911-1914, chief medical officer, North Manchuria Plague Prevention Service, Harbin. Chief medical officer, Peking Isolation Hospital, since 1915. 1917, chief health officer, directorate general of flood relief, Tientsin. 1918, commissioner for suppression of pneumonic plague in Shansi. 1919, chief medical expert, Ministry of Interior. 1920-1926, chief medical officer, Peking Central Hospital. Medical Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 1920. 1926-1927, director, vice-president and president, Peking Rotary Club. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 4th class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CH'EN TA** (陳達). Courtesy name: T'UNG-FU (通夫).—Prefers English rendering: Ta T. Chen. Born 1892, native of Yuhang, Chekiang. 1916, graduate of Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1919, B.A. (Reed College, U.S.A.). 1920, M.A.; 1923, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1920-1921, Fellow of Columbia University. Professor of Sociology, Tsing Hua College, since 1923. 1926, delegate to Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu. Author of "Chinese migrations, with special reference to labour conditions" (Bulletin No. 340, U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics). — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CHEN, TA T** see CH'EN TA. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CH'EN TAO-YUAN** (陳道源). Courtesy name: KUAN-YI (貫一).—Born 1888; native of Chihhsien, Chekiang. Graduate of Peiyang University, Tientsin, and Cornell University, U.S.A. M.E. (Glasgow). Associate member, Institute of Naval Architects, London. 1909-1912, draughtsman to Vickers Ltd., 1912-1914, draughtsman, Kiangnan Dockyard, Shanghai. 1915-1917, secretary, Salt Chief Inspectorate; chief engineer superintendent, Foochow Dockyard. 1921, secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1923, accompanied Dr. Wang Chung-hui to The Hague Court of International Justice. 1926-1927, secretary, Salt Chief Inspectorate. Technical expert, Ministry of Navy, since 1917. — p. 1105 ([scan leaf 1160](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1160/mode/1up))

**CH'EN T'ING-JUI, (陳霆銳)** —Prefers to sign himself: Chen Ding-sai. Born 1889; native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Studied in Soochow University. 1920, LL.B. (Soochow University School of Comparative Law). 1921, J.D.; 1922, M.A. (Michigan). Fellow of Michigan University. 1921-1922, special correspondent of Shanghai Sin Wen Pao at Washington Conference.. Professor of law, Comparative Law School of China, Shanghai, since September 1922. Legal practitioner and special editor of Shun Pao, Shanghai. Author of "The principles of state secession as revealed by the Versailles Treaty" (doctoral dissertation), and translator of many books. — p. 1106 ([scan leaf 1161](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1161/mode/1up))

**CH'EN TU-HSIU, (陳獨秀)** . Courtesy name: CHUNG-FU (仲甫).—Native of Huaining, Anhwei. Born 1879. Studied seven years in Japan and France. During the Revolution of 1911, accompanied Po Wen-wei to the battle front. 1913, opposed the establishment of Confucianism as state religion in the Temple of Heaven Constitutional draft. January 1917, dean, department of literature, Peking National University. Expelled from Peking as dangerous radical, went to Shanghai and edited La Jeunesse and other radical periodicals. 1922, political member of educational committee, Canton. Extremist ideas equally resented by Cantonese. January 1924, joined Kuomintang, but turned Communist shortly after. Sometimes called the "Chinese Lenin," was imprisoned at one time by Shanghai French Settlement authorities. 1925, member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and Chinese delegate to Moscow Third International. — p. 1106 ([scan leaf 1161](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1161/mode/1up))

**CHEN YE-YOUNG** see CHEN JU-HSUAN. — p. 1106 ([scan leaf 1161](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1161/mode/1up))

**CH'EN YU-JEN, (陳友仁)** .—Better known as Eugene Ch'en. Native of Kwangtung. Born, Trinidad, West Indies, 1878. Qualified as solicitor in London and practised in Trinidad. 1912, returned to China; legal adviser Ministry of Communications. 1914, editor and then proprietor, Peking Gazette. His fearless writings attracted attention. November 1916, imprisoned for alleged anti-Japanese preachings. June 1917, pardoned by President Li Yuan-hung; joined Sun Yat-sen's party. Beginning of 1918, editor, Shanghai Gazette. 1918-1919, member of Canton's diplomatic mission to U.S.A.; attended Paris Peace Conference with Canton's representative Wu Ch'ao-chu. 1922-1924, adviser to Canton Government. 1924, member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee; revisited Peking with Sun Yat-sen. 1925, editor, Min Pao, Peking. August of same year, kidnapped by Mukden soldiers and taken to Tientsin, where he narrowly escaped being shot. April 1926, acting minister of foreign affairs, Canton Government. January-February 1927, conducted negotiations as minister for foreign affairs of Hankow Nationalist Government for rendition of British Concessions at Hankow and Kiukiang. August 1927, granted leave of absence to visit Europe and proceeded to Moscow. — p. 1106 ([scan leaf 1161](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1161/mode/1up))

***CHENG CH'IEN, (鄭謙)** .—Native of Kiangsu. 1917, commissioner of civil administration, Heilungkiang. 1925, civil governor of Kiangsu; concurrently associate director general of Sino-Russian negotiations. 1926, appointed minister of interior, but did not assume office. — p. 1106 ([scan leaf 1161](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1161/mode/1up))

**CH'ENG CH'IEN, (程潛)** . Courtesy name: SUNG-YUN (頌雲).—Native of Fengling, Hunan. Born 1882. Graduate, artillery school, Tokyo Military College., 1912-1913, chief of military affairs department, headquarters of Tutuh of Hunan; commander-in-chief, Hunan National Protection Army, until ousted by Chao Heng-t'i. 1923, chief of military affairs in Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's office. 1925, member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. July 1926, commander of Nationalist 4th Army corps. 1927, commander of Kiukiang Garrison. Commonly regarded as responsible for the Nanking outrages of March, 1927. In August 1927 was partly responsible for Chiang Kai-shek's retirement from command of the Nationalist Forces. Later commanded the Nanking forces which drove Tang Sheng-chi out of Wu Han. — p. 1106 ([scan leaf 1161](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1161/mode/1up))

**CHENG, F. T** see CHENG TIEN-HSI. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CH'ENG HSI-KENG** (程錫庚). Courtesy name: LIEN-SHIH (蓮士).—Prefers English rendering: S G. Cheng. Born February 28, 1894, in and native of Chinkiang, Kiangsu. 1911, Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1917, B.Sc. in Economics; 1921, D.Sc. (London), 1920-1921, secretary, Chinese delegation to Assembly of League of Nations. Secretary, Ministry of Finance, and concurrently co-director, department of public loans and taxation, since 1922, 1922-1927, technical expert to commission for the study of national finance, Sino-Russian Conference and Customs Conference. 1926, honorary adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; brevet rank of minister plenipotentiary elect. 1927, commissioner to audit foreign loans secured on customs and salt revenues. Author of "Modern China: A Political Study" (Oxford Press). 3rd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CH'ENG HSUEN-LUAN** (程學變). Courtesy name: YANG-P'O (仰坡).—Prefers to sign himself: Tchen Hio-lou. Native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Studied at Waseda University, Tokyo. Sometime 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Tokyo and Paris; acting consul general at Singapore. 1921-1924, chief of section, commercial affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1924-1926, commissioner of foreign affairs, Hangchow. Author of two volumes on the Japanese constitution and general regulations for sale of salt in Japan. 3rd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CH'ENG K'E** (程克). Courtesy name: CHUNG-YU (仲漁).—Born 1878 in and native of Kaifeng, Honan. Law graduate of Tokyo Imperial University. 1908, arrested for plotting against Manchu government but soon pardoned. 1912, councillor to President Yuan Shih-k'ai and ministry of interior. 1913, senator. 1914, Taoyin of Hanchung, Shensi; was opposed to opium cultivation. 1916-1920, high commissioner for Altai. 1922, assisted Feng Yu-hsiang (then Tuchun of Honan) in administration of military affairs. 1923-1924, minister of justice and concurrently chairman, Law Codification Commission. 1925, made lieutenant general. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

***CHENG SHIH-CH'I** (鄭士琦).—Born 1874; native of Anhwei. 1914, made major general. 1923, Tuli (military governor) of Shantung. 1924, pacification commissioner of Kiangsi. 1925, Tupan (military governor) of Shantung; transferred Tupan of Anhwei but declined. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CHENG, S. G** see CH'ENG HSI-KENG. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CH'ENG SHU-TEH** (程樹德). Courtesy name: YU-T'ING (郁延).—Native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Tokyo Law College. 1909, Chinshih in law (LL.D.), Peking. Hanlin Compiler and assistant examiner of returned students. 1914, senator and member of constitution drafting committee. Lecturer, Peking National University. Councillor, Law Compilation Bureau, since 1917. July 1927, concurrently assistant director, Law Compilation Bureau. Author of twenty volumes on ancient Chinese laws. 2nd Class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CHENG TIEN-HSI** (鄭天錫). Courtesy name: FU-T'ING (莆廷).—Prefers English rendering: F. T. Cheng. Born 1884, in and native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. 1912, LL.B. (London). 1913, barrister-at-law (Middle Temple). April 1916, LL.D. (London). Quain Prizeman in International Law. 1918, and again 1922, chief compiler, Law Codification Commission. 1919, assistant judge, Supreme Court. 1921, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1925-1926, technical expert, Customs Conference; secretary general, Commission for the investigation of extraterritoriality, and deputy, delegate to International Commission on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction; legal adviser, Trade Mark Bureau. Author of "Private International Law relating to Capacity to Contract" (doctoral dissertation), "Supreme Court Decisions," "Prize Court Judgments," etc., etc. 4th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1107 ([scan leaf 1162](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1162/mode/1up))

**CHENG YEN-HSI, (鄭延禧)** Courtesy name: TZU-CHUN (子俊).—Prefers to sign himself: Tcheng Yien-chi. Born 1879; native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. Studied at Foochow Anglo-Chinese College. 1914, second secretary, Chinese Legation in St. Petersburg. 1918-1922, acting consul-general at Leningrad. 1923-1925, commissioner of foreign affairs, Harbin. Counsellor and Chargé d'Affaires at Moscow since 1926. 4th class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1108 ([scan leaf 1163](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1163/mode/1up))

**CHENG YU-HSIU, Miss (鄭毓秀女士)** —Prefers French rendering: Soumé Tcheng. Born at Canton, February 22, 1894, of wealthy and aristocratic family. At age of 10, tore off the bindings of her feet. Four years later, broke off engagement with the son of governor of Canton. Studied in Tientsin and joined Tung Meng Hui (revolutionary party). During 1911 Revolution, carried bombs to Peking for assassination of Manchu leaders. Studied in Paris, and became docteur en droit 1926. 1920-1921, persuaded Chinese Government to provide funds for educating 20 Chinese girls abroad; took them to Paris and supervised their studies. Author of "The Model Chinese Family" in English, "Le Mouvement Constitutionelle en Chine" (doctoral dissertation) and "Souvenirs d'Enfance et de Revolution" in French. First Chinese woman to became a lawyer, and first of her sex to be admitted to practise in Shanghai French Courts. January-October 1927, chief judge of Shanghai District Court. President, Shanghai Provisional Court, since October 1927. — p. 1108 ([scan leaf 1163](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1163/mode/1up))

**CH'I HSIEH-YUAN, (齊燮元)** Courtesy name: FU-WAN (撫萬).—Born 1879 in and native of Ningho, Chihli. Graduate of Peiyang Military Academy and Peking Military University. 1912-1917, commander, 12th brigade, 6th division. December 1917, promoted commander, 6th division, and occupation commissioner, Nanking. October 1920, deputy high inspecting commissioner of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei. September 1921, Tuchun (military governor) of Kiangsu. 1922, concurrently director general of Pukow port construction; made full general. November 1923, high inspecting commissioner of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei; created Ning Wu Shang Chiang Chun (Marshal). 1924, director of Huai river conservancy; 1925, relieved of all posts as result of elimination of Chihli party and fled to Japan. 1926, vice-commander-in-chief of Chihli forces co-operating with Mukden armies to drive Feng Yu-hsiang's Kuominchun to the Northwest. At present living in retirement in Dairen. 1st class Tashou Paokuang decoration and 3rd class Order of Merit. — p. 1108 ([scan leaf 1163](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1163/mode/1up))

**CHIANG CH'AO-TSUNG, (江朝宗)** Courtesy name: YU-CH'EN, (宇澄).—Born 1859 in and native of Chingte, Anhwei. Started official career as expectant Taotai. Rose to brigadier general and in command of Hanchung garrison. 1912, commander-in-chief, Metropolitan gendarmerie; deputy lieutenant-general, Bordered Red Chinese Banner. 1927, made full general; assistant commander for protection of Peking and Tientsin; accepted acting premiership and countersigned President Li Yuan-hung's mandate dissolving parliament; commander-in-chief of Metropolitan gendarmerie and concurrently director general of Peking Octroi. September 1917, retired to private life. 3rd class Order of Merit and 1st class Wenhu decoration. One of Peking's leading citizens and member of Public Safety Committee in times of emergency. — p. 1108 ([scan leaf 1163](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1163/mode/1up))

**CHIANG CHIEH-SHIH** see below. — p. 1108 ([scan leaf 1163](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1163/mode/1up))

**CHIANG CHUNG-CHENG, (蔣中正)** Courtesy name: CHIEH-SHIH, (介石)—Generally known as Chiang Kai-shih or Chiang Kai-shek. Born 1887. Native of Fenghua, Chekiang. Entered a preparatory military school in Nanking after completing primary school education. 1906, went to Japan and studied in Tokyo Military College; joined the Tung Meng Hui (Revolutionary Party). When the Revolution broke out 1911, abandoned his studies, returned to China and became Sun Yat-sen's secretary. Participated actively in storming of Shanghai by the revolutionary force under General Ch'en Ch'i-mei. Served under General Ch'en until latter was dismissed by Yuan Shih-kai. Years of hardship followed until, in 1920, he became junior clerk to a Chinese stock exchang[illegible] in Shanghai for a few months. February 1923, went to Canton; became Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's chief of staff. November of same year, appointed Dr. Sun's representative to visit Soviet Russia and study its military system. April 1924, returned to Canton and became principal of Whampoa Military Academy. January 1926, elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, receiving 248 votes as against 249 for Wang Chao-ming. Two months later joined the left section of Kuomintang to put down the Communists. His rival Wang Chao-ming shortly after resigned and went abroad, leaving him sole master in Canton. May 1926, was instrumental in reconciling the Communists and the Kuomintang. July 1926, commander-in-chief of Northern Expedition. April-May 1927, suppressed the Communists in Shanghai and other places and formed a Nationalist Government at Nanking in opposition to the one at Hankow. August 14, 1927, resigned all posts, upon retreat of Nationalist forces from Kiangsu-Shantung borders and general dissatisfaction with his policies among military commanders, and retired to private life. Has since (November 1927) returned to Shanghai, and re-entered political life. — p. 1108 ([scan leaf 1163](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1163/mode/1up))

**CHIANG KAI-SHEK / CHIANG KAI-SHIH** see CHIANG CHUNG-CHENG. — p. 1109 ([scan leaf 1164](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1164/mode/1up))

**CHIANG MENG-LIN, (蔣夢麟)** Courtesy name: CHAO-HSIEN, (兆賢).—Prefers English rendering: Monlin Chiang. Born 1884 in and native of Yuyao, Chekiang. Studied in Chekiang Provincial College and Nanyang College. 1912, B. A. (California). 1913, M. A.; 1917, Ph. D. (Columbia). 1918-Peking National University. 1919-1926, chairman, University administration council, and twice acting chancellor, Peking National University. 1921, people's delegate to Washington Conference. 1927, member, Chekiang Nationalist Provincial Council. Author of "A Study in Chinese Principles of Education" (doctoral dissertation). — p. 1109 ([scan leaf 1164](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1164/mode/1up))

**CHIANG, MONLIN** see CHIANG MENG-LIN. — p. 1109 ([scan leaf 1164](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1164/mode/1up))

***CHIANG SHAO-MU, (姜紹謨)** Courtesy name: TZ'U-LIEH (次裂). Prefers English rendering: S. M. John. Born 1898; native of Kiangshan, Chekiang. LL.B. (Peking National University). Lecturer on international law, Mongol-Tibetan College, Peking. November 1924, secretary, Ministry of Education. Author of a volume on the outlines of international law. — p. 1109 ([scan leaf 1164](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1164/mode/1up))

**CHIANG SHUN-TEH, (江順德)** Courtesy name: WEN-CHIH (文治).—Prefers English rendering: S. T. Kong. Born 1880; native of Kwangtung. Studied in Peiyang University. 1905, bachelor of mining engineering (California). 1907, M.M. (Columbia). 1909, Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1907-1910, chief engineer, Hunan mining bureau, and Hunan Lead Refining Company. 1912-1913, mining engineer and concurrently director, assaying department, Canton. 1916-1919, expert to Hupeh mining bureau; concurrently chief engineer of ore refining department. Hankow manager, National Commercial and Savings Bank, and chief engineer to Hunan Ming Hsin Chalk and Paint Company since 1925. — p. 1109 ([scan leaf 1164](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1164/mode/1up))

**CHIANG T'IEN-TO, (江天鑄)** Courtesy name: CHING-AN (競菴). Born 1879 in and native of Huahsien, Kwangtung. 1907, graduate of Tokyo Waseda University, department of law and political science. 1910, instructor, Peking Police Institute. 1913, member of parliament. 1917-1920, vice-minister of agriculture and commerce. January-August, 1920, minister of agriculture and commerce, and concurrently president, food supply investigation commission. June-August 1922, member of parliament. August 1922, vice-minister of agriculture and commerce; concurrently director general of national conservancy. September 1923, concurrently vice-president, Yangtze River Conservancy Commission. May 1924, resigned. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1109 ([scan leaf 1164](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1164/mode/1up))

**CHIANG TSO-PIN, (蔣作賓)** Courtesy name: YU-YEN (雨岩).—Signs himself: Tsiang Tso Ping. Born 1880. Native of Yingcheng, Hupeh. Graduate of infantry school, Tokyo Military College. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations and lieutenant general of the army. Joined Board of War and became widely known for translation of Japanese infantry drill manual. Played prominent part in the Revolution, 1911; was vice-minister of war in Nanking Provisional Government and then first republican cabinet in Peking. Joined Tung Meng Hui but resigned the membership. July 1916, vice-minister, Board of General Staff. July 1917, was arrested by the party that attempted a Manchu Restoration but soon released; December 1917, chief of military discipline department. Summer of 1921, led the struggle for self-government in Hupeh and compelled Wang Chan-yuan to give up his dual post of Tuchun (military governor) of Hupeh and Inspector General for Hunan and Hupeh. Author of "Travel Around the World" in Chinese. 3rd class Order of Merit. — p. 1110 ([scan leaf 1165](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1165/mode/1up))

**CHIANG TSUN-KUEI, (蔣尊簋)** Courtesy name: PO-CH'I (伯器).—Native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Born 1887. Graduate of Cavalry School of Tokyo Military College. 1910-1911, battalion commander of Chekiang army; director of military training school, Kweilin; commander of a mixed brigade under Viceroy Chang Ming-chih, Canton. At outbreak of Revolution was elected provisional Tutuh (military governor) of Canton. Later succeeded T'ang Shou-ch'ien as Tutuh of Chekiang, but resigned after a few months. 1914, made lieutenant-general; military adviser to the President and concurrently senator. 1920, vice-chief of staff, Canton Government. 1923, vice-minister, department of military affairs, Canton Government. 1926, upon the entry of the Nationalist forces into Kiangsi, tried to arrange a truce between General Chiang Kai-shih and Sun Chuan-fang but failed. — p. 1110 ([scan leaf 1165](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1165/mode/1up))

**CHIANG TSUN-WEI, (蔣尊褘)** Courtesy name: PING-HOU (彬侯).—Prefers English rendering: T. Y. Tsiang. Born 1877 in and native of Haining, Chekiang. Chinshih (Litt. D.) of imperial examinations. Rose to rank of departmental chief and councillor, Ministry of Communications. Director-general of telegraphs since November, 1924. 2nd Class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. Also Japanese and Danish decorations. — p. 1110 ([scan leaf 1165](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1165/mode/1up))

**CHIANG WEI-CH'IAO, (蔣維喬)** Courtesy name: CHU-CHUANG (竹莊).—Prefers English rendering: V. J. Tsiang. Born 1872; native of Changchow, Kiangsu. May 1912, senior secretary, ministry of education, Nanking Provisional Government. October 1921, appointed commissioner of education, Kiangsi, but did not proceed. Chairman, bureau of education, Kiangsu province, since July 1922. Director, Shanghai Aikuo Girls' School, and editor, Shanghai Commercial Press. Author of several textbooks as well as books on Buddhism and educational administration in Kiangsu province. 2nd class Tashou decoration. — p. 1110 ([scan leaf 1165](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1165/mode/1up))

**CHIANG YUNG, (江庸)** Courtesy name: YU-YUN (翊雲).—Born 1878 in and native of Changting, Fukien. Graduate of Tokyo Waseda University, in law and economics. Chinshih in law (LL.D.) of imperial examinations. December 1911, assistant delegate to Shanghai peace conference. 1912, president, government law college; president, High Court, Peking. 1913, vice-president, Law Codification Commission. August 1916—March 1918, vice-minister and then minister of justice. 1918-1919, director of Chinese students in Japan. July 1920—October 1923, president, Law Codification Commission. 1924-1926, president, Peking Law College. Founder and editor-in-chief, Chinese Law Review. Legal practitioner since retiring from official life. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration and 4th class Order of Merit. — p. 1110 ([scan leaf 1165](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1165/mode/1up))

**CH'IEN T'AI, (錢泰)** Courtesy name: CHIEH-P'ING (楷平).—Prefers to sign himself: Tsien Tai. Born 1887 in and native of Chiashan, Chekiang. 1914, docteur en droit, Paris University. 1915, secretary and then councillor, Ministry of Justice. 1918-1919, member of various judicial and legal com missions; judicial expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference; assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Director, treaty department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since May 1921. 1922, made minister plenipotentiary elect. 1925-1926, technical expert, Sino-Russian conference; director, drafting department, Customs Conference; acting vice-minister of foreign affairs. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations as well as 3rd class Order of Black Star (French) and 2nd class Order of Joseph (Greek). — p. 1110 ([scan leaf 1165](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1165/mode/1up))

**CH'IEN WEN-HSUAN, (錢文選)** Courtesy name : SHIH-CH'ING (士青).— Prefers English rendering : W. H. Chien. Born 1874 in and native of Kuangteh, Anhwei. Graduate of Peking National University. 1910, director of students in England; delegate, international moral culture conference, The Hague. 1915-1921, salt commissioner for Yunnan, Changlu, Chekiang, and Anhwei. 1922-1927, Salt commissioner for Chekiang. Author of several volumes on salt manufacturing methods, constitutional government, British government system, etc. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1111 ([scan leaf 1166](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1166/mode/1up))

**CHIEN, W. H** see above. — p. 1111 ([scan leaf 1166](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1166/mode/1up))

**CH'IEN YUNG-MING, (錢永銘)** Courtesy name : HSIN-CHIH (新之).—Born 1885 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of Kobe Commercial College, Japan. Has been director of many banks, commercial and educational institutions, etc. 1922-1927, vice-president, Bank of Communications. Vice-minister of Finance, Nationalist Government at Nanking, since May 1927. 3rd class Paokuang Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1111 ([scan leaf 1166](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1166/mode/1up))

**CHIN CHANG, (金章)** Courtesy name : T'AO-T'AO (陶陶). Wife of Wang Chi-tseng (K. T. Ouang).—Native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. Private tutoring at home. 1903-1905, studied in London. 1910-1912, studied art in Paris. Studied Chinese art under her brother (late Kungpah King). Foremost lady artist, especially in fish, flowers, birds and landscape figures. Member of Jury, Peking Society for the Study of Pictorial Art. Member, Board of Managers, Peking Institute of Fine Arts. Chairman, Executive Committee, Chinese Home for Old Women. A Buddhist scholar and devotee to "Pure Land" sect. — p. 1111 ([scan leaf 1166](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1166/mode/1up))

**CHIN CHIH, (靳志)** Courtesy name : CHUNG-YUN (仲雲).—Prefers English rendering : Thomas King. Born 1877 in and native of Kaifeng, Honan. 1897, Chinshih (Litt. D.) of imperial examinations. 1905-1911, studied in Paris and London. 1912, secretary to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1913, 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in The Hague. 1919, Chargé d'Affaires in Brussels. 1921-1927, assistant secretary and then chief of section, protocol department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; assistant master of ceremonies to President of Republic; attended 2nd Hague International Opium Conference; Brussels International Financial Conference; Washington Conference; and secretary of Weihaiwei Retrocession Commission. Transferred chief of section, general affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs since August 1927. Author of six volumes of modern poems. 2nd Class Chiaho decoration; commander of Order of the Crown (Belgian), Officer of Legion of Honour (French), etc. — p. 1111 ([scan leaf 1166](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1166/mode/1up))

**CH'IN FEN, (秦汾)** Courtesy name : CHIN-YANG (景陽).—Born 1887 in and native of Chiating, Kiangsu. 1909, B.A. (magna cum laude); M.A. (Harvard). 1909-1910, postgraduate studies in Glasgow and Freiburg universities. 1910-1911, dean, Nanking High School; dean, Pootung Middle School, Shanghai. 1912-1915, professor of mathematics, Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1915-1919, professor of mathematics and astronomy, Peking National University; concurrently dean of science department. March 1919, director, department of technical education, Ministry of Education. November 1920, councillor, Ministry of Education. 1926, acting vice-minister of education. Author of a series of textbooks on mathematics as well as books on astronomy. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1111 ([scan leaf 1166](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1166/mode/1up))

***CHIN PANG-P'ING** (金邦平).—Native of Anhwei. 1915, vice-minister and then minister of agriculture and commerce. January 1916, director general of national conservancy. Shanghai manager of Chee Hsin Cement Company since 1917. — p. 1112 ([scan leaf 1167](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1167/mode/1up))

**CHIN SHAO-CHI** (金紹基). Courtesy name: SHU-TS'O (叔初).—Prefers English rendering: Sohtsu G. King. Born 1886 in and native of Nanhsiang, Chekiang. 1902-1905, studied in King's College, London. 1907-1911, head of chemistry department, Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1911, junior secretary, postal administration, Peking. 1912-1915, managing director, Real Estate and Trading Corporation, Hankow. Peking agent of Vicker's Limited since 1916. 1925-1926, director, Peking Rotary Club. — p. 1112 ([scan leaf 1167](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1167/mode/1up))

**CHIN YA-MEI** (金雅妹). Courtesy name: YUN-MEI (韻梅).—Prefers English rendering: Yamei Kin. Born 1864 in and native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Orphaned at age of two, was adopted by Dr. and Mrs. McCartee of American Presbyterian Mission, Ningpo, and taken to U.S.A. (1869). 1871-1880, resided in Japan. 1885, M.D. (New York Infirmary)—being first Chinese woman to take a medical degree; special work in National Museum, Washington, and Philadelphia Women's College. 1887-1888, appointed to Amoy (Fukien) under Dutch Reformed Church. 1889-1894, assisted Southern Methodist Mission, Kobe (Japan). 1894, married to H. L. Amador Eca da Silva by British consul in Yokohama; resided in Honolulu and then San Francisco. 1904, marriage annulled by Superior Court of California, with privilege of resuming maiden name and sole custody of only child Alexander Amador, who was killed in France 1917 during the Great War and interred in Arlington Cemetery, Washington, D.C. 1902-1905, lecturer in U.S. and travelled in Szechwan and west China. 1906, superintendent, Peiyang Women's Hospital (Tientsin), and concurrently sanitary supervisor, Changlu Foundling Asylum and Girls' Refuge in Kwang Jen T'ang. 1915, delegate, Pan-Pacific Exposition. 1917, detailed by U.S. Department of Agriculture to make survey of culinary uses of soya bean in North China. Has been residing in Peking ever since. Present address: 61 Tung Piao Pei Hutung, East City. — p. 1112 ([scan leaf 1167](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1167/mode/1up))

**CHIN YUN-AO** (靳雲鶚). Courtesy name: CHIEN-CH'ING (薦青).—Younger brother of General Chin Yun-p'eng. Born 1873 at Chiningfu, Shantung. Graduate of Peiyang Military Academy. 1920, commander of 8th Mixed Brigade. 1923, commander of 14th division. 1924, followed Wu Pei-fu to Hankow after latter's defeat in Chihli-Fengtien war. 1925, joined Sun Chuan-fang to attack Fengtien-Shantung forces; then joined Chang Tsung-chang to defeat Yueh Wei chün. February 1926, occupied Kaifengfu; appointed vice-commander of Allied Northern Armies. Dismissed a few months later by Wu Pei-fu upon suspicion of fraternizing with the Southerners, and then reappointed vice-commander. Early in 1927, resisted the entry of Fengtien forces into Honan and joined the Nationalists. October 1927, trying to drive Feng Y[illegible]hsiang out of Honan. — p. 1112 ([scan leaf 1167](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1167/mode/1up))

**CHIN YUN-P'ENG** (靳雲鵬). Courtesy name: YI-CH'ING (翼卿).—Born 1877 in and native of Chining, Shantung. Graduate of Peiyang military academy. 1910, regimental commander, Chekiang. 1911-1912, served under Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui and made lieutenant general. 1913, acting Tutuh (military governor) of Shantung. 1915, created a Count by Yuan Shih-k'ai Emperor-elect. 1917, delegate to Japanese autumn manoeuvres. March 1918, administrative director, War Participation Bureau. January 1919, minister of war. September 1919-July 1920, acting and then substantive premier and concurrently minister of war. August 1920, reinstated as acting premier and concurrently minister of war. October 1920, made full general. May-December 1921, premier. 1st class Order of Merit. — p. 1112 ([scan leaf 1167](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1167/mode/1up))

**CHOU, C. C** see CHOU TS'UNG-CHENG. — p. 1112 ([scan leaf 1167](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1167/mode/1up))

***CHOU-HSUEH-HSI, (周學熙)** —Native of Anhwei. 1907, salt commissioner for Chihli. 1908, president Anhwei Railway Co. 1911-1912, arranged amalgamation of Kaiping and Lanchow mines. July 1912, minister of finance. December 1912, director general of Customs Revenue Administration. 1914, minister of finance, and concurrently director general of salt administration. Actively interested in cotton industry since 1919. Promoter and director, Peking Waterworks Co. President, Chee Hsin Cement Co. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOU LUNG-KUANG, (周龍光)** Courtesy name: ERH-WEI (二為).—Native of Tingyuan, Anhwei. Born 1885. LL.B. (Tokyo Imperial University). Professor of law, Peking National University. Councillor, Ministry of Justice, since February 1925. Author of five volumes on commercial law, company law, commercial acts, educational administration and political parties. 2nd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOU SHU-MO, (周樹模)** Courtesy name: SHAO-P'U (少樸).—Born 1868 in and native of T'ienmen, Hupeh. 1889, Hanlin of imperial examinations. Sometime civil service examiner for Shansi and Kwangtung; imperial censor; commissioner of public instruction; senior assistant to the viceroy of Manchuria. 1915-1916, president, administrative court, and president, commission for disciplining high officials. Retired. Author of two volumes on memorials and poems. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Res. Peking. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOU TSO-MIN, (周作民)** —Prefers to sign himself: Chow Tso-ming. Born 1882 in and native of Huaian, Kiangsu. Studied in Nanyang College and Japan. Rose to rank of departmental chief, Ministry of Finance. Managing director of Kincheng Banking Corporation since 1918. 1923, organized the powerful combine of Kincheng-Salt Industry-Contiental-China and South Seas Banks. Member of various financial commissions. 2nd Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOU TS'UNG-CHENG, (周從政)** Courtesy name: TA-FU (達夫). Prefers English rendering: C. C. Chou.—Born 1894 in and native of Kaip'ing, Fengtien. Graduate of Peking National University. Has held the following appointments: Professor in Normal College (Shenyang) and Northeastern University (Mukden); member of Fengtien Provincial Assembly; magistrate for K'uantien (Fengtien); adviser, Mukden Commercial Port Administration. Councillor, Ministry of Education, since July 1927. Translator of "The Philosphy of Education." — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOU YI-CH'UN, (周詒春)** Courtesy name: CHI-MEI (寄梅).—Prefers English rendering: Y. T. Tsur. Born 1883; native of Anhwei. Born at Hankow, Hupeh. 1907, B.A. (St. John's University, Shanghai). 1909, B.A. (Yale). 1910, M.A. (Wisconsin). 1911, Chinshih (D. Litt.) of imperial examinations. 1911-1918, dean and then president, Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1915, hon. D. Litt. (St. John's University). 1920, hon. D. Litt. (Yenching University). 1918-1920, senator. Manager, Chung Foo Union Bank, Peking, since 1920. 1923-1927, secretary general, Commission for the Readjustment of Finance. 1925-1926, technical expert, Customs Conference. Trustee, China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, since 1924. 1927, acting director, same Foundation. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOU YIN-JEN, (周蔭人)** Courtesy name: YUEH-EN (樾恩).—Born 1885; native of Chihli. Graduate of military schools in Japan; conversant with military tactics. Has filled military positions of various ranks. 1923, defence commissioner, Hsinghua and Ch'uanchow, Fukien. 1924, Tupan (military governor) of Fukien; concurrently commander, 12th division. 2nd class Wenhu and 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decorations. Summer of 1927, reported to have accepted an appointment under Nanking Nationalist Government. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHOW TSO-MING** see CHOU TSO-MIN. — p. 1113 ([scan leaf 1168](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1168/mode/1up))

**CHU CHAO-HSIN, (朱兆莘)** Courtesy name: TING-CH'ING (鼎青).—Born 1879 in and native of Huahsien, Kwangtung. Graduate of Peking National University. 1911, B.Sc. (New York University). 1912, M.A. (Columbia); professor of economics, Peking National University; secretary to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1913, senator and member, Temple of Heaven Constitution drafting committee. 1914, magistrate of Kulangsu Mixed Court, Amoy. 1915, vice-president, Peking Bar Association. 1916, again senator. 1917, commissioner for foreign affairs, Shanghai; secretary to President Feng Kuo-chang. 1918-1920, consul general, San Francisco. 1921-1925, 1st secretary and then Chargé d'Affaires, Chinese Legation in London. 1925-1927, minister to Italy. 1922-1927, delegate to League of Nations Assembly and Council, Opium Conference and Advisory Committee on traffic in opium, etc., etc. August 1927, vice-minister of foreign affairs, Nationalist Government, Nanking. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1114 ([scan leaf 1169](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1169/mode/1up))

**CHU CH'I, (朱祺)** Courtesy name: CHI-CHEN (季箴).—Born 1858 in and native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1899-1903, started Ling Hsueh Monthly, Ling Hai Daily News, Tung Hu Daily News and Kiaochow Daily News. 1904, founded Peking Jih Pao and editor ever since. 1907, founded Peking Daily News, which he sold to Anfu Party ten years later. Founder and first president, Peking Press Association. May 1921, chief secretary, National Press Association. Doyen of Chinese newspapermen in Peking. — p. 1114 ([scan leaf 1169](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1169/mode/1up))

**CHU CH'I-CH'IEN, (朱启钤)** Courtesy name: KUEI-HSIN (桂莘).—Born 1872; native of Kweichow. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1904, superintendent of inner city police, Peking. 1907, director-general of Mongolian affairs. 1908, adviser to viceroy of Manchuria (Hsu Shih-ch'ang). 1909, director, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. July 1912, minister of communications. July 1913, appointed acting premier but did not accept. September 1913-July 1915, minister of interior. Played prominent part in Yuan Shih-kai's scheme to make himself emperor. 1918, elected vice-speaker of the Senate, but did not accept. 1919, chief delegate to Shanghai peace conference. July 1921, special envoy to France to receive honorary doctor's degree conferred upon President Hsu Shih-ch'ang by Paris University. President of Chung Hsing Mining Co. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1114 ([scan leaf 1169](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1169/mode/1up))

**CHU CHUN-YI, (朱君毅)** —Prefers English rendering; Jennings P. Chu. Born 1895 in and native of Chiashan, Chekiang. Graduate of Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1918, B.A. (Johns Hopkins). 1920, M.A.; 1922, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1920-1922, lecturer in Chinese, New York University. 1922-1925, professor of education and acting dean, school of education, Southeastern University, Nanking; dean, Kiangsu First Girls' Normal School. Professor of Education, Tsing Hua College, since 1925. Author of "Chinese Students in America: Qualities associated with their success" (doctoral dissertation) and "Some statistical and measurement terms standardized in Chinese." — p. 1114 ([scan leaf 1169](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1169/mode/1up))

**CHU HO-HSIANG, (朱鹤翔)** Courtesy name: FENG-CH'IEN (凤千).—Prefers French rendering: Louis Ngaosiang Tchou. Born 1888 in and native of Paoshan, Kiangsu. 1912, B.A.; 1913, LL.B.; 1915, doctor in politics and diplomacy (Louvain, Belgium). January 1916-May 1924, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1916-1920, professor of law, Peking Government University. May 1924-August 1927, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1925-1926, director, department of general affairs, Customs Conference; technical expert, Sino-Russian Conference. Director, department of political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 1927. Author of "Le regime des Capitulations et la regime constitutionelle en Chine" (doctoral dissertation) and "China and Japan." 2nd class Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1114 ([scan leaf 1169](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1169/mode/1up))

**CHU HSING-YUAN, (祝惺元)** Courtesy name: YEN-CH'I (硯溪).—Born 1880 in and native of Tahsing, Chihli. Graduate of Peking National University; studied two years in Japan. 1913, 1st secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington. 1918, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 1919, secretary, Ministry of Communications. October 1920, also 1925-1926, commissioner of foreign affairs, Tientsin. Chief of section, department of political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since July 1927. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU, JENNINGS P** see CHU CHUN-YI. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU P'EI-TEH, (朱培德)** .—Native of Yunnan, but born (1880) and bred in Kwangtung. Graduated from a military school in Yunnan and became regimental commander in Yunnan army. Later divisional commander of Yunnan troops in Kwangtung. 1920, fought in Hunan, Kweichow and Szechwan. 1923, re-entered Kwangtung in support of Sun Yat-sen. When the troops of outside provinces quartered in Canton were disarmed in 1925-1926, his troops were retained. July 1926, commander of 3rd Northern Expedition Army Corps and distinguished himself in Hunan and Kiangsi. 1925-1926, elected member of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. October 1927, senior commander of Nationalist forces in Kiangsi. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU SHEN, (朱深)** Courtesy name: PO-YUEN (博淵).—Born 1880 in and native of Yungching, Chihli. LL.B. (Tokyo Imperial University). 1912, acting procurator, Peking local procuratorate. 1913, procurator, Peking high procuratorate. 1915, chief procurator, Peking Supreme Court. September 1917, minister of justice. June 1919, concurrently minister of interior. 1920, relieved of concurrent post and then proscribed for membership in Anfu Party. December 1923, pardoned by President Ts'ao K'un. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU, T. C** see below. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU T'ING-CH'I, (朱庭祺)** Courtesy name: T'I-JEN (體仁).—Prefers English rendering: T. C. Chu. Born 1886 in and native of Wusih, Kiangsu. 1909, B.S. (Harvard). Sometime councillor, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; English secretary, Shanghai-Nanking Railway. May 1922, technical expert, Shantung Rehabilitation Commission. December 1922—June 1925, co-director general, Kiaochow-Tsinan Railway. Chief of Through Traffic Department, Ministry of Communications, since July 1925. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU, T. S** see HSU TSU-SHAN. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU WEN-FU, (朱文甫)** Courtesy name: FU-TING (佛定).—Born 1888 in and native of Kiangyin, Kiangsu. 1918, docteur en droit, Paris. 1921-1925, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington; secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1924-1925, secretary to General Hsu Shu-tseng's special mission to Europe. 1925-1927, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Vice-director, Press Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 1927. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CH'U YANG-KUANG, (屈映光)** Courtesy name: WEN-LIU (文六).—Born 1881 in and native of Linghai, Chekiang. 1912, adviser, 5th division, Chekiang provincial army; director, civil affairs department, Hangchow. September 1913—July 1916, civil governor of Chekiang. July 1919, civil governor of Shantung. 1924, adviser to the President. 1926, minister of interior. Author of textbooks for military survey school and books on hygiene. 3rd class Order of Merit and 1st class Wenho decoration. Created a Count of first order (1915) by Yuan Shih-k'ai, emperor-elect. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

**CHU YU-CHI, (朱有濟)** Courtesy name: TSO-CHOU (作舟).—Born 1886 in and native of Paoshan, Kiangsu. 1904, private secretary to his father, then director general of North China telegraph administration. 1906, secretary to General Chiang Kuei-t'i, commander-in-chief of I-Chun troops. 1914, chief, Kuan Kang salt transportation office, Shantung. 1915-1916, director, Chuang Ho salt taxation bureau, Fengtien. 1917, director, Kirin provincial stamp tax bureau. 1923, director, Shanghai Mint. 1924-1925, chief of general affairs department, Ministry of Finance. Vice-Minister of Finance since July 1927. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1115 ([scan leaf 1170](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1170/mode/1up))

***CH'U YU-P'U, (褚玉璞)** —Civil and military Governor of Chihli since April 1926. Strong adherent of Marshal Chang Tsung-ch'ang. 1st class Wenhu and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiahi decorations. — p. 1116 ([scan leaf 1171](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1171/mode/1up))

**CHU YU-TS'ANG, (朱育滄)** —Born 1895; native of Szechwan. B.Sc. in mech. and civil engineering as well as naval architecture (Glasgow). 1917, adviser to Chengtu Arsenal. 1918, professor of English and physics, Chengtu Higher Normal College. 1918-1919, professor of mechanical engineering, Changsha polytechnic institute; professor of English and science, English Methodist College, Ningpo. Industrial secretary, National Committee of Y.M.C.A., Shanghai, since 1921. — p. 1116 ([scan leaf 1171](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1171/mode/1up))

**CHU YU-YU, (朱友漁)** —Prefers anglicized Shanghai rendering: Yu-yue Tsu (Y. Y. Tsu). Born 1887 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. 1907, B.A. (St. John's University, Shanghai). 1911, M.A.; 1912, Ph.D. (Columbia). B.D. (New York General Theological Seminary). 1912-1920, professor of sociology, St. John's University. 1921-1924, in charge of work among Chinese students in U.S.A. under auspices of International Committee of Y.M.C.A. of America. Secretary, Department of Religious and Social Work, Peking Union Medical College, since 1924 autumn. Author of "The Spirit of Chinese Philanthropy" (doctoral dissertation) and co-author of "China through Chinese Eyes", etc., etc. — p. 1116 ([scan leaf 1171](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1171/mode/1up))

**CH'UAN LIANG, (權量)** Courtesy name: CHUN-T'ANG (謹堂). Born 1875 in and native of Wuchang, Hupeh. Graduate of Tokyo Commercial College. 1911-1912, secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. 1913-1916, acting director, railway department, Ministry of Communications. June 1916, acting vice-minister of communications. April—July 1917, vice-minister of communications. January 1919, director-general of Kirin-Huining and Kirin-Changchun railways. November 1920, charged with misappropriation of railway funds but found not guilty. May 1922, acting minister of communications. July 1922, reinstated director-general of Kirin-Huining Railway. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1116 ([scan leaf 1171](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1171/mode/1up))

**CH'UAN SHAO-CH'ING, (清紹全)** Courtesy name: HSI-PO (希伯).—Born 1884 in and native of Wanp'ing, Chihli. Graduate of Peiyang Medical College, Tientsin. M.D. (Johns Hopkins). 1905, medical officer, special mission to Tibet and India. 1907-1910, professor of anatomy and medicine, Peiyang Medical College. 1911, played active part in North Manchuria anti-plague campaign. 1912-1913, delegate to International Red Cross Congress and International Congress of Medicine, London. Surgeon-General of Chinese Army and director of Peiyang Medical College since 1914. 1917, councillor, ministry of war, and secretary to Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui. 1918, commissioner for suppression of pneumonic plague in Shansi. 1921, delegate to International Congress of Medicine and Pharmacy, Brussels. June 1922, vice-minister of education. August 1922, chief, Metropolitan plague prevention service. 1924, vice-minister of education. 1924-1925, director of public health, Tsingtao. Director, Chinese Red Cross Hospital, Peking, since 1926. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1116 ([scan leaf 1171](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1171/mode/1up))

**CH'UN, PRINCE** (Tsai Li) (醇親王載禮).—Ex-Regent. Brother of late emperor Kuang-hsu. 1891, succeeded to father's title. June 1901, lieutenant general of Plain White Banner. July 1901, special envoy to Berlin to apologize for murder of German minister. June 1907, supernumerary grand councillor. February 1908, grand councillor and member, commission on constitutional reform and government council. November 1908, appointed Prince Regent on death of Kuang-hsu. November 1911, took oath of observance of the Constitution. December 1911, resigned from regency. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**CHUNG JUNG-KUANG** (鐘榮光).—Prefers Cantonese rendering: Chung Wing-kwong. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1900-1908, head of Chinese department; 1909-1916, Chinese dean, Canton Christian College. 1911-1913, concurrently commissioner of education, Canton. 1913-1919, travel and research in U.S.A. 1917-1926, vice and then associate president, Canton Christian College. President, same institution, since April 1927. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**CHUNG CHIH-MING** (鐘世銘). Courtesy name: HUI-SHENG (蕙生).—Born 1880 in and native of Tientsin. Studied in Tientsin Peiyang University. 1908, B.A.,; 1909, M.A. (Harvard). 1910-1911, Chinshih and then Hanlin of imperial examinations. Instructor and then dean, Chihli Technical College. 1914, chief of translation bureau, central salt administration. May 1916, secretary, salt administration. December 1921, vice-minister of finance and concurrently associate director general of salt administration. March 1922, acting minister of finance. June 1923, high financial adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin. March 1924, commissioner of foreign affairs for Fengtien province. 1924-1925, vice-minister of finance and concurrently associate director general of salt administration. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**CHUNG WING-KWONG** see CHUNG JUNG-KUANG. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**DOO DEWEY** see TU SHU-TS'AI. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**DJANG, Y. S** see CHANG YUAN-SHAN. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**ELLEBO, T. C** see I TSAN-CHOW. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**FAN HSU-LIANG** (范緒良). Courtesy name: MING-FU (明甫).—Born 1879 in and native of Wanp'ing, Chihli. Graduate of T'ung Wen School and Chung Hua University, Peking. 1906-1908, Russian instructor in School of Translation, Peking. 1908, judge, Peking High Court. 1912, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1917, president, Waichiaopu School of Russian Language. 1922-1927, chief of section, treaty department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3rd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**FAN YUAN-LIEN** (范源廉). Courtesy name: CHIN-SHENG (靜生).—Native of Hsiangyang, Hunan. Studied in Tokyo normal and law colleges. 1911, councillor, Ministry of Education; vice-president, Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1912, secretary to President Yuan Shih-k'ai; vice and then minister of education. 1913, editor, Chung Hua Publishing Company, Shanghai. 1916-1917, minister of education and concurrently minister of interior. November 1917—April 1920, travel and research in U.S.A. August 1920—December 1921, acting and then substantive minister of education. 1922-1924, president, Peking Normal University. 1924-1927, director, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture. 1st class Tashou Paokuang decoration. — p. 1117 ([scan leaf 1172](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1172/mode/1up))

**FANG CHI-FAN, ( 方積蕃 )** Courtesy name : CHIAO-PO ( 椒伯 ).—Born 1884 in and native of Chenhai, Chekiang. Organizer and principal, Pei Yu School, Chenhai; principal, Chihai School, Ningpo. Graduate, Chenchow Law School, Shanghai. 1918, manager, Shanghai Tung Lu Bank, and chief arbitrator, Chinese general chamber of commerce. 1920-1921, director, Shanghai Mint, Shanghai Bankers' Association, Ningpo-Shaohsing Steam Navigation Company, and Chinese Stock Exchange. 1922, vice-chairman, Chinese general chamber of commerce and Chinese ratepayers' association. 1923, manager, Nantao branch of Commercial Bank of China, and director, Hung An Steamship Company. Director and organizer, Ta Yu Yu Oil Factory, Shanghai. — p. 1118 ([scan leaf 1173](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1173/mode/1up))

**FENG CH'ING-KUEI, (馮慶桂)** —Prefers to sign himself: H. K. Fung. Native of Canton, Kwangtung. 1908, B.S.; 1910 M.A.; 1911, Ph.D. (Cornell). August 1911—July 1912, expert, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture; in charge of Chinese section, Congressional Library, Washington. 1913-1918, professor of biology, Peking National University; expert, bureau of cotton investigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. May 1922, assistant councillor, Ministry of Finance. 1925, secretary, directorate general of railway guards, Ministry of Communications. Author of "A Study of the American Cotton Plant with special reference to its introduction into China" (doctoral dissertation) and "Classification of Chinese Literature". — p. 1118 ([scan leaf 1173](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1173/mode/1up))

**FENG YU-HSIANG, ( 馮玉祥 )** Courtesy name: HUAN-CHANG ( 煥章 ).—Born 1880 in and native of Ch'ao-hsien, Anhwei. Attended Peiyang Military College, and Paoting Military Academy. 1910, regimental commander of 3rd division at Fangshan, Chihli; regiment later reorganized as provost guard regiment of the Metropolis. 1913, commander, 16th mixed brigade. 1916, stationed in Anhwei; was transferred to Szechwan. 1920, played important part in Chihli-Anfu war; transferred to Honan. 1921, co-director, military affairs, and then acting military governor of Shensi; troops later reorganized into 11th division. 1922, played decisive part in Chihli-Fengtien war; Tuchun (military governor) of Honan; Inspector general of the national army, with headquarters in Peking. 1923, made a full general; director general of Northwestern defence; promoted Yang Wu Shang Chiang Chun (Marshal). 1924, opposed resumption of Chihli-Fengtien war and, returning suddenly from Jehol, made President Ts'ao K'un prisoner, ejected Manchu Emperor and, with Marshal Chang Tso-lin's support, installed Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui as provisional Chief Executive. 1924, defence commissioner of Northwest territory. 1926, retired from active politics and left for Moscow. 1927, returned from Russia. At present in command of former forces in Honan and in alliance with Nationalist governments in Hankow and Nanking. Is generally known as the "Christian General." 1st Class Order of Merit and 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1118 ([scan leaf 1173](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1173/mode/1up))

**FENG YU-LAN, (馮玉蘭)** —Prefers to sign himself: Fung Yu-lan. Born 1890; native of Honan. Graduate of Peking National University. 1923, Ph.D. (Columbia). Professor of philosophy and dean, department of liberal arts, Chung Chow University, Kaifeng (Honan), since 1924. Author of "A comparative study of life ideals" (doctoral dissertation), also Chinese translation of same. Editor, Mind's Echo (Kaifeng). — p. 1118 ([scan leaf 1173](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1173/mode/1up))

**FU LIANG-TSO, ( 傅良佐 )** Courtesy name: CHIEH-CH'ING ( 節清 ).—Native of Kanch'eng, Hunan. Graduate of Tokyo Military College. 1912, made lieutenant general; Tutung (civil and military governor) of Chahar. June 1913, acting occupation commissioner, Chiyu, Chihli. May 1916, vice-minister of war. July 1917, Tuchun (military governor) of Hunan. A prominent Anfu Party man. September 1920, imprisoned by civil governor of Chihli. May 1921, released. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1118 ([scan leaf 1173](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1173/mode/1up))

**FU SIAO-EN** see FU TSUNG-YAO. — p. 1118 ([scan leaf 1173](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1173/mode/1up))

**Fu Tseng-hsiang, (傅增湘)** Courtesy name: YUAN-SHU (沅叔).—Born 1872 in and native of Chiangan, Szechwan. Hanlin of imperial examinations. 1903, secretary to viceroy Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1906, superintendent of women's education, Tientsin. 1908, commissioner of education for Chihli province. 1914-1916, censor of the Censorate. 1917, minister of education and then superintendent of students in Japan. May 1919, advisor to President Hsu Shih-ch'ang. May 1922, director, financial liquidation office. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Retired. Res. Peking. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Fu Tsung-yao. (傅宗耀)** Courtesy name: HSIAO-AN (筱庵).—Better known as: Fu Siao-en. Born 1871 in and native of Chenhai, Chekiang. 1920-1923, Shanghai superintendent, Bank of China; managing director, China Merchants Steam Navigation Company; high advisor, Ministry of Finance; Shanghai commissioner for investigation of wine and tobacco taxes: February 1922, under order of arrest for alleged conspiracy and treason. February 1923, found not guilty and reinstated. One of Shanghai's most prominent merchants. Director and general manager, Commercial Bank of China; director, Chinese general chamber of commerce; director, Ningpo Commercial Bank: managing director, China Merchants Steam Navigation Company; director, Hanyehping Company; director, Credit Franco-Chinois; director, Nicholas Tsu Engineering Works; director, Shanghai Native Waterworks Company, paper and flour mills, etc., etc. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. June 1927, property reported to be confiscated by Nationalist Government, Nanking. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Fu T'ung, (傅銅)** Courtesy name: P'EI-CH'ING (佩青).—Prefers English rendering: Peiching Tung Fu. Born 1887 in and native of Lanfang, Honan. Studied in Tokyo Tayo College and Oxford University. M.A. (Birmingham). 1919-1923, professor, Peking National University, Teachers University and Women's University. 1924-1927, president Northwestern University, Sianfu, Shensi. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Fung, H. K** see Feng Ch'ing-kuei. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Fung Yu-lan** see Feng Yu-lan. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Han An, (韩安)** Courtesy name: CHU-P'ING (竹坪).—Prefers to sign himself: N. Han. Born 1885 in and native of Chao-hsien, Anhwei. 1905, B.A. (Nanking). 1909, B.A. (Cornell). 1911, M.Sc. in forestry (Michigan). Postgraduate work in Wisconsin University. 1912, senior secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1914, director, Kirin bureau of forestry. 1915, director, department of forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1917, editor-in-chief, "Agriculture and Forestry Review." 1919, transferred to Peking-Hankow Railway to plant trees. Adviser to Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang since 1924. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Han Kuo-chun, (韩國鈞)** Born 1858; native of Kiangsu. 1910, commissioner of foreign affairs, Mukden. June 1913, chief of civil administration, Kiangsu. 1915, civil governor of Anhwei. April 1922, appointed civil governor of Shantung but declined. June 1922—October 1924, civil governor of Kiangsu. Retired. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

***Han Lin-ch'un, (韓麟春)** Commander, 4th Army Corps, Ankuochun armies. Co-operated with Chang Hsueh-liang in capture of Nankow (September 1926). 3rd class Order of Merit and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Han, N** see Han An. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Hin Wong** see Huang Hsien-chao. — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

**Ho Chieh-ts'ai, (何傑才)** Courtesy name: Ch'i-wei (其偉).—Prefers English rendering: G. Zay Wood. Born 1894; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of Nanyang and Tsing Hua Colleges. 1917, B.A. (Yale). 1918, M.A. (Harvard). 1921-1922, attaché, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference; editor, Peking Daily News. 1923-1926, secretary, Cabinet Office; secretary and assistant councillor, Ministry of Communications; assistant secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; secretary, Customs Conference; expert, Financial Commission, Ministry of Communications. May 1927, acting commissioner for foreign affairs, Shanghai. Director, Chinese Land Office, Shanghai, since June 1927. Author of "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance," "Twenty-one Demands," "A Study in Diplomacy and World Politics," "China, Japan, and 1915 Treaties." — p. 1119 ([scan leaf 1174](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1174/mode/1up))

***Ho CHIEN** (何健).—One of military commanders loyal to T'ang Sheng-chi and the Hankow Government. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**Ho FENG-LIN** (何豐林). Courtesy name: MOU-JU (茂如).—Born 1873 in and native of Pingyin, Shantung. Graduate of Tientsin Peiyang military college. 1912-1913, brigadier commander of forces at Sungkiang, Kiangsu. 1916-1924, acting and then substantive defence commissioner, Shanghai and Sungkiang; fled to Japan upon defeat of Marshal Lu Yung-hsiang by Chihli forces. January 1922, brevet rank of general. October 1924-July 1925, reappointed defence commissioner of Shanghai and Sungkiang, until driven out by Marshal Sun Ch'uan-fang. Presiding judge of special court for trying Communists arrested in raid of Soviet embassy April 1927. Minister of Military Affairs since July 1927. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**Ho, J. C** see below. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**Ho JUI-CHANG** (何瑞章). Courtesy name: TZ'U-HENG (次衡).—Prefers English rendering: J. C. Ho. Born 1887 in and native of Nanlin, Anhwei. Graduate of Kiangnan High School, Nanking. Chujen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1911-1914, English translator, directorate of railways; senior secretary, Ministry of Communications. 1917, associate director, Chu-Ching Railway; associate director, Peking-Suiyuan Railway. 1918, secretary to the President. 1920, chief of general affairs department, High Industrial Commission. 1922, acting councillor, Ministry of Communications. Adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin since 1926. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

***Ho YING-CH'ING** (何應欽).—Commander of Nationalist 1st Army Corps around Nanking area. August 1927, withdrew his troops to Chekiang in protest against Ch'eng Ch'ien and Li Tsung-jen's attitude compelling Chiang Kai-shih to resign. October 1927, moved back to Nanking upon the departure of foregoing generals for Upper Yangtze to engage the Hankow forces. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**HOA, T. T** see HUA NAN-KUEI. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**Hoo CHI-TSAI, VICTOR** see HU SHIH-TSEH. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**Hoo WEI-TEH** see HU WEI-TEH. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**HOUX KOUNG-OW** see WU KUN-WU. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**HSIA CH'I-FENG** (夏奇峯).—Born 1889; native of Kiangsu. Sometime assistant editor, Shanghai Eastern Times, and its correspondent in Paris and Geneva. Member of Information Section, Secretariat of League of Nations, Geneva, since April 1923. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**HSIA, C. L** see below. — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**HSIA CHIN-LIN** (夏晉麟).—Prefers English rendering: C. L. Hsia. Born 1894; native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Graduate of Tientsin Anglo-Chinese College. 1919, B.Sc. (Glasgow). 1920, M.A.; 1922, Ph.D. (Edinburgh). 1922, secretary, Weihaiwei Retrocession Commission. 1923-1927, dean of arts faculty, Southern University, and professor of law, Southeastern University School of Commerce, and Comparative Law School of China, Shanghai May 1927, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nationalist Government, Nanking. July 1927, elected president, Medhurst College, Shanghai. Author of "Treaty Relations between China and Great Britain." (doctoral dissertation). — p. 1120 ([scan leaf 1175](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1175/mode/1up))

**HSIA CH'ING-YI** (夏濤貽). Courtesy name: SUNG-LAI (頌來).--Prefers English rendering: C. Y. Hsia Born 1877 in and native of Chiating, Kiangsu. Studied in Tokyo Waseda University, department of economics and political science. 1913, chief of correspondence section, secretariat of House of Representatives. 1914, secretary, Pukow Sinyang Railway Administration. 1915-1916, chief clerk, Kiangsi High Procuratorate. October 1920, secretary, Cabinet Office. Councillor, Bureau of Printing, since November 1923. Concurrently assistant chief secretary, Cabinet Office, since June 1927. 2nd Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

***HSIA JEN-HU** (夏仁虎). Courtesy name: WEI-JU (蔚如).—1926-1927, vice-minister of finance and concurrently associate director general of salt administration. Chief secretary to the Cabinet. Since June 1927. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

**HSIA YEN-TS'AO** (夏彥藻). Courtesy name: CH'IN-HSI (琴西).--Born 1890 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli Graduate of Chihli Law College. Chief secretary, Tientsin chamber of commerce; editor, Hua Pei Shih Pao; and legal adviser to Tientsin Mint, Tientsin flour association, bankers' association and Carpet Association, etc. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

**HSIA YI-T'ING** (夏貽霆). Courtesy name: T'ING-CHAI (梃齋).—Born 1878 in and native of Kiangyin, Kiangsu. Sometime consul general in Yokohama, chargé d'Affaires in Madrid, and 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Paris. 1914, secretary to the Cabinet and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1915-1916, councillor and then vice-minister of foreign affairs. December 1916, adviser to the President and Cabinet. Minister to Brazil and Peru since 1917. 1921-1922, delegate at the centenary celebrations of independence of Peru and Brazil. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

**HSIANG HSIANG** (項驤). Courtesy name: WEI-CH'EN (微塵).—Prefers English rendering: Witson H. Shan. Born 1880 in and native of Juian, Chekiang. 1910, M.A. (Columbia); Hanlin of imperial examinations. 1912-1921, councillor, Ministry of Finance; acting superintendent, Bank of China; director of income and tobacco tax bureaux. 1922, councillor, Central Salt Administration; acting vice-minister of finance and concurrently associate director general of salt administration. October 1923-October 1924, vice-minister of finance and concurrently associate director general of salt administration. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

**HSIAO CHI-JUNG** (蕭繼榮). Courtesy name: LIANG-KUNG (亮功).—Born 1888; native of Kwangsi. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Law graduate of Berlin University. 1912-1913, secretary, Ministry of Justice; attaché, Chinese Legation in Berlin. 1916-1919, assistant, translation section, Ministry of Communications; assistant, department of political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Berne, since 1920; delegate to International Labour Conference, Geneva. 4th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

**HSIAO YUNG-HSI** (蕭永熙). Courtesy name: TZ'U-HSIU (次修).—Born 1878 in and native of Huayang, Szechwan. 1908-1910, consul in Vancouver and Rangoon. 1913, co-director Peking Octroi. 1916, chief, telegraph section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1920-1922, second and then first secretary, Chinese Legation in Stockholm and Christiania, as well as chargé d'Affaires. 1922, adviser to High Inspecting Commissioner for Hupeh and Hunan; acting councillor and then acting director, department of posts, Ministry of Communications. 1922-1924, director, department of navigation, Ministry of Communications. Reinstated chief, telegraph section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 1927. — p. 1121 ([scan leaf 1176](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1176/mode/1up))

**HSIEH EN-LUNG, (謝恩隆)** Courtesy name : MENG-PO (孟博).—Born 1884 in and native of Canton, Kwangtung. Graduate of Hongkong Queen's College and Tientsin Peiyang University. 1909, B.Sc. (Boston). 1910, M.Sc. (Cornell). 1911, studied in Leipzig University. 1912-1920, technical expert, secretary and editor, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1920-1922, technical expert, Ministry of Communications and concurrently secretary, railway department. 1922, delegate to Sino-Japanese postal conference, Tokyo; chief, translation section, High Industrial Commission. Chief, bureau of technics, Ministry of Communications, since 1923. Author of two volumes on tea and tobacco industries. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1122 ([scan leaf 1177](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1177/mode/1up))

**HSIEH SHOU-CH'ANG, (謝壽昌)** Courtesy name : KUAN-SHENG (冠生).—Prefers French rendering : Sie Cheou-tchang. Born 1897 in and native of Chenghsien, Chekiang. Graduate, Shanghai St. Ignace College. 1915-1918, editor, Commercial Press. 1921, bachelor of laws, Shanghai Aurora University. 1924, docteur en droit, Paris University. Assisted Henri Cordier in revising his "Histoire generale de la Chine et de ses relations avec les Pays Etrangers," and translated many Chinese poems into French and English in collaboration with Mr. Conlan, an Irish poet. 1924-1926, lecturer in various universities in Shanghai. Member, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nanking Nationalist Government, since May 1927. Author of "Esquisse d'une Histoire du Droit Chinois" (doctoral dissertation) and co-editor of several dictionaries. — p. 1122 ([scan leaf 1177](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1177/mode/1up))

**HSIEH WAN-YING, MISS, (謝婉瑩女士)** .—Native of Fukien Born in Foochow, 1902. Began to write verse when twelve years old. 1923, B.A. cum laude (Yenching Women's College, Peking). 1925, went to U.S.A. 1926, M.A. (Wellesley College). Writes under nom de plume of Ping-hsin(冰心) and is recognized as forerunner of modern verse. Author of "The Stars" (繁星); "The Spring Water" (春水); "Superman and Other Stories" (超人); and "The Letters"(寄小讀者). Instructor in Chinese, Yenching University, Peking, since September 1926. — p. 1122 ([scan leaf 1177](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1177/mode/1up))

**HSIEH YUAN-FU, (謝元甫)** .—Prefers English rendering : George Y. Char. Native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Born in Honolulu, September 15, 1887. 1910, B.S. (Boone University, Wuchang). 1914, M.D. (St. John's University and Harvard Medical School of China, Shanghai). 1917, postgraduate studies in Harvard Postgraduate School of Medicine 1918-1919, resident urologist, Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn; house surgeon, Bellevue Hospital, New York. 1920-1927, associate in surgery, Peking Union Medical College. medical adviser, Ministry of War; honorary medical adviser, Northwestern Defence Army. Medical director, Peking Central Hospital, and attending urologist, Peking Union Medical College, since May 1927. — p. 1122 ([scan leaf 1177](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1177/mode/1up))

**HSIN PAO-TZ'U, (辛寶慈)** Courtesy name : CHI-YUN (際雲).—Born 1878; native of Kwangtung. Sometime accountant, Peking-Suiyuan Railway; director. Kirin Mint, and commissioner of foreign affairs. 1915-1916, secretary, National Assembly; chief, telegraph section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1919-1923, consul in Fusan (Korea). 3rd class Chiaho and 4th class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1122 ([scan leaf 1177](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1177/mode/1up))

**HSING SHIH-LIEN, (邢士廉)** Courtesy name : YU-SAN (隅三).—Prefers to sign himself : Yin Sze-lien. Born 1885; native of Mukden. Graduate, Shinbu Gakuk Military School, Japan. Sometime commissioner for suppression of bandits in Kiangsu, Anhwei and Shantung, and commander, 2nd section, pacification commissioner of Kiangsu and Anhwei. 1925, commander of martial law, Shanghai and Woosung. 1927, commandant, Peking garrison, and Mukden delegate to negotiate with Governor Yen Hsi-shan concerning Fengtien-Shansi relations. 3rd class Wenhu and 4th class Chiaho decorations. — p. 1122 ([scan leaf 1177](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1177/mode/1up))

**HSIUNG CH'UNG-CHIH, (熊崇志)** —Prefers English rendering: Samuel S. Young. Native of Kwangtung. Born June 24, 1884. 1904, B.A. (California). 1905, M.A. (Columbia). 1907, Chih-shih (Litt. D.) of imperial examinations. 1906, professor, College of Languages and Kwangtung Provincial College. 1907-1912, member, Ministry of Education. 1908-1912, president, Tangshan Engineering College. Departmental chief, Panama-Pacific International Exposition Commission (1913), National Oil Administration (1914-1917), Grand Canal Improvement Board (1918-1921). 1921-1924, engaged in mining enterprises. 1924-1927, representative in America. China International Famine Relief Commission; secretary, Customs Conference. January 1926-June 1927, secretary, Ministry for Foreign Affairs. June 1927, appointed Consul-General to New York. 2nd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1123 ([scan leaf 1178](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1178/mode/1up))

**HSIUNG HSI-LING, (熊希齡)** Courtesy name: PING-SAN (秉三).—Born 1867 in and native of Fenghuang, Hunan. Hanlin of imperial examinations. 1898, arrested for befriending the late K'ang Yu-wei, but soon released. 1905-1909, accompanied Viceroy Tuan Fang's mission to Europe and U.S.A.; industrial commissioner in Kiangsu and Fengtien. 1910-1911, acting commissioner of foreign affairs for Hupeh; commissioner of finance and salt, Mukden; chairman, republican committee, Hunan. 1912, minister of finance; Tutung (civil and military governor) of Jehol. July 1913—February 1914, premier and concurrently minister of finance. 1914-1916, member of Ts'an Cheng Yuan (Advisory Council created in place of dissolved Parliament); director general, National Oil Administration. 1917-1920, director general of flood relief and conservancy, Grand Canal improvement board, and Hunan famine relief. 1921, founded the Orphanage at Hsiangshan, Western Hills, Peking; adviser, self-government movement in Hunan. Promoter of charitable institutions and director of philanthropic societies. 1923, trustee, China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture. 2nd class Order of Merit and 1st class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1123 ([scan leaf 1178](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1178/mode/1up))

***HSIUNG K'E-WU, (熊克武)** —Born 1882; native of Szechwan. Graduate of Tokyo Military College. Sometime commander, Szechwan 5th army; defence commissioner, Chungking and Szechwan frontier. 1919, joined Canton Military Government. November 1920, appointed civil governor of Szechwan by Peking but declined. 1925, imprisoned in Canton; then released. 2nd class Order of Merit. — p. 1123 ([scan leaf 1178](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1178/mode/1up))

**HSU CH'IEN, (徐謙)** Courtesy name: CHI-LUNG (季龍).—Prefers English name: George Chien Hsu. Born 1872. Native of Hsihsien, Anhwei. Chin-shih (Litt. D.) and Hanlin of imperial examinations. 1907, procurator general of Peking High Court. 1910, delegate to International Prison reform Conference, Washington. 1912, vice-minister of justice. 1913-1915, practised law at Shanghai. 1916, vice-minister of justice. 1917, upon dissolution of Parliament, joined Sun Yat-sen's Military Government at Canton. 1918, minister of justice in Canton. 1919, represented Canton Government in Paris and adviser to Chinese delegation; editor-in-chief, Tientsin and Peking Yi Shih Pao ("Social Weltare"), while nominally president of Supreme Court, Canton. 1922, declined portfolio in Dr. Wang Chung-hui's Cabinet. 1923, appointed minister of justice in Canton Government but preferred professorship in Canton Christian College. End of 1924, revisited Peking with Sun Yat-sen. 1925-1926, chief of Canton diplomatic mission to Peking; principal, Waichiaopu School of Russian Language; chairman, Russian Indemnity Commission; legal adviser to Feng Yu-hsiang after Kuominchun retreat from Peking; returned to Canton and became minister of justice and menber of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. 1927, removed to Hankow with Nationalist Government; president of special court for trial and condemnation of the defenders of Wuchang. Regarded as a Communist leader. Proscribed by Nanking Government since July 1927 and repudiated by Hankow Government since August 1927. Author of many books on poetry, literature and Christianity. — p. 1123 ([scan leaf 1178](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1178/mode/1up))

**HSU CHIEN-P'ING, (許建屏)** Courtesy name: YEN-FAN (彥藩).—Prefers English name: Jabin Hsu. Born 1889 in Shanghai; native of Chekiang. Graduate of Shanghai Chinese Public School and Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1914, B.A. (Michigan). 1921, delegate to International Press Congress, Honolulu; China Press correspondent at the Washington Conference. 1917-1926, chief sub-editor, China Press, Shanghai. 1923-1924, managing director, Shanghai Tribune. 1923-1925, chairman, Chinese Advisory Committee, Shanghai Municipal Council. 1926, manager, Far Eastern Times, Tientsin. North China representative of Swedish Match Company, Tientsin, since September 1926. Author of "My own report of the Washington Conference." 4th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU CH'IH, (徐諶)** Courtesy name: HSUAN-YEN (巽言).—Prefers English rendering: Charles S. Y. Shu-tze. Born 1886; native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Political science and law graduate of Christ College, Cambridge, and Université Libre, Brussels. 1918, 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in Berne. 1919, secretary, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. 1920, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Madrid. Councillor of Ministry of Interior since December 1920. 1925, technical adviser and substitute delegate, International Labour Conference, Geneva. 1927, member, commissions for retrocession of British and Belgian Concessions in Tientsin. 2nd Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU FU-SSU, (徐佛穉)** —Born 1880; native of Chekiang. Graduate of Tokyo Higher Normal College. Assisted Liang Ch'i-ch'ao in editing Hsin Min Chung Pao. 1903, imprisoned as revolutionist in Shanghai and then pardoned. 1909, founded Kuo Min Kung Pao (Peking) to agitate earlier promulgation of the Constitution. 1914, adviser to President Yuan Shih-k'ai, but implacable opponent of his monarchical scheme. December 1918, delegate to Shanghai peace conference. 1920, co-drafter of Hunan provincial constitution. June 1922, director, currency bureau, Ministry of Finance. March 1923, chairman, commission for discussion of China's finances. Author of a volume on self-government of the South-western Provinces and peace. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU, GEORGE CHIEN** see HSU CHIEN. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU HSI-AN, (許錫安)** Courtesy name: CHIH-CH'I (志祺).—Prefers to sign himself: Shi-an Shu (Khaw). Born 1891 in and native of Tsingkiang, Fukien. Graduate of Peking Union Medical College. President, Westminster College, Ch'uanchow, Amoy (Fukien), since 1925. Author of a guide to England, America and Japan. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU HSIN-LIU, (徐新六)** Courtesy name: CHEN-FEI (振飛).—Prefers English rendering: Singloh Hsu. Born 1890 in and native of Hangchow. Graduate of Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1911, B.Sc. (Birmingham). 1913, B. Com. (Manchester). 1914, postgraduate work in Ecole des sciences politiques, Paris. 1914, senior clerk, Ministry of Finance. 1915, director of treasury department, Bank of China. 1917, secretary, Ministry of Finance. 1918, sub manager, Bank of China, Peking office. 1919, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. 1922-1926, director, Sintoon Overseas Trading Co., Ltd. General manager, National Commercial Bank, Shanghai Head Office, since 1926. 3rd class Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU, JABIN** see HSU CHIEN-P'ING. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**HSU LAN-CHOU, (許蘭洲)** Courtesy name: CHIH-T'IEN (芝田).—Born 1873 in and native of Nankun, Chihli. Attached to Hsu Shih-ch'ang (viceroy of Manchuria) and then General Chang Hsun's staff. 1913, made major general for successful suppression of Hunghutzu (bandits). 1914, acting commander of 3rd division in Heilungkiang. 1917, acting military governor of Heilungkiang, adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin. 1920, commander of Fengtien troops and chief of staff to High Inspecting Commissioner of Manchuria. 1922, participated in Chihli-Fengtien war, as cavalry commander. Adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations and 5th class Order of Merit. — p. 1124 ([scan leaf 1179](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1179/mode/1up))

**Hsu Mo, (徐謨)** —Born 1892 at Soochow, Kiangsu. 1916, LL.B. (Peiyang University). 1921, M.A. (George Washington University). 1920-1922, attaché, Chinese Legation in Washington, and secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922-1926, professor of law and political science, and concurrently dean, College of Arts, Nankai University, Tientsin. 1926, managing editor, Yi Shih Pao ("Social Welfare"), Tientsin. January 1927, judge of Shanghai Provisional Court. July 1927, chief judge of Local Court, Sungkiang (Kiangsu). — p. 1125 ([scan leaf 1180](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1180/mode/1up))

**Hsu Shih-chang, (徐世章)** Courtesy name: Tuan-fu (端甫).—Born 1886; brother of ex-president Hsu Shih-ch'ang. 1908, attaché, imperial commission to study financial conditions in Belgium. 1911, B. Com. (Liege); judge of awards, Turin International Exposition. 1915, assistant director, Lunghai Railway. 1916-1917, assistant managing director, Peking-Hankow Railway; managing director, Tientsin-Pukow and Pukow-Sinyangchow Railways. 1918, plague prevention commissioner, Tientsin-Pukow Railway and Chinese Eastern Railway. 1919-1920, high advisor to military governor of Kiangsu; co-director of repatriation of enemy subjects; adviser to governor of Shantung; vice-minister of communications and deputy governor, Bank of Communications. 1921, concurrently associate director of famine relief and director general of currency bureau. 1922, retired. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1125 ([scan leaf 1180](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1180/mode/1up))

**Hsu Shih-ch'ang, (徐世昌)** Courtesy name: Chu-jen (菊人).—Born 1858 in Tientsin; native of Honan. An orphan in early life, was brought up by Yuan Shih-k'ai's father. 1886, Han-lin of imperial examinations. 1903, senior councillor, Board of Commerce. 1904, probationary grand councillor. 1905, minister of government council and president, board of civil administration. 1906, grand councillor of state. 1907, president, Board of Interior; viceroy of Manchuria. 1909, president, Board of Communications; concurrently director general, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 1910, reappointed grand councillor of state. 1911, associate prime minister and then vice-president of Privy Council; chief of general staff; Grand Guardian of the ex-Emperor. May 1914, minister of interior; October 1915, resigned. September 1918-June 1922, president of China. 1921, D. Litt. honoris causa (Paris) conferred in absentia, Res. Tientsin. — p. 1125 ([scan leaf 1180](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1180/mode/1up))

**Hsu Shih-ying, (許世英)** Courtesy name: Chun-jen (雋人).—Born 1872 in and native of Chiupu, Anhwei. 1908-1909, president, Mukden High Court; judicial commissioner of Shansi. 1910, accompanied Hsu Ch'ien's mission to Europe to study judicial conditions and delegate, International Prison Reform Congress, Washington. 1922, chief justice, Supreme Court; minister of justice. October 1913, civil governor of Fengtien. May 1914, civil governor of Fukien. June 1916, minister of communications. September 1921, civil governor of Anhwei and director general of Anhwei famine relief. September 1922, appointed acting minister of justice but did not accept. January 1923, appointed director of aeronautical department but was opposed by certain militarists. 1925, secretary general, Reorganization Conference. 1925-1926, premier; acting minister of finance. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1125 ([scan leaf 1180](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1180/mode/1up))

**Hsu, Showin Wetsen** see Hsu Wei-chen. — p. 1125 ([scan leaf 1180](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1180/mode/1up))

**HSU SHU-HSI, (徐淑希)** —Prefers English rendering: Shuhsi Hsu. Born 1894; native of Kwangtung. 1924, Ph.D. (Columbia). Sometime lecturer in international law, Hongkong University. Professor and head of political science department, Yenching University, Peking, since 1925. Chairman, Commission on Studies, Yenching University, since July 1927 Author of (doctoral dissertation) "China and her political entity (A Study of China's foreign relations with reference to Korea, Manchuria and Mongolia)." (Oxford Press). — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSU, SINGLOH** see HSU HSIN-LIU. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSU TSU-SHAN, (徐祖善)** Courtesy name: YEN-MOU (燕謀).—Prefers English rendering: T. S. Shu. Born 1890 in and native of Wusih, Kiangsu. Graduate of Nanking naval school. 1915, M.A. in naval architecture (Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.) 1917-1919, observer with the Allied Fleets; assistant naval attaché, Chinese Legation in London; member, committee on naval affairs, Paris Conference. 1920-1921, chief of section, Ministry of Navy; Shanghai representative of Aeronautical Department; director, general affairs department and acting councillor, Aeronautical Department. 1922 superintendent, Kiaochow Customs. 1926, superintendent, Tientsin Customs. 2nd class Tatshou and 4th class Wenhu decorations as well as foreign decorations. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSU WEI-CHEN, (徐維震)** Courtesy name: HSU-YING (旭瀛).—Prefers English rendering: Showin Wetsen Hsu. Born 1881 in and native of Tunghsing, Chekiang. Graduate of Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1909, LL.B. (Indiana). 1909-1910, legal adviser, Ministry of Communications; judicial officer, Ministry of Navy. 1911-1912, Chinshih of imperial examinations; in charge of foreign affairs, directorate general of railways. 1913, judge, Supreme Court; legal adviser to Shanghai defence commissioner. 1917-1918, judge, High Prize Court. 1919-1926, president, Taiyuan High Court. Shansi. 1925-1926, Chinese secretary general, Commission on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction. January-July 1927, president, Shanghai Provisional Court. Translator of several books on naval and legal subjects. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSU YUAN, (許沅)** Courtesy name: CH'IU-FENG (秋颿).—Born 1878 in and native of Chinkiang, Kiangsu Sometime commissioner of foreign affairs in Tientsin and Kaifeng (Honan). 1920-1926, commissioner of foreign affairs, Shanghai. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSU YUN, (徐雲)** Courtesy name: WEN-HSUAN (蘊宣).—Prefers to sign himself: Shu Yun. Born 1887; native of Kiangyin, Kiangsu. Chü-jen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. November 1922, secretary, Kiaochow Customs Superintendent's Office. October 1924, senior clerk, Aeronautical Department. October 1925, concurrently chief of correspondence section, Directorate General of Sino-Russian Boundary Demarcation. Senior secretary, Aeronautical Department, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July 1, 1927. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSUAN T'UNG** see P'U YI. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSUEH HSUEH-HAI, (薛學)** Courtesy name: HUI-TUNG (滙東海).—Prefers to sign himself: Hsueh Hai Hsieh. Born 1887 in and native of Wusih, Kiangsu. 1917, B.S. (Wisconsin). 1922-1924, 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in London; secretary, Hsu Shu-tseng's special mission to Japan, U.S.A. and Europe. 1926, adviser to Chihli Civil Governor; chief, government property office, Paoting. Special Commissioner for foreign affairs, Tientsin, since August 3, 1927. Author of a volume of essays on constitutionalism. 3rd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1126 ([scan leaf 1181](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1181/mode/1up))

**HSUEH TU-PI, (薛篤弼)** Courtesy name: TZU-LIANG (子良).—Born 1892 in and native of Chienhsien, Shansi. Graduate, Taiyuan Provincial Law College. 1912, judge, Hotung Local Court, Shansi. 1914, secretary to Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang and military judge of his 16th mixed brigade. 1918, concurrently chief likin collector in Chingshih and Changteh, Hunan. July 1919-June 1920, magistrate of Changteh. 1921, magistrate of Yenyang and Changan (Shensi); director of opium suppression in Shensi. 1922, commissioner of finance in Shensi and Honan. 1923-1924, vice-minister of justice; chief secretary of the Cabinet and director, Peking Octroi. 1924-1926, officiating minister of justice; director, Peking Octroi; mayor of Peking; civil governor of Kansu. Adviser to Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang since 1926. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 127 ([scan leaf 1182](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1182/mode/1up))

**HSUEH TZU-HENG, (薛子珩)** Courtesy name: SUNG-P'ING (松坪).—Native of Lulung, Chihli. 1920, resident director, Peking municipal administration; Commissioner of Metropolitan police and concurrently co-director of municipal administration. 1922-1924, made lieutenant general; given brevet rank of full general. 1st class Wenhu and 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decorations. — p. 127 ([scan leaf 1182](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1182/mode/1up))

**HU HAN-MIN, (胡漢民)** Courtesy name: CHEN-T'ANG (展堂).—Born 1877. Native of P'anyü, Kwangtung. Graduate of Tokyo Law College. Met Sun Yat-sen and organized the Tung Meng Hui (Revolutionary Party). Edited a revolutionary newspaper at Hongkong prior to 1911. At outbreak of Revolution, appointed Provisional Tutuh (military governor) but soon relinquished it to accompany Dr. Sun to Nanking as chief secretary of Provisional Government. March 1912, accompanied Dr. Sun to Canton and re-elected Tutuh. 1913, deprived of all posts by Yuan Shih-kai for participation in Second Revolution; appointed pacification commissioner of Tibet a few months later. 1917, councillor to Canton Military Government. 1921, chief councillor of Canton Government. 1922-1925, civil governor of Kwangtung and chief councillor of Generalissimo's headquarters. 1924-1925, acting generalissimo during Dr. Sun's absence from Canton, and concurrently minister for foreign affairs. December 1925, visited Moscow as delegate of Canton Government to investigate agrarian problems and the Soviet system. May 1927, member of Nationalist Government at Nanking and chairman of the Kuomintang Political Council. Resigned, August 14, 1927, upon Gen. Chiang Kai-shih's retirement. Author of many books on revolution and socialism. 2nd class Order of Merit, with rank of general (Chih Wei Chiang Chün). — p. 127 ([scan leaf 1182](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1182/mode/1up))

**HU HUNG-YU, (胡鴻猷)** Courtesy name: CHEN-JO (徵若).—Born 1888 in and native of Wusih, Kiangsu. Graduate of Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1909, B.S.; 1910, M.A. (Pennsylvania). 1911, attended Berlin University. 1912-1913, professor in Nanyang College; Nanking manager, Kiangsu Bank. 1914, joined Ministry of Communications. 1917, member, Standing Committee on Unification of Railway accounts and statistics. May 1918, delegate, China-Japan through traffic conference, Tokyo. 1919, chief of investigation section, Ministry of Communications; technical expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. Chief of Traffic section, Ministry of Communications practically since 1921. 1923, concurrently director, Railway Through Traffic Administration. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 127 ([scan leaf 1182](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1182/mode/1up))

**HU LIN, (胡林)** Courtesy name: CHENG-CHIH (政之).—Born 1893; native of Szechwan. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Graduate of Tokyo Imperial University. 1912-1914, editor Ta Kung Ho Pao (Shanghai); judge, Chinkiang local court; Peking correspondent of Shanghai newspapers; professor, Peking Law College. 1915-1917, chief secretary, Kirin provincial government; councillor, Ministry of Interior; editor, Ta Kung Pao ("L'Impartial"), Tientsin. 1918-1919, travelled in Europe; Chinese correspondent at Paris Conference. 1920, founder and editor, "New Society", Peking and Tientsin. Founder and chief editor, Kuo Wen News Agency, Shanghai and Peking, since 1921. — p. 127 ([scan leaf 1182](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1182/mode/1up))

**Hu Ping-hsia, (胡杉夏)** —Prefers English rendering: Pingsa Hu. Wife of Chu T'ing-ch'i (T. C. Chu) Born 1888; native of Wusih, Kiangsu. 1902, studied in Japan. 1907, went to U.S.A. 1914, B.A. (Wellesley). April of same year, delegate to International Child Welfare Congress, Washington. 1915-1921, vice and then president, National Y.W.C.A., Shanghai. 1916-1919, president, Child Education Study Club. 1920, secretary, Chinese-American Bank of Commerce, Shanghai; president, Shanghai Social Welfare League. 1921, president, Shanghai Women's Club. 1922, chairman, board of directors, Shanghai Women's Rights League. 1925, vice-president, Government College for Girls, Peking. 1926-1927, dean, school of studies, China University, Peking. Author of "The Walnut Hill Principals"; editor of "Chinese Students' Annual" (U.S.A.), "Ladies' Journal" (Shanghai), and "Some aspects of Chinese civilization." — p. 1128 ([scan leaf 1183](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1183/mode/1up))

**Hu Shih, (胡適)** Courtesy name: Shih-chih (適之).—Born Dectmber 1891 in Shanghai. Graduate of Chinese National Institute, Shanghai. 1914, B.A. (Cornell); Hiram Corson prizeman for essay on Browning. 1917, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1917-1918, wrote articles advocating a radical reform in Chinese literature, suggestions which culminated in the "literary revolution." First to write poetry in the spoken language. 1917-1926, professor of philosophy, Peking National University. 1922-1926, dean department of English literature, same University. 1926, one of three Chinese members on British Boxer Indemnity Commission; lecturer in England and U.S.A. Professor of Philosophy, Kwang Hua University, Shanghai, since July 1927. Author of "The Development of the Logical Method in Ancient China" (doctoral dissertation); also in Chinese of "Outline of Chinese Philosophy", Volume I, and "Ancient History of China." Editor of "Endeavour" (Chinese weekly) for a number of years. Recognized as one of foremost Chinese modern thinkers, although a moderate radical; is mainly responsible for Chinese literary renaissance movement. — p. 1128 ([scan leaf 1183](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1183/mode/1up))

**Hu Shih-tseh, (胡世澤)** Courtesy name. Tzu-tseh (子澤).—Prefers English rendering: Victor Hoo Chi-tsai. Born 1894 in Washington, D.C.; native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. Son of Hoo Wei-teh. Graduate of Annen School, Petrograd, Ecole des sciences politiques, Paris. 1918, docteur en droit, University of Paris. 1919-1920, secertary, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference; technical expert, Chinese delegation to League of Nations Assembly, Geneva, and various international conferences organized by the League. 1921-1925, secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference; 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in Brussels; 2nd secretary, then 1st secretary and chargé d'Affaires, Berlin. 1925-1926, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; assistant director, drafting department, Customs Conference; technical expert, Sino-Russian Conference. Chief of section, treaty department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since July 1927. Author of "The Basic Principles of Sino-Russian Relations" (doctoral dissertation in French). 3rd class Chiaho. — p. 1128 ([scan leaf 1183](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1183/mode/1up))

**Hu Wei-teh, (胡惟德)** Courtesy name: Hsing-wu ([illegible]).—Prefers to sign himself: Hoo Wei-teh. Born 1871; native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. Educated in Language School, Shanghai. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1889, first secretary, Chinese Legation in London. 1893, councillor, Chinese Legation in Washington. 1904, minister to Russia. September 1907, junior councillor, Board of Foreign Affairs. March 1908, minister to Japan. 1910, junior and then senior vice-president, Board of Foreign Affairs; associate director general of Customs Revenue Administration. 1911-1912, acting minister of finance; acting minister of foreign affairs; director general of Customs Revenue Administration; nomination for minister of communications rejected by parliament. November 1915, minister to France, Spain and Portugal. 1920-1925, transferred minister to Japan. 1926, minister of foreign affairs, premier of Regency Cabinet. 2nd class Double Dragon, 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration and many foreign Orders. — p. 1128 ([scan leaf 1183](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1183/mode/1up))

**HU YI-KU, (胡詒穀)** Courtesy name: WEN-FU (甫文).—Prefers English rendering: Wenfu Yiko Hu. Born 1876; native of Tz'uch'i, Chekiang. Graduate of St. John's University, Shanghai. 1908, B.A.; 1909, LL.B. (Illinois). 1909, legal adviser, Board of Communications 1909-1912, professor of law, Peking National University. 1912-1913, dean, Nanyang College, Shanghai: judge, Supreme Court. 1917, concurrently judge, High Prize Court. 1919, delegate to Philippine Bar Association Conference, Manila. 1921, acting chief justice, Supreme Court. 1923-1926, chief judge, 3rd civil court, Supreme Court. Member of various judicial and legal commissions: sometime president, commission for the disciplining of judicial officials. Vice-president, Shanghai Provisional Court, since January 1927. Editor of "English and Chinese Pocket Dictionary." 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1129 ([scan leaf 1184](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1184/mode/1up))

**HU, WEN-FU YIKO** see above. — p. 1129 ([scan leaf 1184](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1184/mode/1up))

**HUA NAN-K'UEI, (華南圭)** Courtesy name: T'UNG-CH'I (通齋).—Prefers English rendering: T. T. Hua or Hoa Nan Kuai. Born 1876; native of Wusih, Kiangsu. Graduate of Peking National University. 1910, M.S.A. (Paris). 1911, Chinshih of imperial examinations: engineer, Peking-Hankow Railway. 1919, chief engineer, railway department, Ministry of Communications; director, Kaifeng-Loyang Railway. 1920-1922, chief engineer Peking Hankow Railway; resigned. Reinstated chief engineer, Peking-Hankow Railway, since 1924. Author of many books on engineering. 3rd class Chiaho and 5th class Wenhu decorations — p. 1129 ([scan leaf 1184](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1184/mode/1up))

**HUANG FU, (黄郛)** Courtesy name: YING-PO (膺白).—Native of Shanghai. Born 1883 at Hangchow, Chekiang. 1910, graduated with honours from Tokyo Military Survey Academy. While in Japan joined the T'ung Meng Hui. 1911, Chief of staff to Gen. Ch'en Ch'i-mei. 1913, participated in unsuccessful Second Revolution; fled to Japan. 1914-1916, visited United States and Singapore. 1921, visited Europe on a semi-official mission to study post-war financial and economic conditions; adviser Chinese Delegation to the Washington Conference. 1922, chairman, finance commission; made full general with title of Chu Wei Chiang Chün. February 1923, minister of foreign affairs. September 1923, minister of education. November 1924, acting premier. 1925, delegate, Customs Conference; appointed minister to Germany with ambassadorial rank, but did not proceed. April 1927, appointed commissioner for foreign affairs in Shanghai but declined. July 7, 1927, inaugurated as Mayor of Greater Shanghai. August 14, 1927, resigned upon Gen. Chiang Kai-shih's retirement. Author of three volumes on lessons of the European War and the future of China, the World after the War, China's finance and education after the European War. First class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and second class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1129 ([scan leaf 1184](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1184/mode/1up))

**HUANG HSIEN-CHAO, (黄憲昭)** Prefers Cantonese rendering: Hin Wong. Born 1888 in Honolulu of Cantonese parents. Graduate of Oahu College, Honolulu, and studied in Columbia University. 1912, B.S. in journalism (Missouri). 1921, delegate to International Press Congress, Honolulu; representative of Canton newspapers at Washington Conference. 1917-1920, director of intelligence bureau, Canton Military Government. Editor-in-chief of Canton Times for many years. Founder and first editor, Canton Daily News. 1923, retired from both publications. Sometime Canton correspondent of Reuter's, China Weekly Review, etc. Tried several times by court martial for his views. May 1924, banished from Canton for ten years. — p. 1129 ([scan leaf 1184](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1184/mode/1up))

**HUANG JUNG-LIANG, (黄榮良)** Courtesy name: TZU-CH'ENG (子誠).—Prefers English rendering: Y. L. Hwang (Hwang Yung-liang). Born 1875 in and native of Wuwei, Anhwei. 1896. B.A. (Nanking). 1903, B.A. (Baker). 1905, M.A. (Columbia). 1906-1908, second secretary, Chinese Legation in London. 1908-1910, consul in New Zealand. 1911-1913, consul general in Australia. 1914-1916, assistant secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1916-19, acting and then substantive commissioner of foreign affairs, Tientsin. 1920-1926, minister to Austria; sometime delegate to League of Nations Assembly. Recalled upon closing of Vienna Legation. 1st class Paokuang Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1129 ([scan leaf 1184](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1184/mode/1up))

**HUANG K'AI-WEN, (黃開文)** Courtesy name: HSI-CH'EN (錫臣).—Prefers to sign himself: Wong Kai-wen. Born 1865 in and native of Chiaoling, Kwangtung. Graduate of Peking Telegraph College. 1907, industrial Taotai of Fengtien. 1910, managing director, Tao-Ching Railway. 1911, Taotai of Hanchuang and superintendent of Hankow Customs; director general, Tung-Cheng Railway. Grand master of ceremonies to the President's Office since 1914, 5th class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1130 ([scan leaf 1185](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1185/mode/1up))

**HUANG KUO-EN, (黃國恩)** —Prefers to sign himself: K. U. Wong (Wong Kuo-un). Born 1887; native of Kwangtung. 1910, LL.B. (Wisconsin). 1911-1913, professor, Fuhtan University, and promoter, Bar Association of China, Shanghai; secretary to governor of Shantung and president, Shantung Provincial College. 1914-1915, secretary, Ministry of Finance; chief auditor for Hupeh, Hunan, Anhwei and Kiangsi salt districts. 1917-1921, private secretary to minister of war; lecturer, Peking National University; assistant secretary, Ministry of Communications. 1915-1927, assistant councillor, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; secretary, Commission on Extraterritoriality; chief of reception section, Commission for investigation of Extraterritoriality. Technical expert, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, since July 1927. — p. 1130 ([scan leaf 1185](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1185/mode/1up))

**HUANG SHOU-MIN, (黃首民)** — Prefers to sign himself: Wong Shu-min. Born 1890 in Chinshan, Chekiang. Received early education in a missionary school in Huchow. 1911, took part in the battles around Hankow and Hanyang. March 1912, business manager of Chung Hua Min Pao, Shanghai. 1913, went to U.S.A. and worked his way through college. 1917, graduated from Alabama Polytechnic Institute with distinction. Secretary to Mr. C. C. Nieh, cotton mill owner in Shanghai, becoming manager of his cotton mills the following year. 1920, associate general manager of Hua Feng Cotton Spinning & Weaving Co. At present general manager of the million-dollar Tai Shan Brick & Tile Co — p. 1130 ([scan leaf 1185](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1185/mode/1up))

**HUANG TSUNG-FA, (黃宗法)** Courtesy name: YUEH SAN (約三).—Prefers to sign himself: Hwang Tzon-fah. Born 1888 in and native of Wuwei, Anhwei. Doctor of Jurisprudence (New York). 1918-1926, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1921, director of compilation and translation department. Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1925-1926, technical expert to Customs Conference and Sino-Russian Conference. Councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since February 1926. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1130 ([scan leaf 1185](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1185/mode/1up))

**HUANG YEN-P'EI, (黃炎培)** Courtesy name: CHIH-CHIH (植之).—Born 1879; native of Shanghai. Graduate of Nanyang College; went to Japan to specialize in education. 1911-1912, chief of educational bureau under Tutuh (military governor) of Kiangsu. 1914, resigned to investigate educational conditions in Yangtze provinces. 1915, studied industrial conditions in U.S.A. as secretary to Chinese Industrial Mission. Summer of 1916, acquired national fame by writing an article entitled "Nine Lessons" upon Yuan Shih-kai's demise. For many years vice-chairman of Kiangsu Provincial Educational Association, chairman of National Association for Vocational Education, and member of Kiangsu Provincial Assembly. December 1921, appointed minister of education, but declined. June 1922, reappointed to same post and again declined. Trustee, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture, since 1925. Second class Chiaho Decoration. — p. 1130 ([scan leaf 1185](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1185/mode/1up))

**HUNG SEE-LU** see below. — p. 1130 ([scan leaf 1185](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1185/mode/1up))

**HUNG SHIH-LU, (洪式閭)** Courtesy name: PO-YUNG (百容).—Prefers to sign himself: Hung See-lu. Born 1895; native of Loching, Chekiang. Graduate of Peking National Medical University. 1920-1923 studied in Germany. 1923, professor and president, National Medical University. 1925-1926, investigating medical institutions in Europe and U.S.A. Author of several medical books. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**HUNG WEI-KUO, (洪維國)** Courtesy name: CHING-MIN (敬民).—Born 1893 in and native of Ihsien, Fengtien. 1916, law graduate of China University, Woosung. 1920-1921, chief of general affairs department, and later chief of political affairs department, Tutung's Office. Charhar. 1924, chief secretary, Tutung's Office, Jehol. 1925, concurrently chief of Industrial bureau, Jehol. December 1926, councillor, Ministry of War. Director, department of mines, Ministry of Industry, since July 1927. Author of (in the press) "A Guide to the Industries of China." "A Classified Account of the Mining and Metallurgical Industries of China." 3rd Class Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**HUNG, WILLIAM** see below. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**HUNG YEH, (洪業)** Courtesy name: WEI-LIEN (煨蓮).—Prefers English name: William Hung. Born 1893; native of Fukien. 1917, B.A. (Ohio Wesleyan). 1919, M.A. (Columbia). 1920, B.D. (New York Union Theological Seminary). 1921-1922. Chinese secretary, Board of Foreign Missions of Methodist Episcopal Chuch; lecturer under Lyceum and Chautauqua organizations; Horizon lecturer, De Pauw University. 1922-1924, head, department of history, Yenching University, Peking. 1924-1927, concurrently dean, Men's College, same University. 1927, delegate, Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu. Professor of history and theology, Yenching University, since July 1927. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**HWANG TZON-FAH** see HUANG TSUNG-FA. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**HWANG, Y. L** see HUANG JUNG-LIANG. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**I TSAN-CHOU, (伊贊周)** —Prefers to sign himself: T. C. Ellcbo. Born 1895; native of Wanp'ing, Chihli. Graduate of Chefoo Naval School, Nanking Naval College, and Nanyuan Aviation School. 1923, instructor, Nanyuan Aviation School. 1924, Flight leader, Mukden Army Air Service. Chief of administration division, Aeronautical Department, Ministry of Military Affairs, since 1926. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**JAO MENG-JEN, (饒孟任)** Courtesy name: PO-YU. Prefers to sign himself: Loe Meng Len. Born 1872: native of Nanchang, Kiangsi. Chinshih (D. Litt.) of imperial examinations. 1908, barrister-at-law (Lincoln's Inn, London). 1909, Hanlin Compiler. 1908-1911, 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in London; senior secretary, Board of War; chief of section and then councillor, Law Compilation Bureau. 1912, secretary to the President, Nanking. 1913, senator. 1916-1917, again senator. Retired to practise law. Res. Peking. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**JEN CH'UAN-PANG, (任傳榜)** Courtesy name: HSIAO-SAN (筱珊).—Prefers English rendering: C. P. Yin. Born 1878 in and native of Wukiang, Kiangsi. Studied in Tokyo Commercial College. 1911, B.A. in railway administration (Illinois). 1912-1916, foreign adviser to General Lan T'ien-wei; technical expert and acting secretary, Ministry of Commnications; managing director, Peking-Suiyuan Railway. 1917-1920, managing director, Shanghai-Nanking and Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railways. 1921-1924, acting councillor, Ministry of Communications: reinstated managing director, Shanghai-Nanking and Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railways. 2nd class Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1131 ([scan leaf 1186](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1186/mode/1up))

**JEN HUNG-CHUN, (任鴻雋)** Courtesy name: SHU-YUNG (叔永).—Prefers to sign himself: Zen Hung-chiung. Born 1886; native of Szechwan. 1916, B.A. (Cornell). 1917, M.A. (Columbia). 1911-1912, secretary to the Cabinet, Nanking Provisional Government. 1921-1922, senior secretary, Ministry of Education. 1924-1925, vice-president, Nanking Southeastern University. Financial secretary, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture, Peking, since 1926. 1914-1923, president, Science Society of China. Translator of Spencer's "Essay on Education." — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**JOHN, S. M** see CHIANG SHAO-MU. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KALACHIN, PRINCE** see KUNG SANG NO ERH PU. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**K'ANG T'UNG-PIH, (康同璧)** .—Born 1888 in and native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. Wife of Lo Ch'ang and daughter of late K'ang Yu-wei, "China's Modern Sage." 1909, B.A. (Columbia). 1920, delegate, International Council of Women Quinquennial Conference, Christiania. 1920-1924, vice-president, International Council of Women. 1921, vice-president, oriental department, London Lyceum Club. 1922, president, Shantung Morals Society. 1925, president, National Council of Women of China. Leader, woman's suffrage party, and promoter, child's welfare organization. Author of a book of poems and several pamphlets devoted to the betterment of mankind. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KAO EN-HUNG, (高恩洪)** .  Courtesy name: TING-AN (定庵).—Born 1875 in and native of P'englai, Shantung. Studied in Chefoo Temple Hill College and King's College, London. 1907-1909, attaché, Chinese Amban to Tibet. 1910-1915, secretary, Tientsin-Pukow Railway administration; secretary to governor of Mukden; director of telegraphs, Hankow and Chengtu. 1916-1922, director, department of telegraph materials, Shanghai; assistant councillor, Ministry of Communications. 1922-1923, minister of communications; concurrently minister of education. 1924, director general, Kiaochow Port Administration. December 1924, kidnapped and imprisoned in Tsinan by militarists. Early in 1925, accepted release only upon apology and statement exonerating him from all charge of misconduct in office. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration; brevet rank of minister plenipotentiary elect. Retired. Res. Chefoo. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KAO LIN-WEI, (高凌霨)** .  Courtesy name: TSEH-YU (澤畬).—Born 1869 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. 1906, commissioner of education in Hupeh. 1909, Hupeh provincial treasurer. 1913-1914, commissioner of finance in Chihli. 1915, high advisor to Inspecting Commissioner of Manchuria. 1917, member of parliament. 1920-1921, vice-minister of agriculture and commerce; vice-president, Bank of Agriculture and Commerce. 1921-1922, minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration; minister of interior and concurrently director general of municipal administration; minister of communications; civil governor of Chihli. 1923-1924, premier and then director general of Customs revenue administration. Retired. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

***KAO WEI-YUEH, (高維嶽)** .—Tutung (civil and military governor) of Jehol since 1926. 1st class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KIN, YAMEI** see CHIN YA-MEI. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KING, SOHTSU G** see CHIN SHAO-CHI. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KING, THOMAS** see CHIN CHIH. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**KONG, S. T** see CHIANG SHUN-TEH. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**K'O HUNG-LIEH, (柯鴻烈)** .  Courtesy name: JUNG-K'AI (榮陔).—Born 1874; native of Chungchiang, Szechwan. Studied law in Tokyo Mingsu University. 1911, assistant secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1912, vice-consul in Korea; commissioner of foreign affairs in Szechwan. 1919, consul to Kobe, Japan. 1925-1926, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3rd class Chiaho and 4th class Paokuang Chiaho decorations. — p. 1132 ([scan leaf 1187](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1187/mode/1up))

**K'O SHAO-MIN, (柯劭忞)** Native of Shantung. 1927, honorary doctor of literature, Tokyo Imperial University. First Chinese to be given such distinction. Director, of Bureau Ch'ing Dynasty History, Peking, since September 1927, upon death-bed recommendation of his predecessor Chao Erh-hsun. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**Koo, Telly** see Ku T'ai-lai. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**Koo, Wellington** see Ku Wei-chun. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**K'U HUNG-MING, (辜鴻銘)** —Born 1856 at Penang; native of Fukien. C. E. (Edinburgh and Leipzig). For 17 years secretary to Viceroy Chang Chih-tung, Wuchang. For 5 years, managing director, Whangpoo Conservancy Board, Shanghai. For 8 months dean, Nanyang College, Shanghai. Author of "The Story of a Chinese Oxford Movement", "Papers from a Viceroy's Yamen," "Translations of Discourses and Sayings of Confucius," "The Conduct of Life," "Higher Education," etc. 1925-1926, lecturer in Japan. 1927, adviser to the Generalissimo, Peking — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**KU LANG, (顧琅)** Courtesy name : SHIH-CH'EN (石臣).—Native of Nanking, Kiangsu. Born 1880 in Ihsing, Kiangsu. Bachelor of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University. Chinshih in engineering (D.Sc.) and Hanlin scholar, imperial examinations. Has held the following posts : Dean, Engineering College, Paoting; chief, prospecting section, Penhsihu Coal Mining Company, Mukden; technical expert and concurrently chief of section, Mukden Mining Bureau; councillor and chief technical expert, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. Councillor, Ministry of Industry, since July 1927. Author of three volumes on mines and mining industry in China. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**KU T'AI-LAI, (顧泰來)** Courtesy name : CHEN-YA (忱亞).—Prefers English rendering : Telly Koo. Born 1897 in and native of Soochow, Kiangsu. 1916, A.B. (Shanghai College). 1920, M.A.; 1922, Ph.D. (Harvard). 1921-1922, editor-in-chief, Chinese Students' Monthly (U.S.A.); 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation at Washington; secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference; professor of European history, Southeastern University, Nanking. 1924-1925, secretary general and technical expert, Chinese delegation to Geneva Opium Conference; secretary, Finance Rehabilitation Conference. 1925-1926, secretary, Tariff Conference. English secretary to the Generalissimo and to General Yang Yü-ting. Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and concurrently chief, Anglo-American section, Press Bureau same Ministry. Author of "Life of Anson Burlingame." 4th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**KU TSUNG-LIN, (顧宗林)** —Prefers English rendering : T. L. Ku. Native of Shangyü, Chekiang, B.A. (Illinois). M.A. (Pennsylvania). Chief accountant of various Government railways in China for many years. Director, department of posts, Ministry of Communications, since June 29, 1927. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**KU WEI-CHUN, (顧維鈞)** Courtesy name : SHAO-CH'UAN (少川).—Prefers English rendering : V. K. Wellington Koo. Born 1887 in Shanghai; native of Chiating, Kiangsu. Studied in St. John's University. 1908, B.A.; 1909, M.A.; 1912, Ph.D. (Columbia). Philolescean Literary Prizeman and Columbia-Cornell Debating Medallist. 1916, Honorary LL.D. (Yale). 1912, secretary to the Cabinet; secretary to the President; secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1913-1914, councillor; concurrently chief of translation bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1915, minister to Mexico. October 1915—September 1920, minister to United States. January 1919—June 1920, delegate to Paris Conference. September 1920—May 1922, minister to Great Britain; delegate to Washington Conference; Chinese representative on League of Nations Council and senior delegate to League of Nations Assembly; June 1922, chairman, commission for study of national finance. August-December 1922, minister of foreign affairs. April 1923, reappointed to same post. January—October 1924, minister of foreign affairs and concurrently acting premier. May 1926, minister of finance. October 1926, transferred to foreign portfolio, and concurrently acting premier. January 1927, minister of foreign affairs and concurrently premier of Regency Cabinet. June 18, 1927, retired. October 1927, nominated member of Permanent Court of International Arbitration at the Hague. Trustee, China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, since 1924. Author of "The Status of Aliens in China" (doctoral dissertation), "China and the United States," etc. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1133 ([scan leaf 1188](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1188/mode/1up))

**KU YING-FEN, (古應芬)** Courtesy name: HSIANG-CH'IN (襄芹).—Native of P'anyü, Kwangtung. Born 1873. Graduate of Tokyo Law College. 1912, chief secretary, Kwangtung Provincial Assembly. 1917, chief secretary, Canton Parliament. 1920, chief of political affairs department, Canton. 1923, chief secretary, Generalissimo's Office. 1924, chief of finance department and concurrently minister of finance, Canton. 1925-1926, member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and concurrently chief of civil affairs department. April 1927, appointed minister of finance, Nationalist Government in Nanking; concurrently member of Kwangtung Provincial Government and chief of finance department, Canton. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**KUAN CHUN, (關炯)** Courtesy name: CHUN-CHIH (炯之). Native of Hanyang, Hupeh. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1902, acting magistrate of Shanghai Mixed Court (now Shanghai provisional Court). 1907, magistrate, Kiangyin (Kiangsu). 1911-1926, magistrate, Shanghai Mixed Court. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**KUAN KENG-LIN, (關賡麟)** Courtesy name: YIN-JEN (顯人).—Born 1880 in and native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. Chinshih of imperial examinations. Graduate of Peking National University; studied in Japan. 1903, junior secretary, Board of War. 1905-1906, accompanied five high commissioners to study constitutional systems in Europe and America. 1907-1910, rose to assistant director, railway department, Ministry of Communications. 1911-1915, associate and then director, Peking-Hankow Railway Administration; chief secretary, Railway Association. 1916, secretary, Ministry of Finance. 1917-1919, director, railway department, and then councillor, Ministry of Communications; chief of through traffic department. Director, Hankow-Canton-Szechwan Railway, since July 1920. June-August 1922, president, Communications University. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**K'UANG FU-SHAO, (鄺富灼)** —Prefers anglicized Cantonese rendering: Fong F. Sec. Born 1869 in and native of Sunning, Kwangtung. 1882, went to America and worked his way through college. 1905, B.A. (California). 1906, M.A. (Columbia); professor of English, Language School, Canton. 1907, Chinshih (D. Litt.) of imperial examinations; member, Ministry of Communications. English editor-in-chief, Commercial Press, Shanghai, since 1908. 1922, Honorary LL.D. (Pomona College, California). Author of many textbooks and committee member of many institutions, educational as well as charitable, etc. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**KUEI CHIH, (桂植)** Courtesy name: TUNG-YUAN (東原).—Native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. Sometime 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in London; professor of history and geography, Peiyang University, Tientsin; consul to New Zealand; consul general to Philippines. Consul general to North Borneo since 1926. Author of "Education in Philippines and China," "Immigration of New Zealand," etc. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**KUNG CHI-PING, (龔積柄)** Courtesy name: PO-HENG (伯衡).—Born 1872; native of Anhwei. Sometime chief judge, Shantung High Court. July 1912, salt commissioner for Shantung. August 1921, finance commissioner for Shantung. 1924-1926, civil governor of Shantung. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**KUNG, H. H** see below. — p. 1134 ([scan leaf 1189](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1189/mode/1up))

**K'UNG HSIANG-HSI, (孔祥熙)** Courtesy name: YUNG-CHIH (庸之).—Prefers English rendering: H. H. Kung. Born 1881 in and native of Taiku, Shansi. 75th descendant of Confucius. Brother-in-law of Sun Yat-sen. 1906, B.A. (Oberlin, Ohio). 1907, M.A. (Yale). Founder and principal, Shansi Oberlin Memorial College, Taiku (Shansi) since 1907. Adviser to Governor Yen Hsi-shan. 1922, adviser, Shantung Rehabilitation Commission. 1924-1925, assistant director general of Sino-Russian negotiations. 1926, honorary LL.D. (Oberlin). 1926-1927, commissioner of industry and acting minister of finance, Canton Government. 3rd class Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

***KUNG HSIN-CHAN, (龔心湛)** —Native of Anhwei. Sometime Taotai in Kwangtung and Yunnan. 1918, minister of finance and then premier. 1925, minister of interior. 1926, minister of communications. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

**KUNG SANG NO ERH PU, (貢桑諾爾布)** Courtesy name: LO-T'ING (樂亭).—Better known as Prince Kalachin. Born 1867, in Chosot'u League, Inner Mongolia. Studied in Japan. Upon return to Mongolia, introduced many reforms and sent young Mongols to Japan to be educated. October 1912, promoted First Class Prince for loyalty to the Republic. 1913, senator. President, Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs, practically since 1914. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

**KUO CHUNG-HSI, (郭崇熙)** —Born 1892, native of Chihli. Graduate of Russian Language School, Peking, and Anglo-Chinese College, Tientsin. Has been assistant station master and traffic inspector, Peking-Mukden Railway, and transportation inspector, Inter-Allied Technical Board, Chinese Eastern Railway. 1921, sent to Canada, U.S.A. and Europe to study railway conditions. 1922, acting assistant traffic manager, Peking-Mukden Railway. 1920, assistant general manager, Chinese Eastern Railway. 3rd Class Chiaho and 4th Class Wenhu Decorations. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

**KUO JEN-YUEN, (郭任遠)** —Prefers to sign himself: Zing Yang Kuo. Born 1898; native of Kwangtung. Graduate of Fuhtan and Columbia universities. 1924-1925, acting president, Fuhtan University, Shanghai. Dean, school of biological sciences, and professor of psychology, Fuhtan Unibersity, since 1925. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

**KUO PINC-WEN, (郭秉文)** Courtesy name: HUNG-SHENG (鴻聲).—Born 1880 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of Lowrie Institute, Shanghai. 1911, Ph.B. (Wooster). 1912, M.A.; 1914, Ph.D. (Columbia). Livingston Fellow in education. 1914-1916, editor, Shanghai Commercial Press; dean, Southeastern University; president, Shanghai Lowrie Institute and Chekiang Provincial College, Hangchow. 1917-1919, chairman, educational mission to Japan and Philippines; adviser to Kiangsu military governor; chairman, educational mission to Europe and U.S.A. 1918-1925, president, Southeastern University, Nanking. Director, China Institute (of China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture) in New York, since 1925. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

**KUO T'AI-CH'I, (郭泰祺)** Courtesy name: FU-CH'U (復初).—Prefers to sign himself: Quo Tai-chi. Born December 1888 in and native of Wusueh, Hupeh. 1903-1904, studied in Wuchang. 1911, B.S. (Pennsylvania). March 1912, secretary to vice-president Li Yuan-hung; founder and director, Foreign Language School, Wuchang. June 1916, chief English secretary, President's Office; concurrently councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1918-1919, member of Canton Government's diplomatic mission to U.S.A.; technical expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. 1921, councillor, Generalissimo's Office, and director of publicity bureau, Canton. 1922, director, political affairs department, Canton. 1923-1925, vice-minister of foreign affairs, Canton. 1925-1926, president, National University of Commerce, Wuchang. Commissioner for Foreign Affairs, Shanghai since May 1927. August 1927, concurrently Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nanking Government. — p. 1135 ([scan leaf 1190](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1190/mode/1up))

**KUO YUN-KUAN, (郭雲觀)** Courtesy name: MIN-CH'OU (閔嘖).—Prefers English rendering: Y. K. Kuo. Born 1888 in and native of Wenchow, Chekiang. Graduate of Fuhtan College, Shanghai. 1914, LL.B. (Peiyang, Tientsin). Postgraduate work in Columbia University. 1919, secretary, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. 1920-1921, assistant secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; compiler, Law Codification Commission; secretary to Dr. Wang Ch'ung-hui (delegate to League of Nations Assembly) and Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922-1925, judge, Supreme Court. Assistant professor in political science, Yenching University, Peking, since September 1926. Author of a volume on evidence for the guidance of judicial officials. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**KUO ZING-YANG** see KUO JEN-YUEN. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LAN CHIEN-CH'U, (藍建樞)** Courtesy name: CHI-PEI (季北).—Prefers English rendering: K. K. Lang. Born 1858; native of Fukien. Educated at Foochow naval college. 1912, senior member, naval general staff. 1918-1920, commander-in-chief of navy. Commander since 1923. 2nd class Wenhu and 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decorations. Retired. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LANG, K. K** see above. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LAO SHIH-CH'ANG, (勞之常)** —Prefers English rendering: S. W. Lao. Native of Shantung. Sometime director, Shantung conservancy bureau; chairman, Shantung international relief committee; member, China International Famine Relief Commission. June 1922—January 1923, vice and then officiating minister of communications; delegate, Shantung Rehabilitation Conference, Peking. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LAO, S. W** see above. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LAY, HSIAOMIN SOULE** see LEI HSIAO-MIN. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LEE, T. H** see LI TENG-HUI. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LEE TING-HSIN** see LI TING HSIN. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LEI HSIAO-MIN, (雷孝敏)** Courtesy name: SHU-LI (叔禮).—Prefers English rendering: Hsiaomin Soule Lay. Born 1880; native of Kwangtung. Studied in Hongkong Queen's College, College of Languages, Peking, and Harvard Law School. Chüjen of imperial examinations. 1912, B.A. (George Washington). 1913, M.A. (Pennsylvania). 1916, B.C.L. (Yale). 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Mexico City, since 1923. 1924, secretary, special mission to Peru in connection with centennial celebration of Battle of Ayacucho. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LEW, TIMOTHY TINGFANG** see LIU T'ING-FANG. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LEW YUK-LIN** see LIU YU-LIN. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

***LI CHI-SHEN, (李濟琛)** —Military commander of Canton and supporter of Chiang Kai-shih in Kwangtung Province. October 1927, was in danger of being ousted by Chang Fa-k'uei when away in Swatow suppressing the Communists in that city. Was ousted from power in November 1927, while en route to attend a Kuomintang Conference at Shanghai. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LI CHING-FANG, (李濟臣)** Courtesy name: CHO-CHANG (悼章).—Born 1882; native of Chihli. Studied in Peiyang Military College, Tientsin. 1907, instructor, Chahar military school. 1922, made lieutenant general; chief of staff to Inspector-General of Hupeh and Hunan. 1923, civil governor of Honan. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. Retired. Res. Hankow. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LI CHING-FANG, (李經芳)** —Better known as Lord Li Ching-fong. Nephew of Marquis Li Hung-chang. Sometime minister to Japan. 1907-1910, minister to London. 1911-1912, acting senior vice-president, Ministry of Communications; director general of Chinese Imperial Post Office. Living in retirement since 1912. Res. Shanghai. — p. 1136 ([scan leaf 1191](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1191/mode/1up))

**LI CH'ING-FANG, (李慶芳)** Courtesy name: FENG-P'U (楓圃).—Born 1879; native of Shansi. Graduate of Shansi University. LL.B. (Tokyo Imperial). 1913-1917, member of parliament; chief secretary, National Assembly; member, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. Peking representative of Governor Yen Hsi-shan since 1920. Author of books on literature and geography, extraterritoriality and poetry. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

***LI CHING-HSI, (李景曦)** —Native of Fukien. Educated in Foochow naval college. 1917-1924, chief of department, Ministry of Navy. September 1924, commander of naval forces in Shanghai and Woosung. Retired. 2nd class Wenhu and 3rd class Chiaho decorations. — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

**LI CHING-LIN, (李景林)** Courtesy name: FANG-CH'EN (芳岑).—Born 1884; native of Chihli. Graduate of Paoting military college. 1916, chief of staff to military governor of Heilungkiang; made brigadier general. 1920, lieutenant general of Fengtien 1st division. 1923-1924, commander-in-chief of Fengtien troops inside Great Wall. 1925, military and civil governor of Chihli. 1926, assisted Marshal Chang Tsung-ch'ang to defeat Kuominchun and recapture Tientsin and Peking. 1927, suspected by Mukden leaders and joined Nationalist forces as pacification commissioner of Northern troops in Kiangsu and Shantung, after escaping from Tientsin. — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

**LI CHING-MAI, (李經邁)** Courtesy name: CHI-KAO (季皋).—Born 1876; native of Anhwei. Nephew of Marquis Li Hung-chang. 1905-1907, minister to Austria-Hungary. 1908-1910, governor of Honan and then Chekiang. 1911-1912, acting vice-president, Ministry of Interior; acting vice-minister of communications. Retired since 1912. Res. Shanghai (141 Avenue Haig). — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

**LI CHING-MING, (李景銘)** Courtesy name: SHIH-CHIH (石芝).—Born 1879 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Chinshih (Litt. D.) of imperial examinations; graduate of Waseda University, Japan, in economics and political science. Superintendent, bureau of Stamps, Ministry of Finance, for a number of years. Transferred councillor, Ministry of Finance, since August 6, 1927. Author of two volumes on customs tariff revision negotiations and impressions of Washington Conference. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu Decorations. — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

**LI CH'UAN-SHIH, (李權時)** Courtesy name: YU-SHENG (雨生).—Born 1895; native of Chekiang. Graduate of Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1920, B.A. (Beloit College). 1921, M.A. (Chicago). 1922, Ph.D. (Columbia). Professor and dean, School of Commerce, Fuhtan University, Shanghai, since 1922. Author of "Central and Local Finance in China" (doctoral dissertation), "Principles of Business Economics" and "Business Statistics." — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

**LI FU-LIN, (李福林)** Courtesy name: TENG-TUNG (登同).—Native of P'anyü, Kwangtung. Born 1877. 1912, persuaded by Hu Han-min's brother to join Kuomintang and made battalion commander. 1918, promoted occupation commissioner of Waichow by Tutuh Mo Yung-hsin. 1920, sided with Ch'en Chün-ming in the hostilities between Kwangtung and Yunnan troops. September of same year, drove out Mo Yung-hsin and became commander of Canton garrison. 1922, joined Sun Yat-sen. February 1923, vice-commander of Kwangtung 3rd Army Corps. 1925, promoted commander of 3rd army corps. July 1926, commander of Northern Expedition 5th Army Corps. — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

***LI HOU-CHI, (李厚基)** —Born 1872; native of Kiangsu. 1913-1914, brigadier general; defence commissioner of Fukien. 1916-1922, civil governor of Fukien. Retired. Res. Tientsin and Dairen. — p. 1137 ([scan leaf 1192](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1192/mode/1up))

**LI KENG-YUAN, (李根源)** Courtesy name: YIN-CH'UAN (印泉).—Born 1878 in and native of Tengyueh, Yunnan. Graduate of Tokyo Military College. October 1911, organized a revolutionary force and declared independence of Yunnan; elected vice military director. 1913, member of parliament. 1915, joined in opposition against Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical scheme. 1916, civil governor of Shensi. 1918-1919, adviser to Canton Military Government. 1922, member of parliament; director, aeronautical department; acting minister of agriculture and commerce. 1923, director, national exposition of native products, and then acting premier. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. 3rd class Order of Merit. Retired. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI, K. C** see below. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI KUO-CH'ING, (李國欽)** Prefers English rendering: K. C. Li. Born 1892 in and native of Changsha, Hunan. Graduate of Hunan Technical College. M.E. (London Royal School of Mines). Sometime vice-president, Wah Chang Mining and Smelting Company; secretary, Hunan Mining Bureau, president, Kiangwah Tin Mines and Hsiao Ku Shan Government Mines. President, Wah Chang Trading Corporation, and representative in New York of Peking ministries of Finance and Agriculture and Commerce since 1918. Director, China Society of America. 5th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI LIEH-CHUN, (李烈鈞)** Courtesy name. HSIEH-HO (協和).—Born at Nanchang, Kiangsi, 1883. Graduate of Kiangsi Military Academy and Tokyo Military College. 1910, elected chief of Kiangsi branch of Tung Meng Hui (revolutionary party); appointed Tutuh (military governor) of Kiangsi and Anhwei, but did not accept latter post. During revolution of 1911, led Kiangsi northern expeditionary force and was made Tutuh upon his return. 1913, dismissed by Yuan Shih-kai, and fled to Japan after unsuccessful revolt. Travelled in Europe and remained in Singapore for some time. 1915, joined Tang Chi-yao against Tuan Chi-jui. 1919, chief of staff to Canton Military Government. 1920, commander of Kiangsi troops in Kwangtung, later civil governor of Kiangsi. 1921, chief of general staff, Canton Government, and commander of Northern Expedition Army. 1924, appointed chief of general staff, Peking, but declined. 1925, chief of staff to Feng Yu-hsiang. September 1926, chairman of Kiangsi Provincial Government; concurrently commissioner of Kuomintang section in that province. April 1927, member of Nationalist Government at Nanking. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI SHEN-P'EI, (李升培)** Courtesy name: TZU-TS'AI (子栽).—Native of Wu-hsing, Chekiang. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations; graduate of Police Institute, and Chung Hua University, law department. Rose to rank of director, judicial affairs department, Metropolitan Police Headquarters; transferred to Ministry of Interior. 1926, director, department of police administration. and concurrently secretary, Ministry of Interior. June 1927, director, sanitation department, and since July 1927, director, department of customs and ceremonies, Ministry of Interior. 2nd Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI SHENG-TO, (李盛鐸)** Courtesy name: MU-CHAI (木齋).—Native of Kiukiang, Kiangsi. Hanlin scholar of imperial examinations. 1895-1897, minister to Japan. 1897, governor of Peking. 1905-1906, one of the five high commissioners sent to investigate constitutional systems of government in Europe and America. 1912, advisor to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1917, acting minister of agriculture and commerce. 1918-1920, speaker of the Senate. Living in retirement in Tientsin ever since. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI SHIH-HAO, (李思浩)** Courtesy name: TSAN-HOU (贊侯).—Born 1880 in and native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1909, 1st class deputy, directorate general of salt administration. 1916-1918, vice and then officiating minister of finance. 1919-1920, minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration; proscribed for membership of Anfu Party and took refuge in Legation Quarter. 1923, pardoned by President Li Yuan-hung. 1924, reappointed minister of finance and concurrently director-general of salt administration. 1927, adviser to the Generalissimo Peking. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1138 ([scan leaf 1193](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1193/mode/1up))

**LI SHIH-WEI, (李士偉)** Courtesy name: PO-CHIH (伯芝).—Born 1880; native of Kiangsi. Graduate of Waseda University. 1905, deputy commissioner of education in Chihli. 1921, minister of finance. Director of several industrial companies and banking institutions. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

**LI T'ANG, (李傥)** —Born 1884; native of Siangtan, Hunan. Graduate of Berlin University and Tokyo Waseda University in economics. 1914-1925, councillor, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking. Councillor, Ministry of Justice, since July 1927. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

**LI TENG-HUI, (李登輝)** —Prefers English rendering: T. H. Lee. Born 1872 in Batavia, Java; native of Tungan, Fukien. 1899, B.A. (Yale). 1905, founder, World's Chinese Students Federation, Shanghai. 1912-1913, chief editor, Republican Advocate; English editor, Chung Hua Book Company, Shanghai. 1919, honorary D. Litt. (St. John's University). President, Fuhtan University, Shanghai, since 1919. Chairman of various educational charitable and social organizations. Author of several textbooks. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

**LI T'IEN-LU, (李天祿)** Courtesy name: FU-T'IEN (福田).—Born 1884, native of T'aian, Shantung. 1908, B.A. (Peking Methodist University); 1914, M.A.; 1916, Ph.D. (Vanderbilt). 1908-1913, taught English in Peking Methodist University. 1921, translator, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1919-1923, principal and concurrently dean, Peking Academy. 1923-1926, dean, school of arts and science, Shantung Christian University, Tsinan. Summer 1927, promoted vice-president, Shantung Christian University. 1916, author of "Congressional Policy of Chinese Immigration." 4th Class Chiaho Decoration. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

**LI TING-HSIN, (李鼎新)** Courtesy name: CH'ENG-MEI (承梅).—Prefers to sign himself: Lee Ting-sing. Born 1862 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Foochow and Greenwich naval colleges. Joined British fleet in its cruise to North America and West Indies before returning to China. Appointed lieutenant and assigned to cruiser Hai Ch'ou. Took part in China-Japanese war. 1900-1901, had charge of negotiations with Allied forces around Shanhaikuan, Chinwangtao and Peitaiho; 1904-1905, also of negotiations for neutralization of South Manchuria during Russo-Japanese war. 1911-1912, departmental chief and councillor, Ministry of Navy. 1913, commander-in-chief of the navy; created brevet admiral and defended Kiangnan Arsenal during 2nd Revolution. 1916, commander of 1st Fleet. December 1917, adviser to the President and Cabinet. March 1921-September 1924, minister of navy. October 1921, made full admiral. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Wenhu and 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decorations. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

***LI TSUNG-JEN, (李宗[illegible])** —Nationalist commander at Nanking, whose doubtful attitude was partly responsible for retirement of Chiang Kai-shih in August 1927. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

**LI TUNG, (李棟)** Courtesy name: CHI-YUN (紀[illegible] or 寄[illegible]).—Born 1879 in and native of Kaohsien, Chihli. 1909, LL.B. (Meiji University). 1910, Chinshih in law (LL.D.) of imperial examinations. 1913, judge, High Court, Taiyuan, Shansi. 1917, judge, Supreme Court, Peking. Member of several judicial commissions. Director, department of civil suits, Ministry of Justice, since July 15, 1927. Author of lectures on Chinese law and Chinese-Japanese law dictionary. 3rd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1139 ([scan leaf 1194](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1194/mode/1up))

**LI YU-YING, (李煜瀛)** Courtesy name: SHIH-TSENG (石曾).—Born 1882. Native of Kaoyang, Chihli. Studied in France and established the first Chinese beancurd factory in Paris. Declined several offers of appointment by Yuan Shih-kai, and associated with Chang Chi, Wu Chih-hui, Wang Chao-ming, Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei and other revolutionary leaders. 1919, dean of law department, Peking National University. 1924, unofficial adviser to Gen. Feng Yu-hsiang. 1925, member of Russian Indemity Commission and president of Franco-Chinese University, Peking. After Kuominchun evacuation of Peking, April 1926, lived in the Legation Quarter. Same year, elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and chief of propaganda department of Kuominchun First Army. Supporter of Nationalist Governments at Hankow and then Nanking. — p. 1140 ([scan leaf 1195](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1195/mode/1up))

**LI YUAN, (李垣)** Courtesy name: CH'IEN-LIU (謙六).—Born 1881 in Peking. Graduate of Waichiaopu School of Modern Languages. Studied in Russia and France. Sometime magistrate in Kirin Province and attaché, Chinese Legation in St. Petersburg; councillor, Law Compilation Bureau; assistant Amban at Kiachta (Outer Mongolia); acting frontier high commissioner; councillor to the Amban at Kobdo; acting pacification commissioner for Urga-Kobdo-Uliassutai; senior councillor to high commissioner for Mongolian frontier. May 1926—October 1927, governor of Metropolitan district and mayor of Peking. A brigadier general of the Chinese army. — p. 1140 ([scan leaf 1195](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1195/mode/1up))

**LI YUAN-HUNG, (黎元洪)** Courtesy name: SUNG-CH'ING (宋卿).—Born October 1864 in and native of Huangp'i, Hupeh. 1888, graduate of Peiyang naval college, Tientsin. Served on a cruiser during Sino-Japanese war. Served under Viceroy Chang Chih-tung and had charge of reconstruction of Nanking fort; accompanied him to Wuchang and assisted in training of Hupeh troops. 1897, went to Japan to study fortification contruction. 1899, major in the cavalry and then colonel of 21st brigade. 1902, went to Japan to witness imperial manoeuvres. 1906, had charge of organization of Changteh manouevres and then staff officer in Wuchang. October 10, 1911, was forced into accepting command of revolutionary forces, whose operations he directed thenceforward. Was mainly instrumental in holding of Shanghai peace conference which paved way for abdication of Manchus. 1912, vice-president of the Republic, concurrently chief of general staff and military governor of Hupeh; made full general. June 8, 1913, acting military governor of Kiangsi. October 7, 1913, reelected vice-president of Republic. June 1916 succeeded Yuan Shih-kai as President. July 1, 1917, resigned when Chang Hsün restored the Manchu monarchy. June 1922, asked to resume presidency upon Hsü Shih-ch'ang's departure. September 1923, compelled to leave Peking when plans were perfected for Tsao K'un to become President. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1140 ([scan leaf 1195](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1195/mode/1up))

**LIANG CH'I-CH'AO, (梁啟超)** Courtesy name: JEN-KUNG (任公), or CHO-JU (卓如).—Born 1869 in and native of Hsinhui, Kwangtung. A brilliant scholar and best known as K'ang Yu-wei's most prominent pupil. Started first daily paper in Peking, a leaflet containing only an editorial and given away gratis. Was proscribed and had to fly for his life, after the coup d'etat of 1898. 1899-1911, resided in Japan and travelled in Europe and America; organized Pao Huang Tang to support Emperor Kuang-hsü; edited several powerful papers (including Hsin Min Ch'ung Pao, Kuo Feng Pao, etc.) advocating a limited monarchy instead of a republic. 1912, returned to China; edited a daily in Tientsin advocating the spread of political education and diffusion of general knowledge; appointed vice-minister of justice but declined. Founder and editor, Yung Yen Pao ("Justice") bimonthly, and one of chief organizers of Chinputang (Progressive Party). September 1913-February 1914, minister of justice. 1914, head of currency bureau. 1915, denounced Japanese 21 Demands and preached against Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical scheme. Fled from Tientsin and enlisted the support of his pupil, General Tsai Ao in Yunnan. 1917, advised in favour of joining the Great War; minister of finance. 1919, adviser, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. Professor of history, Tsing Hua College, since 1923. 1925-1926, head of Metropolitan Library and Judicial Training Institute. In great demand as lecturer and exercises considerable influence through his pen and espousal of Hu Shih's "literary revolution." — p. 1140 ([scan leaf 1195](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1195/mode/1up))

**LIANG JU-HAO, (梁如浩)** Courtesy name : MENG-T'ING (孟亭).—Better known as : M. T. Liang. Born 1860 in and native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Educated in America. April 1906, Newchwang Taotai. April 1907, Tientsin Customs Taotai. October 1907, Shanghai Taotai. March 1908, secretary, Board of Foreign Affairs. July 1907, chief secretary to governor of Mukden. June 1909, recalled to Peking. November 1909, vacated office. November 16, 1911, offered post of vice-minister of communications in Yuan Shih-k'ai's Cabinet, but declined. Nominated for ministership of communications in first Republican Cabinet, but nomination rejected by National Council. September 16, 1912, elected minister of foreign affairs; resigned two months later. Has been resident of Tientsin ever since. 1920-1921, organizer and president, North China International Society of Famine Relief. November 1921, high adviser, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922, commissioner for negotiating with the British Government on the question of Weihaiwei's return to China. President, China International Famine Relief Commission, since January 1922. 1st Class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIANG, M. T** see above — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIANG PAO-CHIEN, (梁寶鑑)** —Prefers English rendering : P. K. Liang (Liang Pao-kan). Son of M. T. Liang. Born 1890 in and native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Studied in St. John's University (Shanghai), Tientsin Anglo-Chinese College, Mill Hill School (London), and Cambridge University. M.A., M.B., Ch.B., M.R.C.S. (England), and F.R.C.S. (Edinburgh). 1918, delegate to International Congress Royal Sanitary Institute, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Some time medical officer, Peking-Mukden and Tientsin-Pukow Railways. At present, in private practice in Tientsin; honorary surgeon, Mackenzie Memorial Hospital, and medical officer, Kailan Mining Administration, Tientsin. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIANG, P. K** see above. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIANG SHIH-YI, (梁士詒)** Courtesy name : YEN-SUN (燕蓀).—Born 1869 in and native of Sanshui, Kwangtung. 1899, Optimus (premier scholar) of imperial examinations. 1906, secretary to T'ang Shao-yi's special mission to India. 1907-1911, chief of railway department, Board of Communications; assistant director, Bank of Communications; acting vice-minister of communications. 1912, acting minister of communications; chief secretary to Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1913, acting vice-minister of finance; member of Ts'anchengyuan (Council of State). 1915, director general of Shuiwuchu (Customs revenue administration), and of taxes. May-October 1918, speaker of the Senate. Dec. 1921, appointed premier but opposed by Wu Pei-fu. May 1922, ordered to be arrested upon Chihli Party's victory. 1925, delegate to Customs Conference; chairman, Financial Rehabilitation Commission. President, Bank of Communications. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIM BOON-KENG** see LIN WEN-CH'ING. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIM, ROBERT KHO-SENG** see LIN K'O-SHENG. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIN, D. Y** see LIN TAO-YANG. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

***LIN HSIEN-TSU, (林憲祖)** —Civil governor of Shantung since 1926. 5th class Order of Merit and 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1141 ([scan leaf 1196](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1196/mode/1up))

**LIN HSIU-CHU, (林修竹)** Courtesy name: MOU-CH'UAN (茂泉).—Native of Yehhsien, Shantung. Graduate of Tokyo Engineering College. 1912-1919, appointed to various educational and industrial posts in Shantung. 1920, member of parliament. 1922, adviser, directorate-general of Shantung rehabilitation and Shantung salt commissioner's office. 1923, chief, bureau of public works, Tsinan. 1924, chief, river conservancy bureau, Tsinan, in special charge of Yellow River improvements. Vice-Minister of Education and member of Sino-Russian Indemnity Commission since July 1, 1927. Author of several volumes on Shantung commercial exhibits, customs and manners, industries, and Yellow River engineering problems. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LIN HUNG-HSUN, (凌鴻勛)** Courtesy name: TSO-MING (作銘).—Prefers English rendering: H. H. Ling. Born 1894; native of Kwangtung. 1923-1927, professor, then dean and president, Communications University, Shanghai. Author of two volumes on municipal and railway engineering. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LIN K'O-SHENG, (林可勝)** —Prefers English rendering: Robert Kho-seng Lim. Son of Lim Boon-keng. Born 1897; native of Amoy, Fukien. Educated at Lyon's School, Harrow, and George Watson's College, Edinburgh. 1919, M.B., Ch.B.; 1920, Ph.D.; 1924, D.Sc. (Edinburgh). 1920, Goodsir Memorial Fellow. 1924, Rockefeller Foundation Fellow. F.R.S. (Edin.), F.R.M.S., etc. House Physician, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. 1914-1916, cadet surgeon, I.V.A.C. 1920, Lieutenant, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). Professor and head, department of physiology, Peking Union Medical College since 1924. Editor, Chinese Journal of Physiology (Peking) since 1926. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LIN TAO-YANG, (凌道揚)** —Prefers English rendering: D. Y. Lin. Born 1888 in and native of Paoan, Kwangtung. Graduate of St. John's University, Shanghai. 1912, B.Sc. (Massachusetts Agricultural College). 1914, M.F. (Yale Forest School). 1915, lecturer on conservation, National Y.M.C.A., Shanghai. 1917, technical expert, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; professor of forestry, Nanking University. 1919, commissioner of forestry in Shantung; adviser to Ministry of Communications on railway forestry; adviser to civil governor of Shantung. 1922, adviser on agricultural and forestry matters, Shantung rehabilitation commission, Director, Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Tsingtao, since March 1923; concurrently special secretary for general affairs, Tsingtao government. Author of several volumes on the elements of forestry, Chinese wood oil, relation of forests to floods and droughts, some features of Chinese agriculture, etc. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LIN T'UNG-SHIH, (林桐實)** Courtesy name: TUN-MIN (敦民).—Prefers English rendering: Dunmin T. S. Lynn. Born 1883 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Paris University. 1910-1911, first secretary and then chargé d'Affaires, Paris. 1912-1917, chargé d'Affaires in Lisbon, Havana and Rio de Janiero. 1918, adviser to the President. 1921-1927, assistant director, political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LIN WEN-CH'ING, (林文慶)** —Prefers anglicized Amoy rendering: Lim Boon-keng. Born 1870; native of Amoy, Fukien. Educated in Scotland under auspices of Straits Settlements government. M.B., C.M. (Edinburgh). 1894, returned to Singapore; became actively identified with public life of the Colony. Chinese member on the Legislative Council for over ten years and was thanked by British Government several times for his medical and social services. A profound Confucian scholar and prolific writer and educational reformer. President, Amoy University, since 1923. 1910, adviser, Ministry of Interior, Peking. 1911, delegate to International Hygienic Congress, Dresden. 2nd class Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations; Order of British Empire and Order of Crown of Italy. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LING, H. H** see LIN HUNG-HSUN. — p. 1142 ([scan leaf 1197](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1197/mode/1up))

**LIU CHAN-EN, (劉湛恩)** Prefers English rendering : Herman Chanen Liu. Born 1897; native of Hanyang, Hupeh. 1918, B. Sc. (Soochow, Kiangsu). 1920, M. A. (Chicago). 1922, Ph. D. (Columbia). Sometime secretary, Chinese Educational Commission to U. S.; secretary, International Students Federation, New York Chief secretary, educational department, National Committee Y.M.C.A. Shanghai, since 1924. Author of "Non-verbal tests for use in China" (doctoral dissertation), "Co-education," etc. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHEH, (劉哲)** Courtesy name : CHING-YU (敬輿).—Native of Kirin. Graduate, Peking National University. Sometime associate managing director, Kirin civil governor; member, Kirin Provincial Assembly : senator, Peking. Minister of Eduation since June 1927. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHEN-HUA, (劉鎮華)** Courtesy name : HSUEH-YA (雪亞).—Born 1883 in and native of Kunghsien, Honan. Graduate, Peking Law College. Civil governor of Shensi since April 1918. May 1922, acting Tuchun (military governor) of Shensi. December 1923, made full general. 1925, Tupan (military governor) of Shensi. 3rd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHEN-HUA, (劉振華)** Courtesy name : HSIEN-CHOU (仙洲). Born 1890 in and native of Wanhsien, Szechwan. 1918, B.Sc. (Hongkong). Invented two irrigating machines which received certificates of honour from Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce and Chihli provincial exhibition of engineering products, Tientsin. 1921, professor of physics. farm motors and farm machinery, Hopei University, Paoting. President, Peiyang University, Tientsin, since 1924. Author of a number of textbooks, including applied mechanics, steam engines and internal combustion engines. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHIH-CHOU, (劉治洲)** Courtesy name : TING-WU (定五). Born 1883 in and native of Fenghsiang, Shensi. Graduate of Shanghai Lihua College. 1912, member, Shensi provincial assembly. 1913, member of parliament. 1914-1916, field manager, national oil administration. 1916-1917, member of parliament, Canton. Advisor to Marshal Wu Pei-fu, Loyang. 1922, member of parliament; vice-minister of agriculture and commerce. July 1923, resigned. 1925, vice-minister of agriculture and commerce. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHING-I, (劉敬宜)** Courtesy name : PEN-I (本義). Prefers English rendering : C. Y. Liu. Born 1897 in and native of Kaifeng, Honan. 1918-1920, attended University of California. 1922, B.S. in aviation and motor engineering (Michigan University). 1925, professor of engineering. Northeastern University, Mukden. 1926, technical expert, Aeronautical Department, Peking; concurrently editor-in-Chief of Chinese Aviation Monthly, and professor, Peking Law College. 1927, councillor to 3rd and 4th Mukden Army Corps; director, bureau of industries, Kaifeng; chief, river conservancy bureau, Kaifeng; chief, foreign affairs division, Hopei Garrison, and chief, mining bureau, Paoting. Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Commerce since July, 1927. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHING-JEN, (劉鏡人)** Courtesy name : SHIH-HSI (士熙). Born 1868 in and native of Paoshan, Kiangsu. Graduate of Peking College of Languages. 1911-1912, minister to Holland. 1912-1918, minister to Russia. September 1919, appointed minister to Japan but declined. 1920, vice-chairman, Ministry of Foreign Affairs commission for study of treaties. 1922, concurrently chairman, commission on Russian affairs, same Ministry. 1923-1924, vice-chairman, commission on foreign affairs. 1926, vice-chairman, commission on Sino-Russian Conference, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU, C. S** see below. — p. 1143 ([scan leaf 1198](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1198/mode/1up))

**LIU CHING-SHAN, (劉景山)** Courtesy name: CHU-CHUN (竹君).—Prefers English rendering: C. S. Liu. Born 1882 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Attended Peiyang University. 1909, B. S.; 1910, M.A. (Pennsylvania). 1915, chief of audit and accounts bureau, department of posts, Ministry of Communications. 1917, transferred chief of audit and accounts bureau, railway department. 1918, vice-chairman, Standing Committee on unification of railway accounts and statistics. 1920, chief of traffic division, railway department, and co-director of through traffic administration. 1921, chief accountant, Peking-Hankow Railway; vice-president, Chinese Eastern Railway. Director, railway department, Ministry of Communications, since 1922. Chief auditor, Bank of China, Peking. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU CH'UNG-CHIEH, (劉崇傑)** Courtesy name: TZU-K'AI (子楷).—Born 1880 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Tokyo Waseda University. Sometime 1st secretary and then chargé d'Affaires, Tokyo. 1917, councillor to the Cabinet Office and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1919, accompanied Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's mission to Europe; technical expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. Minister to Spain since September 1920. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

***LIU CHUNG-HUA, (劉鍾華)** Courtesy name: CHUNG-SHEN (仲升).—Born 1875; native of Yunnan. Studied in Japan. 1911-1915, and again 1919, vice-chairman, Yunnan Provincial Educational Association. 1926-1927, magistrate of Hsiangyen, Yunnan. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU, HERMAN CHANEN** see LIU CHAN-EN. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU, C. Y** see LIU CHING-I. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU HSIANG, (劉湘)** Courtesy name: FU-CH'EN (甫臣).—Born 1890; native of Tayi, Szechwan. Graduate of Chengtu military college. 1921, commander-in-chief of Szechwan forces and civil governor in Chungking. 1922, resigned to await developments. 1924, made full general; defence commissioner of Yunnan and Tibetan frontiers and director of bandit suppression. October 1927, still biding his time to bring order out of chaos in Szechwan. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

***LIU HSIEN-SHIH, (劉顯世)** —Native of Kweichow. Sometime acting civil governor of Kweichow; commander-in-chief of Kweichow troops. 1925, civil governor of Kweichow. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU JUI-HENG, (劉瑞恒)** Courtesy name: YUEH-JU (月如).—Prefers English rendering: J. Heng Liu. Born 1890 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. 1904-1906, studied in Peiyang University. 1909, B.S. (Harvard). 1915, M.D. (Harvard Medical School). 1915-1918, associate in surgery, Harvard Medical School of China; surgeon, Red Cross General Hospital, Shanghai. 1918-1924, associate and associate professor of surgery, Peking Union Medical College. Medical Superintendent, Peking Union Medical College, since 1924. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU SHANG-CH'ING, (劉尚清)** Courtesy name: HAI-CH'UAN (海泉).—Native of Haich'eng, Fengtien. Graduate of Mukden Law College. 1914, managing director, Mukden Provincial Bank. September 1919, commissioner of finance, Heilungkiang. July 1920, managing director, Holikang Coal Mining Co., T'angyuan (Heilungkiang). June-October 1927, minister of Agriculture and Commerce. October 1927, transferred civil governor of Mukden. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU SHIH-HSUN, (劉式訓)** Courtesy name: SUN-SHENG (筭笙).—Born 1868 in and native of Nanhui, Kiangsu. Studied in Shanghai Arsenal school and Peking College of Languages. 1904, secretary, special mission to England to attend King Edward's coronation. 1906-1912, minister to Paris and member of Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. January-August 1913, vice-minister of foreign affairs. 1914-1916, minister to Brazil. December 1916-March 1917, vice-minister of foreign affairs. 1917-1920, adviser to the Presi- dent; member, commission on foreign affairs. 1921, reappointed vice-minister of foreign affairs. 1922, vice-chairman, commission for the study of treaties. 1923, vice-chairman, commission on foreign affairs. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration, as well as many foreign decorations. — p. 1144 ([scan leaf 1199](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1199/mode/1up))

**LIU SHU-FAN, (劉書蕃)** Courtesy name: CHIEN-HOU (建侯).—Born 1880; native of Fukien. Graduate of Foochow Anglo-Chinese College. First Chinese appointed as commissioner in postal service. Postal commissioner for Kweichow, 1915-1921; for Shensi since 1922. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LIU, TIMOTHY TINGFANG** see below. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LIU T'ING-FANG, (劉廷芳)** —Prefers English rendering: Timothy Tingfang Lew. Born 1891 in and native of Wenchow, Chekiang. Studied in St. John's University, Shanghai. 1914, B.A..;. 1915, M.A. (Columbia). 1918, B.D. (Yale). 1920, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1918, instructor in religious education, New York Union Theological Seminary. 1920-1926, dean, graduate school of education, National Normal University: professor of psychology, National University; dean, school of theology, Yenching University, Peking. 1926-1927, lecturer and official representative of Kung-li-hui (Congregational Churches) of China in America and Europe. Author of "Psychology of Learning Chinese: An Experimental Study," "China in American School Text-books"; joint author of "China Today Through Chinese Eyes," "Education in China," etc. 1920-1924, editor-in-chief, "Life Magazine." Committee member of many church and educational councils. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LIU TS'UN-HOU, (劉存厚)** Courtesy name: CHI-CHIH (積之).—Born 1885 in and native of Chenyang, Szechwan. Graduate of Tokyo Military College. 1911-1912, chief of staff to Yunnan revolutionary government. 1913-1916, garrison commander, Chungking. 1917, commander-in-chief of southern Szechwan; then military governor. 1918, ousted from Szechwan by Hsiung K'e-wu and retreated to Shensi. 1924, made full general and military governor of Szechwan; then frontier defence commissioner of Szechwan and Shensi and inspector general of Szechwan army. One of three of four contestants for control of entire Szechwan since then. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LIU YU-LIN, (劉玉麟)** —Prefers Cantonese rendering: Lew Yuk-lin. Born 1862; native of Kwangtung. Graduate, Philips Academy, Andover, U.S.A. 1914, honorary LL.D. (Cantab.) 1904-1908, consul general to South Africa. 1909, delegate, International Opium Commission, Shanghai. 1910-1914, minister to Great Britain. 1917-1923, high adviser to Canton Military Government; salt commissioner for Kwangtung and Kwangsi. Retired. 2nd class Double Dragon and 1st class Tashou decoration, as well as several foreign decorations. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LO CH'ANG, (羅昌)** —Prefers anglicized Hakka rendering: Lo Chong. Born 1883; native of Paoan, Kwangtung. Educated at Iolani College, Honolulu. 1908, B.A. (Oxon). 1913, secretary, Ministry of Communications. 1914-1915, commissioner of foreign affairs in Shantung; despatched to Szechwan to audit salt accounts for Ministry of Finance. 1917, commissioner of foreign affairs and superintendent of customs, Amoy. 1919, consul-general at Singapore. 1921, consul-general at London. 1924, consul-general at Ottawa. 1925-1926, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Councillor, Cabinet Office, and concurrently adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since July 1927. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LO CHONG** see above. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**LO CHUNG-YI, (羅忠詒)** Courtesy name: YI-YUAN (儀元).—Prefers to sign himself: T. Y. Lo (Lo Tsung-yee). Born 1886; native of Fukien. 1908, B.A. in economics (Cantab.) 1909, secretary to governor of Kwangsi. 1910-1911, Chinshih and Hanlin Compiler of imperial examinations. 1912-1913, director; Peking College of Communications; secretary to the President. 1914-1919, 1st secretary and then chargé d'Affaires, London. 1921-1923, chargé d'Affaires, Lima (Peru). 1924, secretary to the Cabinet. Minister to Denmark since 1926. C.B.E. British Government for services in connection with Chinese Labour Corps during Great War. — p. 1145 ([scan leaf 1200](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1200/mode/1up))

**Lo HUNG-NIEN, (羅鴻年)** Courtesy name : YEN-FENG (雁峰).—Prefers English rendering : Hung Nien Lo. Born 1881; native of Kiangsu. Graduate, Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1911, B. Com. (Birmingham). 1912-1921, director, supervision and national treasury department, Bank of China. 1921, vice-minister of finance. 1922, director, Shanghai Mint. 1924, vice-minister of education. 1923-1927, technical expert, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. Chief superintendent, Continental Bank, Peking, since 1924. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**Lo, R. Y** see Lo YUN-YEN. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**Lo, T. Y** see Lo CHUNG-YI. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**Lo WEN-KAN, (羅文幹)** Courtesy name : CHUN-JEN (鈞任).—Born 1888; native of P'anyü, Kwangtung. M.A. (Oxon.) and Barrister-at-law (Inner Temple, London). 1911-1912, judicial commissioner for Kwangtung. 1912-1915, procurator general, Peking. 1916-1926, vice-chairman, Law Codification Commission; professor, Peking National University. 1921-1922, vice and then officiating minister of justice; chief justice, Supreme Court. September-December 1922, minister of finance. Imprisoned for over a year on charges of which he was found innocent. 1926, minister of justice. 1927, director general, Customs Revenue Administration (Shuiwuchu); delegate to Customs Conference; vice-chairman, Treaty Revision Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. President, Commercial Guarantee Bank of Chihli, Peking, since 1924. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**Lo YUN-YEN, (羅運炎)** Courtesy name : YAO-TUNG (耀東).—Prefers English rendering : R. Y. Lo. Born 1890 in and native of Kiukiang, Kiangsi. Graduate of Kiukiang William Nast College. 1911, B.A. (Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio). 1912, M.A.; 1914, Ph. D. (Syracuse). 1915-1919, professor of economics and sociology, William Nast College. 1917, adviser to military governor of Kiangsi and concurrently assistant commissioner of foreign affairs, Kiukiang. General editor, Methodist Episcopal Church, and vice-chairman, China Christian Literature Council, Shanghai, since 1921. Author of "The Social Teaching of Confucius" (doctoral dissertation), "New China's Problems," etc. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LOE MENG-LEN** see JAO MENG-JEN. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LOH, TACHUEN S. K** see LU SHOU-CHING. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**Loo HING-YUN** see LU HSING-YUAN. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LOU TSENG-TSIANG** see LU CHENG-HSIANG. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LOU TSIUN** see LU CHUN. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LU CHENG-HSIANG, (陸徵祥)** Courtesy name : TZU-HSING (子欣).—Prefers French rendering : Lou Tseng Tsiang. Born 1870 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Educated in Shanghai Language School and Peking T'ung Wen Kuan. 1895, secretary, Chinese Legation in St. Petersburg, and extraordinary mission to attend the Tsar's coronation. 1899, delegate to 1st Hague Peace Conference. 1905-1911, minister to Holland; delegate to 2nd Hague Peace Conference. 1911, minister to Russia. 1912, minister of foreign affairs and then premier. 1915, acting premier and minister of foreign affairs. 1919, chief delegate to Paris Peace Conference. 1921, president, national famine prevention commission. 1922-1927, minister to Switzerland and delegate to League of Nations Assembly and International Labour Conference. 1st class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. Summer of 1927, reported to have entered a monastery in Belgium. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LU CHIN, (陸錦)** Courtesy name : HSIU-SHAN (繡山).—Born 1880 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate of Tientsin Peiyang Military College and Tokyo Military College. 1913-1914, defence commissioner of Tientsin. 1917-1918, assistant chief of general staff. 1920, acting commander, 9th division. 1922, chief staff officer to High Inspecting Commissioner of Chihli, Shantung and Honan. 1923, made full general. 1924, minister of war. Retired. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration and 4th class Order of Merit. — p. 1146 ([scan leaf 1201](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1201/mode/1up))

**LU CHUN, (路濟)** Courtesy name: SHAO-YUEN (紹園).—Prefers French rendering: Lou Tsiun. Native of Wanp'ing, Chihli. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Bachelor of politics, Brussels University. 1920, chief of section, political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922-1927, consul to Amsterdam, Holland. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**LU HSING-YUAN, (盧興原)** Prefers Cantonese rendering: Loo Hing-yun or H. Y. Loo. Born 1885, at Macao. 1916, Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple (London); M.A. (Oxford). 1917, returned to China and practised law at Shanghai, Hongkong and Canton. 1919, chief of department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Canton. 1920, adviser to Governor Chen Chün-ming and member of commission to draft provincial government system. February 1921, chief of division of Supreme Court, Canton. June-October 1927, president of Shanghai Provisional Court (Mixed Court of Shanghai International Settlement). — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**LU KUNG-WANG, (呂公望)** —Born 1880; native of Chekiang. Graduate, Paoting Military College. 1911, chief of staff, Chekiang revolutionary army. 1912, commander, 6th division; defence commissioner, Kashing-Wuchow district, Chekiang. March 1916, Chekiang civil and military governor. [illegible] 1918, commander-in-chief, Chekiang provincial army. April 1920, chief of staff, Canton Military Government. 1925, civil governor of Chekiang. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Chiaho and Wenhu decorations. — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**LU SHOU-CHING, (陸守經)** Courtesy name: TA-CH'UAN (達權).—Prefers anglicized Shanghai rendering: Tachuen S. K. Loh. Born 1884 in and native of Tsingpu, Kiangsu. Studied in Communications and Fuhtan universities, Shanghai. 1914, B.A. in political science (Wisconsin). 1915, junior clerk, Ministry of Justice. 1916, magistrate, Kulangsu Mixed Court, Amoy. 1917, chief judge, Shanghai District Court. 1918, adviser to custodian of enemy property, Kiangsu. 1919, secretary to defence commissioner for Shanghai and Sungkiang. 1922, concurrently chief of transportation department, Shanghai agency of Ministry of Communications. 1925, assistant councillor and secretary, Ministry of Communications. Senior secretary, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July 1927. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**LU TSUNG-YU, (陸宗輿)** Courtesy name: YUN-SHENG (潤生).—Born 1875 in and native of Haining, Chekiang. Graduate of Tokyo Waseda University. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1905, accompanied five high commissioners to investigate constitutional systems in Europe, U.S.A. and Japan. 1907, director of salt bureau, Mukden. 1910, member, Tzuchengyuan (Advisory Council). 1912, vice-minister of finance and adviser to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1913, senator. 1913-1916, minister to Japan. 1919, forced to retire from official life by strong public sentiment against so-called pro-Japanese officials. 1924, member, Provisional Senate. Director, Bank of Communications, and managing director, Exchange Bank of China. — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**LU YUNG-HSIANG, (盧永祥)** Courtesy name: TZU-CHIA (子嘉).—Born 1867 in and native of Tsiyang, Shantung. Educated in Shanhaikuan military school. 1911, major-general commanding 5th mixed brigade. 1912, commander, 20th division. 1914, transferred commander, 10th division. 1915-1917, defence commissioner of Shanghai and Woosung; concurrently co-director, military affairs of Kiangsu. 1920, military governor of Chekiang. 1922, made full general; declared independence of Peking. 1924, driven out of Chekiang and Kiangsu and fled to Japan. 1925, Tupan (military governor) of Kiangsu. Retired. 1st class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**LYNN, DUNMIN T. S** see LIN T'UNG-SHIH. — p. 1147 ([scan leaf 1202](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1202/mode/1up))

**MA CHEN-CH'ANG, (馬振昌)** Courtesy name: HSU-TUNG (旭東).—Born 1896 in and native of Miyun, Chihli. Graduate of artillery school, Heilungkiang Military College and Nanyuan Aviation School. Sometime flight leader and acting director, Mukden Army aviation department; councillor, Aeronautical Department, Peking. Director, equipment division, Aeronautical Department, Ministry of Military Affairs, since August 1927. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA HSU-LUN, (馬叙倫)** Courtesy name: I-CH'U (夷初).—Born 1885; native of Chekiang. Sometime principal, Chekiang 1st Normal College. 1922, commissioner of education, Chekiang; vice-minister of education. 1924, reappointed vice-minister of education; resigned owing to students' attacks. President, Labour University, Shanghai, since August 1927. Author of three volumes on Chinese literature. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA FU-HSIANG, (馬福祥)** Courtesy name: YUN-T'ING (雲亭).—Native of Taoho, Kansu. 1912, acting chief administrative officer, Kokonor. 1913, military commissioner, Ninghsia, Kansu. 1920, Tutung (civil and military governor) of Suiyuan. Retired. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA HO, (馬和)** Courtesy name: CHUN-WU (君武).—Born 1887 in and native of Kweilin, Kwangsi. Graduate, Kyoto Imperial University. 1911, doktor ingenieur, Berlin University. 1912, delegate of Kwangsi to draft Nanking Provisional Constitution; vice-minister of agriculture and commerce. 1913 and again 1916, senator. 1918, minister of communications, Canton Military Government. 1920, chief secretary, Canton Government. 1921-1922, civil governor of Kwangsi. 1925-1926, minister of justice. Author of many textbooks and translator of scientific and mathematical treatises. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

***MA LIEN-CHIA, (馬聯甲)** Some time defence commissioner of Southern Anhwei. 1920, assistant military governor of Anhwei. December 1923, civil governor of Anhwei. Retired. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA SOO** see below. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA SU, (馬素)** Courtesy name: HUI-CHAI (繪齋). Prefers to sign himself: Ma Soo. Born 1883 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. M.A. (Columbia). 1908-1910, professor of history, Nanyang College, Shanghai. 1911-1912, secretary to Sun Yat-sen, Nanking Provisional Government; founder and editor, China Republican (published in English), Shanghai. 1914-1919, research work in London and New York and lecturer on Chinese arts; head of Kuomintang in U.S.A., Canada and Mexico. 1921-1922, Kuomintang representative in Washington; editor, China Review, New York. 1926, delegate to Customs Conference. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

***MA TAI-CHUN, (馬泰鈞)** Courtesy name: YUN-CH'U (韻初).—Native of Tientsin, Chihli. 1910, M. A. (Harvard). March 1913—February 1920, director, salt revenue office, Mukden. 1920-1926, director, salt revenue office, Foochow, Fukien. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA YIN-CH'U, (馬寅初)** Born 1884 in and native of Ch'enghsien, Chekiang. Attended Peiyang University, Tientsin. 1910, B. A. (Yale). 1911, M. A.; 1913, Ph.D. (Columbia). Honorary LL.D. (Soochow). 1913-1915, postgraduate work, University of New York, department of commerce. 1915-1920, professor of economics and dean, Peking Government University. 1920-1921, adviser, National Commercial Bank, Shanghai. Chief of note issue department, Bank of China, Peking Head Office, since 1922; concurrently professor of economics and banking, Peking National University. Author of several books on China's financial and economic problems. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

**MA YU-SHAN, (馬玉山)** Better known as: M. Y. San. Born 1878 in and native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Became a merchant abroad while still a youth. Founder and president, M. Y. San Confectionery and Biscuit Manu- facturing Company, and of China National Sugar Refining Company, with factories in Manila, Hongkong, Shanghai and Woosung. 1922, took a trip round the world as commissioner to study industrial conditions n Europe and America. — p. 1148 ([scan leaf 1203](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1203/mode/1up))

***MEN CHIH-CHUNG** (門致中).—Born 1888; native of Kirin. Graduate of Paoting Military College. Sometime colonel of 25th mixed brigade and chief of Suiyuan Constabulary. One of Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang's Kuominchun commanders. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**MENG HSIEN-CH'ENG** (孟憲承). Courtesy name: Po-ho (伯和).—Prefers English rendering: H. C. Meng. Born September 1894. 1916, B.A. cum laude (St. John's University). 1916-1919, instructor, Tsing Hua College. 1919-1920, research scholar, George Washington University, Washington. 1921, Attaché, Chinese Legation in London. 1921-1923, lecturer, Southeastern University, Nanking. 1923-1925, dean, Chinese department, St. John's University. 1925-1926, dean, Chinese department, Tsing Hua College. 1926-1927, dean, Kuang Hua University, Shanghai. Commissioner of education, Kiangsu, since May 1927. Author and translator of several books. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

***MO TEH-HUI** (莫德惠).—Native of Fengtien. 1924-1925, vice-minister of agriculture and commerce. 1926-1927, civil governor of Mukden. October 1927, transferred Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**MOH, H. Y** see below. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**MU HSIANG-YUEH** (穆湘玥).—Courtesy name: Ou-ch'u (藕初). Prefers to sign himself: H. Y. Moh. Generally referred to as "China's Cotton King." Born 1877 in and native of Shanghai. 1891-1898, worked in his father's cotton store. 1900-1905, clerk in Shanghai maritime customs. 1906, English instructor, Loong Men Normal School, Shanghai. 1907-1908, chief of police department, Kiangsu Railway Co. 1909, entered Wisconsin University. 1913, B.S. in agriculture (Illinois). Summer of same year, studied soap manufacture in Armour Institute, Chicago, and cotton planting and manufacturing in Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1914, M.S. (Illinois); returned to China. 1915, established a cotton mill with his brother's assistance. Introduced American seeds in his own cotton experimental station and has been managing director of Teh Dah Cotton Spinning Co. (Shanghai) and Hou Sung Cotton Spinning Co. (Chengchow, Honan) since 1916. Autumn of 1919, delegate to Pacific Commercial Conference, Honolulu. October 1923, chief Chinese delegate to Pan-Pacific Conference, Honolulu. 1920, chairman of cotton extension and improvement committee of Chinese Cotton Millowners' Association; president of Chinese Cotton Goods Exchange; member of the Chinese Advisory Council of the Shanghai Municipal Council, etc. Author of several books on cotton and cotton spinning and weaving (in Chinese). — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**NA YEN-T'U** (那彥圖). Mongol. Prince of 1st Order and Jassak of Khalka Mongols. 1896, superintendent of Peking Octroi. 1903, grand chamberlain; lieutenant general of Bordered Yellow Banner. 1914, one of Mongol members in National Council and tartar general of Tarbagatai. September 1922, pacification commissioner of Mongolia. November 1923, made full general. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**NAN KUEI-HSING** (南桂馨). Courtesy name: P'ei-lan (佩蘭). Prefers English rendering: Q. S. Nan. Born 1884; native of Ningwu, Shansi. Graduate, Shansi University, and Tokyo Police Institute. 1914, assistant director of military affairs, Hotung (Shansi). May 1916, acting defence commissioner of North Shansi. 1924-1926, commissioner of police, Taiyuan. 1927, representative of Governor Yen Hsi-shan in Peking for special negotiations. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**NAN, Q. S** see above. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**NEW WAY-LING** see NIU HUI-LIN. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**NEW WAY-SUNG** see NIU HUI-SHENG. — p. 1149 ([scan leaf 1204](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1204/mode/1up))

**NIEH CH'I-CHIEH, (聶其杰)** Courtesy name: YUN-T'AI (雲臺). Prefers English rendering: C. C. Nieh. Born 1880, at Changsha (Hunan). As governor of Kiangsu and Chekiang and concurrently director of Kiangnan Arsenal, his father was first in China to build iron-clad ships and 12-inch guns; while his maternal grandfather was Marquis Tseng Kuo-fan of Taiping Rebellion fame. At age of two began to reside at Shanghai. Private tutoring. 1904, purchased the half-moribund Heng Foong Cotton Mill and, after six years, made it into a money-making concern; ten years later, it was giving employment to 1500 people and maintaining over a dozen scholarships in Nantungchow, France, England and U. S. A. 1915, vice-president of Chinese commercial mission to United States. 1918, organized Chinese Cotton Mill Owners' Association and made first president. General manager of Great China Cotton Mill since 1919. One of the founders of National Association for Vocational Education, director of Shanghai Y. M. C. A. and member of Chinese Advisory Committee of Shanghai Municipal Council. Translator of a book on telegraphy (1901). Third Class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. January 1923, Trustee, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**NIEH HSIEN-FAN, (聶憲藩)** Courtesy name: WEI-CH'ENG (維城). Born 1880 in and native of Hofei, Anhwei. Studied in Tokyo Military College. Rose to brigadier-general at Tengchow, Shantung, before 1911 revolution. 1913, defence commissioner, Chefoo. December 1919, civil governor of Anhwei. May 1922, commander-in-chief of Peking Gendarmerie. November 1923, made full general. Retired. 1st class Wenhu and 1st class Tashou Chiaho decorations. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**NIU HUI-LIN, (牛惠霖)** Prefers English rendering: W. L. New (New Wayling). Born 1887 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of St. John's University, Shanghai, Cambridge University, and London Hospital, London. M.A., B. Ch. (Cantab.), M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.). Exhibitioner at Downing College (Cambridge). Held resident posts in Middlesex Hospital, London, and East Suffolk Hospital, Ipswich. 1917-1927, medical superintendent and honorary surgeon, Chinese Red Cross General Hospital; consulting surgeon, Shantung Road Hospital; associate professor of operative surgery, St. John's University Medical School, Shanghai. In private practice and connected with other hospitals. Past president, National Medical Association of China and China Medical Association, Shanghai Branch. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**NIU HUI-SHENG, (牛惠生)** Prefers English rendering: W. S. New (New Waysung). Brother of W. L. New. Born June 1892 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. 1910, B.A. (St. John's University, Shanghai). 1914, M.D. (Harvard). 1915-1916, in charge of department of anatomy, Harvard Medical School of China, Shanghai. 1918-1920, assistant in orthopaedic surgery, Peking Union Medical College. Private practice in Shanghai since 1921. Orthopaedic surgeon to Red Cross General Hospital, Margaret Williamson Hospital, and Soochow Hospital. Instructor in orthopaedic surgery and applied anatomy, Women's Christian Union Medical College, and St. John's University Medical School. 1926, president, Shanghai Medical Society. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**OU TSING** see WU CHIN. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**OUANG, K. T** see WANG CHI-TSENG. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**OUANG TING-TCHANG** see WANG TING-CHANG. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

**OUYANG KENG, (歐陽庚)** Courtesy name: SHAO-PO (少伯).—Prefers English rendering: Owyang King. Native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. 1872, went with first batch of government students to U. S. A. 1881, Ph.B. (Yale). 1885-1899, vice-consul in San Francisco; commissioner to investigate conditions of Chinese in Mexico. 1899-1910, consul in Vancouver, B.C. 1910-1914, consul general in Panama. 1914-1917, consul general in Batavia, Java. 1919-1920, first secretary, Chinese Legation in London. 1922-1925, chargé d'Affaires in Santiago, Chile. 1926, transferred to Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1150 ([scan leaf 1205](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1205/mode/1up))

***PAI CH'UNG-HSI, (白崇禧)** —Born 1893. Native of Kweilin, Kwangsi. Was one of the student corps participating in 1911 Revolution at Wuchang. Nationalist Defence Commissioner at Shanghai since April 1927. — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**P'AN FU, (潘復)** Courtesy name: HSING-HANG (馨航).—Native of Tsining, Shantung. Chujen of imperial examinations. 1913, industrial commissioner of Shantung; organized industrial exhibition, Tsinan, for display of Shantung products in Panama Exposition. 1918, associate director general, Grand Canal Improvement Board. 1919-1920, vice-minister of finance; director general of Grand Canal Improvement Board; officiating minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration. 1921, acting minister of finance. Organizer and managing director, Lu Feng Cotton Mill Company, since 1915. Minister of finance and then Premier since beginning of 1927. — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**PAO CH'I-YUAN, (鮑啟元)** Courtesy name: KUAN-CH'UN (冠春).—Prefers English rendering: Koschen C. Y. Bao. Born 1877; native of Chinkiang, Kiangsu. Graduate, Peiyang University, law department. 1919-1920, secretary National Wine and Tobacco Administration. 1921, councillor, Aeronautical Department. 1925, managing director, Shanghai Telephone Company. Author of three volumes on China's unification, political affairs in Manchuria, China's finance and tobacco monopoly. — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**PAO KUEI-CH'ING, (鮑貴卿)** Courtesy name: T'ING-CHIU (靚九).—Native of Hai-ch'eng, Fengtien. Graduate of K'aiping military Academy. 1913-1915, garrison commander, Wuhu (Anhwei). July 1917, civil and military governor of Heilungkiang; director general, Chinese Eastern Railway and Ping-Hei Railway. 1919-1920, civil and military governor of Kirin. 1921-1922, minister of war. 1924-1925, reappointed director general, Chinese Eastern Railway. 2nd class Order of Merit; Ting Wei General. Adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin. — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**PAO MING-CH'IEN, (鮑明銒)** —Prefers English rendering: Mingchien Joshua Bau. Born 1894; native of Chinhsien, Chekiang. Graduate of Tsing Hua College. 1918, B.A. (Yale). 1919, M.A. (Columbia). 1921, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins). 1922-1927, head of English department, Peking National Teachers University; professor of political science, Peking Law College; editor, Peking Daily News; 1927, delegate, Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu. professor of political science, Metropolitan University, since September 1927. Author of "The Foreign Relations of China" (doctoral dissertation), "The Open Door Doctrine," "Modern Democracy in China;" also (in the press) "China and World Peace." — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**PIEN SHOU-CH'ING, (邊守靖)** Courtesy name: CHI-CH'ING (潔清).—Born 1884 in and native of Chinghai, Chihli. Graduate, Paoting Law College and Tokyo Imperial University. 1910, assisted in organization of bureau of judicial affairs, Chekiang. July 1912, elected vice-speaker and then speaker, Chihli provincial assembly. Adviser, Chihli police administration, and director general, Ling Ching Mining Corporation. Proprietor, Ho Pei Jih Pao, Tientsin. Promoter and chairman, Tientsin Anglo-American-Chinese Commercial Club. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations; 4th class Order of Merit. — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**PIEN SHOU-SUN, (卞壽孫)** Courtesy name: PAI-MEI (白眉).—Prefers anglicized Shanghai rendering: Z. S. Bien (Bien Zue-sung). Born 1883; native of Icheng, Kiangsu. Studied in Shanghai Aurora College. 1912, Ph.B. (Brown University, U.S.A.); James Manning's scholar. 1913, assistant, department of note issue, Bank of China. 1914, chief auditor, same institution. 1916-1920, chief secretary, Chung Foo Union Bank, Tientsin. 1922-1924, manager, Bank of China, Peking. Manager, Bank of China, Tientsin, since 1925. 2nd class Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1151 ([scan leaf 1206](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1206/mode/1up))

**PIEN YIN-CH'ANG, (卞蔭昌)** Courtesy name: YUEH-T'ING (月庭).—Born 1870 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Sometime senior secretary, Board of Works and Board of Justice. 1912, associate director, Tientsin general chamber of commerce; commanding officer, Tientsin merchants' volunteer corps. 1913, chairman, United Chamber of Commerce of Chihli; adviser to military governor of Chihli. 1914, adviser to civil governor of Chihli. 1917, commissioned by Ministry of Finance to investigate taxation conditions in Chihli. August 1918, member of parliament. President, Tientsin Chinese general chamber of commerce since 1919. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1152 ([scan leaf 1207](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1207/mode/1up))

**PO WEN-WEI, (柏文蔚)** Courtesy name: LIEH-WU (烈武).—Native of Fengyang, Anhwei. Born 1875. Studied in local high school and a military academy in Anhwei. At the time of 1911 Revolution, elected regimental commander of Chinkiang army and played important part in capture of Nanking. Shortly after, made Tutuh (military governor) of Anhwei. Suspected of participation in Revolution of 1913, was dismissed; but gathering his own men, made a dash for Nanking, defeated Ni Ssu-ch'ung and was elected Tutuh of Kiangsu. Owing to disagreement, resigned and went to Japan. 1915, went to South Sea Islands to raise funds for Kuomintang Party. 1916, returned and joined in opposition against Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical scheme. 1917, highest adviser to President of Republic and invested with rank of Lieh Wei Chiang Chun. 1921, councillor to Canton Government. 1925, adviser to Hu Ching-yi, commander of Kuominchun Second Army. Liason officer between Kuominchun and Kuomintang. — p. 1152 ([scan leaf 1207](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1207/mode/1up))

**P'U YI, (溥儀)** .—Ex-emperor Hsuan T'ung. Has adopted English name: Henry Pu Yi. Son of Prince Ch'un (Tsai Li) and nephew of Emperor Kuang-hsü. Born February 1906. Succeeded to the Throne, under his father's regency, Nov. 14, 1908, and adopted reign title of Hsuan T'ung. Feb. 12, 1912, abdicated. July 1917, ascended the Throne upon Chang Hsun's execution of coup d'etat; but the Restoration did not survive more than a fortnight. May 1922, cut off his queue. December, 1922, married. October 1924, driven out from the Palace by Feng Yu-hsiang's coup d'etat. Has been residing in Japanese Concession, Tientsin, ever since. — p. 1152 ([scan leaf 1207](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1207/mode/1up))

**QUO TAI-CHI** see KUO TAI-CHI. — p. 1152 ([scan leaf 1207](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1207/mode/1up))

**SAH CHEN-PING, (薩鎮冰)** Courtesy name: TING-MING (鼎銘). Born 1858 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Foochow and Greenwich naval colleges. Given three years' training on British warship. 1885, joined Chinese navy. Took part in Sino-Japanese war ten years later. 1903, commander-in-chief of Peiyang naval forces. 1905, transferred to command of Kwangtung naval and land forces. 1909, high commissioner of naval reorganization; admiral of imperial fleet. 1910, accompanied Prince Tsai Hsun on his naval mission to Europe, America and Japan and was knighted by King Edward VII. 1912-1913, president, Woosung naval academy; commander of land and water police, Shanghai and Woosung. 1914-1915, member of State Council (functioning as Parliament); director general of all arsenals in the country. 1916-1917, inspecting commissioner of Kwangtung and Fukien; appointed minister of navy but declined. 1918, commissioner for suppression of bandits in Fukien. 1919, minister of navy. May, 1920, acting premier. 1921, made full admiral. 1922-1926, special commissioner for suppression of opium in Fukien and Anhwei; deputy military governor and then civil governor of Fukien. 1st class Tashou Paokuang and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1152 ([scan leaf 1207](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1207/mode/1up))

**SAH FU-MOU, (薩福懋)** Courtesy name: T'UNG-SUN (桐蓀). Born 1873 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate, Tientsin naval academy. 1900, assistant commissioner of foreign affairs, Shanhaikuan. 1905, acting director, Tao-Ching Railway. 1906-1907, director, telegraph administration, and commissioner of foreign affairs, Canton. 1910, concurrently superintendent of Canton customs. 1913, director of telegraph administration, Shanghai and then Hangchow; commissioner of foreign affairs, Canton; secretary, Ministry of Communications. 1914, secretary, Chinese delegation to International Postal Conference, Madrid; governor, Bank of China. 1917, commissioner of foreign affairs, Shanghai; custodian of enemy shipping. 1921, director, Shanghai Mint; chief of Shanghai branch of High Industrial Commission. 1922, retired. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Res. Shanghai. — p. 1152 ([scan leaf 1207](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1207/mode/1up))

**SAKWAN TONG** see T'ANG SHIH-WAN. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SAN, M. Y** see MA YU-SHAN. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SEC, FONG F** see KUANG FU-SHAO. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHAN, WITSON H** see HSIANG HSIANG. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHEN CH'I, (沈琪)** Courtesy name : MU-HAN (穆涵).—Born 1871 in and native of Chinghai, Chihli. Graduate of Peiyang Military College. 1912, chief technical expert, Ministry of Communications. 1914, director, railway department, same Ministry. 1917, reappointed chief technical expert. 1918-1920, vice and then chairman, commission on railway technics; director, Peking-Suiyuan Railway; chief engineer, northern section, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 1922, acting director, railway department, Ministry of Communications; chief through traffic administration. Reappointed chief technical expert, Ministry of Communications, since 1923. Concurrently chairman, commission on purchases; vice-chairman, commission on proposed lines; government director on controlling board of Lung Yen Coal Mining Co. President, Chinese Institute of Engineers, for a number of years. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHEN JUI-LIN, (沈瑞麟)** Courtesy name : YEN-YI (覬裔).—Prefers French rendering : Shen Soeu-ling. Born 1875 in and native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. 1905-1908, 2nd secretary and then chargé d'affaires, Berlin. 1910-1917, minister to Austria-Hungary. 1922-1925, vice-minister of foreign affairs. 1925-1926, minister of foreign affairs; delegate and chairman, Customs Conference. Minister of interior since July 1927; concurrently director general of Peking municipal administration. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations; as well as many foreign decorations. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHEN SOEU-LING** see above. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHEN TZU-LIANG, (沈子良)** Courtesy name : TZU-HSING (字行).—Born 1884; native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Graduate of a Swedish university. 1916, director, Canton-Samshui Railway, and assistant manager, Canton-Hankow Railway. 1924, superintendent of customs and commissioner of foreign affairs, Hankow. 1925, director, Wuchang Mint. 1926, director, Hankow ex-German and Russian concessions. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHENG CHIEN-MO, (盛建謨)** Courtesy name : CHI-YING (季英).—Prefers to sign himself : Sheng Kien-moo. Born 1896 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of Paoting Military College and Nanyuan Aviation School. 1922, councillor to Inspector-General of Chihli, Shantung and Honan. 1923, instructor, Nanyuan Aviation School. 1924, flight leader, Mukden Aviation School. 1925, chief of staff to commander-in-chief of Mukden Army air service. 1926, flight commander, Chihli and Shantung armies' air service. Councillor, Aeronautical Department, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July 1927. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHENG KIEN-MOO** see above. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHIH SHAO-CH'ANG, (施紹常)** Courtesy name : PO-I (伯彝).—Born 1872, native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Sometime 1st secretary, Chinese Legation in The Hague, Rome and Berlin. 1915-1919, consul general to Manila. 1920-1925, director, department of political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Minister to Peru since March 1926. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHIH CHAO-CHI, (施肇基)** Courtesy name : CHIH-CHIH (植之).—Prefers English rendering : Sao-ke Alfred Sze. Born 1876 in Chenju, Kiangsu; native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Studied in St. John's University, Shanghai, and Washington School. 1901, B.A.; 1902, M.A. (Cornell). Honorary LL.D. (St. John's and Syracuse universities). Chinshih and Hanlin Compiler of im- perial examinations. 1903-1904, secretary to viceroys Chang Chih-tung and Tuan Fang. 1907-1910, director, Peking-Hankow Railway; director, Northern Railways; Customs Taotai, Harbin; junior councillor, Board of Foreign Affairs. 1911, imperial commissioner to International Plague Conference, Mukden; acting senior vice-president, Board of Foreign Affairs; nominated minister to America, Peru, Mexico and Cuba, but did not proceed. 1912, minister of communications. 1913, grand master of ceremonies, President's Office. 1914-1920, minister to Great Britain; delegate to Paris Peace Conference. Transferred minister to Washington since 1920. 1921-1922, chief delegate to Washington Conference. November 1922, visited China. January 5—February 3, 1923, minister of foreign affairs, but his nomination later rejected by the Senate. 1924-1925, delegate, Geneva Opium Conferences. 1925, appointed delegate to Customs Conference but did not attend. Trustee, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture, since 1925. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Related by marriage to T'ang Shao-yi. — p. 153 ([scan leaf 1208](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1208/mode/1up))

**SHIH CHAO-K'UEI, (施肇夔)** Courtesy name: TEH-CH'IEN (德潛).—Prefers to sign himself: Sze Chao-kuei. Born 1891; native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. LL.B. (Peiyang, Tientsin). M.A. (George Washington). Attorney-at-law. 1919-1922, attaché, Chinese Legation in Washington; secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1925-1926, secretary, Customs Conference; lecturer on international law, Communications University, Peking; secretary, Ministry of Finance. Senior clerk, department of political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since July 1927. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHIH CHAO-TSENG, (施肇曾)** Courtesy name: SHENG-CHIH (省之).—Elder brother of Sao-ke Alfred Sze. Born 1868. 1896-1897, consul in New York. 1897, superintendent, Hanyang Iron Works. 1907-1909, managing director, Shanghai-Nanking Railway. 1910-1911, director, Peking-Hankow Railway; director, China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. 1913-1922, director general, Lung-Hai Railway, and associate director general, Tatung-Chengtu Railway. Promoter and patron, Central Hospital, Peking. Retired. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHIH LU-PEN, (施履本)** Courtesy name: CH'ANG-CH'ING (長卿).—Born 1880; native of Kiangyin, Kiangsu. 1909, Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Studied in Japan. 1919-1923, commissoner of foreign affairs for Shantung. 1923-1924, chargé d'affaires, Tokyo. 1924-1927, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Compiler, Compilation Bureau, same Ministry, since October 1927. Author of a Japanese word book. 1sst class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHIH NAI, (史鼐)** Courtesy name: CH'ENG-TSU (承蒐).—Born 1882 in and native of Kiangyin, Kiangsu. 1909, Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1919, chief of section and senior clerk, Ministry of Education. Instructor in various colleges in Kaifeng and Peking. Councillor, Ministry of Education, since July 1927. Author of three volumes on Chinese geography and history. 5th Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHU, SHI-AN** see HSU HSI-AN. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHU-TZE, CHARLES S. Y** see HSU CH'IH. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHIH YU-MING, (史悠明)** Courtesy name: AI-SHIH (藹士). Prefers English rendering: Iuming Suez. Born 1881; native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Graduate, St. John's University, Shanghai. 1903-1910, chief Chinese clerk, Public Works Dept., Shanghai Municipal Council. 1911, superintendent of posts and telegraphs, Gyantse (Tibet); superintendent, Gyantse Trade Mart. 1913-1920, assistant director, department of political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1918, concurrently judge, Shanghai Prize Court. 1920, consul general in New York. 1921-1922, 1st secretary and chargé d'Affaires, Panama. 1923-1926, 1st secretary and chargé d'Affaires, Lima (Peru). Assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since June 1927. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHU YUN** see HSU YUN. — p. 1154 ([scan leaf 1209](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1209/mode/1up))

**SHUI CHUN-SHAO, (水鈞韶)** Courtesy name: MENG-KENG (夢賡).—Prefers English rendering: C. S. Shui. Born 1878 in and native of Funing, Kiangsi. Graduate of Peiyang Yu Ts'ai Kuan, and Paris Commercial College. 1902, commercial attaché, Chinese Legation in Paris. 1908, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Berlin. 1910, director of Pien-Lo Railway. 1916, associate managing director, Peking-Hankow Railway. 1920-1921, associate managing director, Peking-Suiyuan Railway. 1922-1925, acting managing director, Peking-Mukden Railway. 1925-1926, 1st secretary, Chinese Embassy in Moscow. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SIE CHEOU-TCHANG** see HSIEH SHOU-CH'ANG. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SOONG, C. L** see SUNG SHAN-LIANG. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SOONG TSUNG-FAUNG** see SUNG CH'UN-FANG. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SOONG, T. V** see SUNG TSU-WEN. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUEZ, IUMING** see SHIH YU-MING. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN CH'UAN-FANG, (孫傳芳)** Courtesy name: HSING-YUAN (馨遠).—Born March 1885; native of Linch'eng, Shantung. Graduate of Peiyang military academy; continued military education in Japan. 1923, Tuli (military governor) of Chekiang and concurrently inspector general of Fukien and Chekiang. 1925, drove Fengtien troops out of Kiangsu and made Tupan (military governor) of Kiangsu. 1926, nominal overlord of five provinces—Kiangsu, Kiangsi, Chekiang, Fukien and Anhwei—and concurrently director general of Shanghai and Woosung Port Administration. 1927, driven out of Kiangsu by Nationalists; later almost succeeded in recapturing Nanking. At present (October 1927) entrenched in North Kiangsu. 1st class Order of Merit; 1st class Wenhu and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decorations. 9 lions military sword. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN CHUNG-YING, (孫仲英)** Prefers English rendering: C. Y. Sun. Native of Kiangsu. Until recently was interested in business. Now resides in Tientsin and is identified with many forms of social service, notably in anti-opium propaganda and famine relief work (1920-1921). Promoted and successfully conducted united war work campaign (1918). Director, International Famine Relief Committee. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN, CLARENCE** see SUN TO-YU. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN FENG-TS'AO, (孫鳳藻)** Courtesy name: TZU-WEN (子文).—Born 1879 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate, Peiyang University. Has held the following posts:— Commissioner to Japan, Canada and U.S.A. to investigate educational conditions as well as industrial and marine products; chairman, national famine relief association; adviser to the President, Cabinet, military governor of Kiangsu, high inspecting commissioner of Chihli-Shantung-Honan, etc. 1921-1922, commissioner of education of Shantung. 1923, director general, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN FO** see SUN K'E. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN HUNG-I, (孫洪伊)** Courtesy name: PO-LAN (伯蘭).—Born 1870; native of Tientsin, Chihli. 1912, member of parliament. 1916, minister of education and then of interior. Offered portfolio in Canton Military Government but did not accept. Retired but still an important political figure: 2nd class Order of Merit. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN K'E, (孫科)** Courtesy name: CHEH-SHENG (哲生).—Prefers Cantonese Romanization: Sun Fo. Born 1887 at Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Son of Sun Yat-sen. 1916, B.A. (California); 1917, M. S. (Columbia). February 15, 1921—June 16, 1922, mayor of Canton and concurrently director of Canton river conservancy. February 26, 1923—September 15, 1924, reappointed mayor of Canton; member of Political Department, Canton Government. 1926, commissioner of Kwangtung Provincial Bureau of Reconstruction. 1927, Minister of Communications, Nationalist Government of Hankow and Nanking. — p. 1155 ([scan leaf 1210](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1210/mode/1up))

**SUN PAO-CH'I, (孫寶琦)** Courtesy name: MU-HAN (慕韓).—Born 1867 in and native of Hangchow, Chekiang. 1902, minister to France. 1906, chief secretary, Government Council; governor of Peking. 1907-1908, minister to Germany; assistant director, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 1909-1911, governor of Shantung. 1912-1913, director general of Customs revenue administration. 1913-1914, minister of foreign affairs. 1915, director, Department of Audit. 1916, minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration. 1922, vice-president, Yangtze River conservancy commission and commission for the study of diplomatic questions; director general of famine relief. 1924, premier. 1925, appointed director general, Shanghai-Woosung administrative district, but resigned; appointed ambassador to Russia but did not proceed. President, Hanyehping Company; director, China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. Third class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1156 ([scan leaf 1211](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1211/mode/1up))

***SUN TAN-LIN, (孫丹林)** —May-December 1922, minister of interior; chairman, Yangtze River conservancy commission. 1923, director general, Chengchow commercial port administration. 1924, founded a bank at Hankow; director, Shanghai telegraph administration. 2nd class Order of Merit and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1156 ([scan leaf 1211](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1211/mode/1up))

**SUN TO-YU, (孫多鈺)** Courtesy name: CHANG-FU (章甫).—Prefers English name: Clarence Sun. Born 1876 in and native of Shouhsien, Anhwei. 1909, C. E. (Cornell). Hanlin Compiler of imperial examinations. 1911-1913, managing director, Kirin-Changchun Railway. 1914-1916, managing director, Nanking-Changsha, Shanghai-Nanking and Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railways. 1916-1921, managing director, Chu-Ching, Chow-hsiang and Hupeh-Hunan Railways; concurrently director, I-Kuei and Han-I sections of Hankow-Szechwan Railway. 1920-1922, director general of Pukow port construction. January 1923-October 1924, vice-minister of communications. Sometime president, Hui T'ung Industrial Corporation. President, Chung Foo Union Bank, Tientsin since 1924. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1156 ([scan leaf 1211](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1211/mode/1up))

**SUN YUN-YU, (孫潤宇)** Courtesy name: TZU-HAN (子涵).—Born 1880 in and native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Graduate, Tokyo Imperial Law College. 1912, chief of police bureau, Ministry of Interior; president, Kiangsu Lawyers Association. 1913, member of parliament and member of Temple of Heaven constitution drafting committee. 1914, 1st secretary, Chinese Legation in Tokyo. 1916, reinstated member of parliament; president, Peking Lawyers Association. 1917-1920, member of parliament. 1922, member of parliament for the 4th time. 1924, chief, Law Compilation Bureau; concurrently chief secretary to the Cabinet. 1926-1927, chief secretary to the Cabinet. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1156 ([scan leaf 1211](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1211/mode/1up))

**SUNG CH'ING-LING (宋慶齡)** —Born 1890; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Educated at McTyiere School, Shanghai. B.A. (Wellesley, U.S.A.). 1916, married to Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Has been active in propagating his San Min Principles ever since he died in Peking, beginning of 1925. January 1927, followed the Nationalist Government to Hankow. August 1927, left Hankow on the pretext that the leaders of Hankow Government were no longer following the principles bequeathed by her husband. September 1927, proceeded to Moscow. — p. 1156 ([scan leaf 1211](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1211/mode/1up))

**SUNG CH'UN-FANG** (宋春舫).—Prefers anglicized Shanghai rendering: Soong Tsung-faung. Born 1891 in and native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. Studied in St. John's University, Shanghai. 1915, M.A. (Geneva). 1916-1917, lecturer on modern languages, St. John's University. 1917-1918, professor of French literature, Tsing Hua College. 1918-1920, professor of French literature, Peking National University. 1922-1923, secretary, Ministry of Finance; co-director, loans department, and vice-chairman, tariff investigation commission, of same Ministry. Resigned owing to ill health. Author of "Parcourant le Monde en Flammes," "La Literature Chinois Contemporaine," "Dramatic Essays." — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SUNG, FARTSAN T** see below. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SUNG FA-HSIANG** (宋發群). Courtesy name: CHIH-CH'ANG (致長).—Prefers English rendering: Fartsan T. Sung. Born 1883 in and native of Hsinghua, Peking National University. 1913-1920, co-director, assay office, and inspector of mints, Ministry of Finance; director, Soochow and Nanking mints; co-director, bureau of printing and engraving; adviser to military governor of Kiangsu and the President. Managing director, Sino-Scandinavian Bank, Peking, since 1925. April 1926-April 1927, lived in Legation Quarter. Author of "Qualitative Analysis of Important Metals." 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SUNG HAN-CHANG** (宋漢章)—Born 1872; native of Yuyao, Chekiang. Studied in Shanghai Anglo-Chinese College. Manager, Bank of China, Shanghai, since 1911. 1916, averted financial panic by resisting Yuan Shih-kai's moratorium order and keeping Shanghai notes at par. 1925, chairman, Shanghai Chinese general chamber of commerce. Chairman, Shanghai Chinese Bankers Association; member, Chinese Advisory Committee of Shanghai Municipal Council. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SUNG SHAN-LIANG** (宋蕃良). Courtesy name: CHIAO-LIN (椒臨).—Prefers English rendering: C. L. Soong. Born 1882; native of Chekiang. 1920-1923, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Berne and Madrid; secretary, Chinese delegation to League of Nations Assembly. 1st secretary, Chinese Legation in Madrid, since 1924. Compiler of a Chinese-French dictionary. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SUNG SHOU-HENG** (宋壽恒). Courtesy name: TSEH-CHIU (則久).—Born 1867 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Chairman, National Goods Maintenance Association, Chihli, since 1912. Manager, National Goods Department Store, Tientsin, since 1913. Director, Tientsin Chinese general chamber of commerce, since 1924. Active in social and philanthropic work. Has established six schools in Tientsin at own expense. Author of several volumes on advantages and disadvantages of China's monetary system, elementary moral culture for commercial business, what is religion, what people should read, how to buy and sell, etc. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SUNG TSU-WEN** (宋子文).—Prefers Shanghai rendering: T. V. Soong. Brother of Madame Sun Yat-sen. Born 1891; native of Shanghai. Studied at St. John's College, Shanghai. 1915, A.B. in economics (Harvard). 1917, returned to China after having been assistant in International Banking Corporation and Macdonell-Chow Corporation, New York. 1924, president of Central Bank, Canton. 1925, member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and minister of finance, Canton Government. April, 1927, replaced by Ku Ying-fen, as minister of finance of the Nationalist Government at Nanking. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SZE CHAO-KUEI** see SHIH SHAO-KUEI. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**SZE, SAO KE ALFRED** see SHIH CHAO-CHI. — p. 1157 ([scan leaf 1212](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1212/mode/1up))

**TAI CH'EN-LIN, (戴陳霖)** Courtesy name: YU-NUNG (雨農).—Native of Chekiang. Studied in language schools in Shanghai and Peking. Graduate of Paris Ecole des' sciences politiques. 1912, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1916-1920, minister to Spain. 1922-1925, minister to Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Vice-director, Compilation Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 1926. — p. 1158 ([scan leaf 1213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1213/mode/1up))

**TAI CH'UAN-HSIEN, (戴傳賢)** Courtesy name: CHI-T'AO (季陶) or T'IEN-CH'OU (號天仇).—Born 1882 in Szechwan; native of Chekiang. Studied in Japan and became expert Japanese scholar. 1908, associate editor, Min Li Pao, Shanghai. 1912, editor, Min Ch'uan Pao ("People's Rights"). February 1913, secretary to Sun Yat-sen in Japan. 1915, organized Kuomintang opposition to Yuan Shih-k'ai's monarchical scheme. 1922, went to Szechwan and attempted suicide but was rescued from the Yangtze river. 1923, went to Canton and taught in Whampao Military Academy, expounding the "Sanmin" or Three People's Principles. December 1924, accompanied Sun Yat-sen to North China; after Sun's death early in 1925, tried to engineer a coup against Right elements of Kuomintang in the Western Hills but was frustrated. Visited ancestral province and severed himself from Kuomintang. Soon returned to Canton, however; elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and concurrently member of political department. 1927, revisited Japan as delegate of Nationalist Government at Hankow. — p. 1158 ([scan leaf 1213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1213/mode/1up))

**T'AN HSUEH-HSU, (譚學徐)** Courtesy name: YI-HOU (毅侯).—Prefers to sign himself: Tan Shio-hsu. Native of Canton, Kwangtung. 1909, law graduate of Tokyo Central University; secretary, consulate general in San Francisco, U.S.A. 1913, vice-consul in same city. 1919-1925, consul to Honolulu. 5th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1158 ([scan leaf 1213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1213/mode/1up))

**T'AN P'ING-SHAN, (譚平山)** —Born 1887; native of Kwangtung. 1920, graduate, Peking National University. Forms with late Li Ta-chao of Peking and Ch'en Tu-hsiu of Shanghai the notorious Communist Trio. At one time leader of Canton student body and head of local Young Socialist League. December 1923, represented Canton at Communist Congress, Shanghai. 1924-1925, active figure in general strike at Canton and was expelled from Kuomintang. Subsequently elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. Autumn of 1925, head of farmers and workers' bloc. March 1926, deprived of all power by General Chiang Kai-shih's anti-Communist coup. Co-organizer of Canton Government's committee system and chief of organization department. Head of Chinese Communists and Canton representative on the council of Communist International. July 1927, resigned from Nationalist Government at Hankow. — p. 1158 ([scan leaf 1213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1213/mode/1up))

**TAN SHIO-HSU** see T'AN HSUEH-HSU. — p. 1158 ([scan leaf 1213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1213/mode/1up))

**T'AN YEN-K'AI, (譚延闓)** Courtesy name: TSU-YEN (組庵).—Born 1876; native of Chalin, Hunan. Chinshih (Litt. D.) of imperial examinations and, at age of twenty-five, a Hanlin Compiler. 1910, elected chairman of Hunan Provincial Assembly. Elected chief of Hunan military department at outbreak of 1911 Revolution. 1912, Tutuh (military governor) of Hunan and given brevet rank of general. 1915, rose in opposition to Yuan Shih-k'ai's monarchical scheme. August 1916, Tuchun (military governor) of Hunan. December 1918, reappointed Tuchun and concurrently civil governor of Hunan until ousted by Chao Heng-t'i. June 12, 1922, appointed minister of interior in Dr. Wang Chung-hui's Cabinet but declined. 1923, chief secretary of Canton Government. 1924, commander of Hunan troops in Kwangtung. 1925, elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. 1926, commander of Northern Expedition Second Army Corps. 1927, member of Nationalist Government at Hankow and then Nanking. — p. 1158 ([scan leaf 1213](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1213/mode/1up))

**T'ANG HO-YI, (湯鎮逸)** —Prefers English name: To Kakuitus. Born 1898; native of Yungcheng, Yunnan. 1914, B.S. (Waseda, Tokyo). 1918, chief editor, Sin Kuo Pao. 1922, chief editor, Chinese Students' Journal in Japan, and also Min To magazine. Professor, Peking Law College, since 1923. Professor, Minkuo University, Peking, since 1924. Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, since October 1924. Author of several volumes on nonpartisan politics, literature and life, social literature in China, and impressions of Japan. — p. 1159 ([scan leaf 1214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1214/mode/1up))

**T'ANG SHAO-YI, (唐紹儀)** . Courtesy name: SHAO-CH'UAN (少川).—Born 1860 in and native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. 1873, went to U.S.A. with first batch of government students. Attended Columbia University but was recalled before graduation. 1882, in charge of Korean maritime customs. 1892, secretary to Yuan Shih-k'ai (imperial resident in Korea). 1896, consul general in Korea. 1900, secretary to Yuan Shih-k'ai (governor of Shantung). 1902, customs Taotai, Tientsin. 1904-1905, special commissioner to Tibet and envoy to India to negotiate Tibet Convention. 1906, junior vice-president, Board of Foreign Affairs; director general, Shanghai-Nanking and Lu-Han railways; comptroller general, Customs revenue administration; concurrently senior vice-president, Board of Communications. 1907, first governor of Fengtien. 1908, special envoy to thank Washington Government for remission of Boxer indemnity. 1910-1911, president, Board of Communications. Yuan Shih-k'ai's delegate to negotiate with revolutionary leaders in Shanghai. 1912, first premier of the Republic; superior adviser to the President. 1918, one of four administrative directors, Canton Military Government. 1919, chief delegate of Canton Government to Shanghai peace conference. 1919-1922, minister of finance, Canton. 1924-1925, declined post of minister of foreign affairs, offered by Peking. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Living in retirement in Shanghai or native district in Kwangtung since 1923. — p. 1159 ([scan leaf 1214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1214/mode/1up))

**T'ANG T'IEH-CH'IAO, (湯鐵樵)** . Courtesy name: YUN-SHAO (芸邵).—Prefers to sign himself: Tong Tik-chaw. Born 1880 in and native of Liling, Hunan. Graduate of Waseda University (Tokyo), law department. December 1913, departmental chief, Ministry of Justice. April 1914, promoted councillor. September 1920 and again June 1925, concurrently acting vice-minister of justice. Member of various judicial commissions. February 1925, legal expert, Reorganization Conference. August 1926, member of commission in charge of the old imperial palace. July 1927, reappointed councillor, Ministry of Justice. Author of three volumes on the civil procedure, registration of immovable property, etc. 2nd Class Tashou decoration. — p. 1159 ([scan leaf 1214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1214/mode/1up))

**T'ANG TSAI-CHANG, (唐在昌)** . Courtesy name: PO-WEN (伯文). Born 1884; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Educated in Japan. 1912, secretary to the President and Cabinet. Councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since February 1921. 1923-1926, concurrently assistant secretary, Commission for Readjustment of Finance; technical expert, Customs Conference. Director, Peking Tramway Company. — p. 1159 ([scan leaf 1214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1214/mode/1up))

**T'ANG TSAI-FU, (唐在復)** . Courtesy name: HSIN-YU (新禹).—Born 1877; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of Shanghai and Peking Language Schools and Paris University. Sometime 1st secretary and chargé d'Affaires in France, Holland and Russia. 1912-1914, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1915-1920, minister to Holland. 1921-1925, transferred minister to Italy; concurrently delegate to League of Nations Assembly and representative on League of Nations Council. Director, Compilation Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 1926. — p. 1159 ([scan leaf 1214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1214/mode/1up))

**T'ANG TSAI-LI, (唐在禮)** . Courtesy name: CHIH-FU (賀夫).—Born 1882; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate, Shanghai Language School, and Tokyo Military Academy. 1911, staff officer to Yuan Shih'k'ai; delegate to negotiate with Shanghai revolutionary leaders. 1912, promoted brigadier general; military adviser to President Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1914-1916, deputy chief, military council in President's Office; chief of general staff. 1918, delegate to Allied Military Council, Paris. 1919, chief military delegate, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference Knighted (K.B.E.) by H.M. King George. 1922, member, Commission on Mongolian Affairs. Director general of railway guards, Ministry of Communications, since October 1923. 1926-1927, military adviser to Marshal Chang Tsung-ch'ang. 4th class Order of Merit. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations, as well as several foreign decorations. — p. 1159 ([scan leaf 1214](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1214/mode/1up))

***T'ANG SHENG-CHI, (唐生智)** .—Military commander of Hunan since 1926 and of Hupeh since establishment of Nationalist Government at Hankow. His doubtful attitude was partly responsible for retirement of Chiang Kai-shih in August 1927. His attitude is responsible for present hostilities (October 1927) between Hankow and Nanking governments. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

***T'ANG SHIH-WAN, (唐石頑)** . Courtesy name: HUA-LING (驊[illegible]).—Prefers anglicized Cantonese rendering: Sakwan Tong Born 1883; native of Kwangtung. Graduate, St. John's University, Shanghai. Sometime vice-consul in New York; assistant district inspector of salt revenue at Pakhoi and Swatow, Kwangtung; chief auditor of salt revenue for Kirin and Heilungkiang provinces. Chinese district inspector of salt revenue for Shantung since 1925. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

***T'ANG YU-LIN, (湯玉麟)** .—Tutung (civil and military governor) of Chahar since 1926. 1st class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

***T'AO CHIA-YAO, (陶家瑤)** .—Born 1871; native of Kiangsi. Sometime salt Taotai and member of parliament. March 1923, civil governor of Kiangsi. December 1923, director general of Kiukiang Port Construction. Retired. Res. Shanghai. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TAO, L. K** see below. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**T'AO LU-KUNG, (陶履恭)** . Courtesy name: MENG-HO (孟和).—Prefers English rendering: L. K. Tao. Born November 5, 1887, in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Studied in Tokyo High Normal School. 1913, B.Sc. in economics (London School of Economics). 1914, dean, history department, Peking Normal College. 1915-1920, professor of social and political sciences and dean of faculties, same institution. 1920-1925, professor of sociology, Peking National University. Research secretary, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture, Peking, since 1925. Joint author of "Village and Town Life in China" and a volume on Chinese educational sociology. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TCHOU, LOUIS, NGAOSIANG** see CHU HO-HSIANG. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TCHEN HIO-LOU** see CH'ENG HSUEH-LUAN — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TCHENG LOH** see CH'EN LU. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TCHENG, SOUME** see CHENG YU-HSIU. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TCHENG YIEN-CHI** see CHENG YEN-HSI. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TENG I-HUA, (鄧翊華)** . Courtesy name: YU-HSI (宇熙).—Born 1883 in and native of Chungking, Szechwan. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. Graduate, artillery school, Tokyo Military College. 1911, regimental commander, Chekiang revolutionary army, and staff officer to Tutuh (military governor) of Kiangsu. 1913, chief of section, Ministry of War. Promoted departmental chief, Ministry of War, since 1925; concurrently member of Sino-Russian Conference Commission. Translator of military manual, in two volumes — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TENG SHOU-CH'UAN, (鄧壽銓)** .—Born 1888; native of Anhwei. Educated in Hunan Polytechnic Institute; went to Japan to specialize in mining and metallurgy. 1908 returned to Hunan to work under governor Chao Heng-t'i along educational lines. 1910, member of Hunan Provincial Assembly. 1912, manager of lead-refining factory owned by Hunan provincial government; subsequently, chief superintendent, Shui-kou-shan Mining Corporation. 1926, commissioner of finance under Governor T'ang Sheng-chi; acting chairman of Hunan Administration committee. At present provincial Commissioner of Construction. — p. 1160 ([scan leaf 1215](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1215/mode/1up))

**TENG TS'UI-YING, (鄧萃黃)** Courtesy name: CHIH-YUAN (芝園).—Prefers English rendering: T. Y. Teng. Born 1886; native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Foochow and Tokyo normal colleges and Columbia Teachers College. 1921, acting president, Amoy University; technical expert, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. Councillor, Ministry of Education, since 1921. 1925-1926, concurrently acting vice-minister of education. Joint author of "Education in China." 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1161 ([scan leaf 1216](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1216/mode/1up))

**TENG YEN-TA, (鄧演達)** Born 1891; native of Kwangtung. 1916, graduate, Paoting Military Academy. Spent two or three years in Russia and Germany. 1923, returned to Canton; appointed regimental commander. 1924, turned Communist. March 1926, deprived of all military power by General Chiang Kai-shih but allowed to remain as reserve member, political section of Kuomintang. September of same year, appointed chief, political bureau of Northern Expedition Army. A rabid Communist leader of Nationalist Government at Hankow. Resigned from Hankow Nationalist Government July 15, 1927. — p. 1161 ([scan leaf 1216](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1216/mode/1up))

**TIAO HSIN-TEH, (刁信德)** —Prefers English rendering: Edward Sintuk Tyau. Born 1879; native of Hsingning, Kwangtung. Studied in Honolulu. Graduate of St. John's University, Shanghai. M.D. (Pennsylvania). D.P.H. (Liverpool). 1905-1908, medical officer to Chinese labour camps in Transvaal, South Africa. One of senior medical officers of St. Luke's Hospital, Shanghai, with which he has been connected since 1902. Past president, National Medical Association, and editor, National Medical Journal. Successful practitioner. — p. 1161 ([scan leaf 1216](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1216/mode/1up))

**TIAO MIN-CH'IEN, (刁敏謙)** Courtesy name: TEH-JEN (德仁).—Prefers English rendering: M. T. Z. Tyau. Born August 9, 1888, in and native of Hsingning, Kwangtung. 1907, graduate, St. John's University, Shanghai. 1914, LL.B.; 1916, LL.D. (London). Quain Prizeman in international law for two years. September 1916—November 1917, and again September 1919—November 1920, lecturer on international law, Tsing Hua College. December 1917—September 1919, founder and editor, Peking Leader. December 1920—October 1921, technical expert, Chinese delegation to League of Nations Assembly. 1921-1922, secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922-1926, member and then secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; chief, translation section, directorate general of Sino-Russian negotiations; secretary, commission for investigation of extraterritoriality; assistant director, drafting department, Customs Conference. Chief of section, political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since August 12, 1927. Director, Peking Rotary Club, since May 1926. Managing editor, The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, Peking, since October 1922. Author of "The Legal Obligations arising out of Treaty Relations between China and Other States," (doctoral dissertation), "China's New Constitution and Other International Problems," "London Through Chinese Eyes" (London) and "China Awakened" (New York). 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1161 ([scan leaf 1216](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1216/mode/1up))

**TIAO TSO-CH'IEN, (刁作謙)** Courtesy name: CH'ENG-CHANG (成章). Prefers English rendering: Philip K. C. Tyau. Born 1880 in and native of Hsingning, Kwangtung. Graduate of St. John's University, Shanghai. M.A.; LL.B. (Cantab.); Barrister-at-law (Middle Temple, London). Chinshih and Hanlin of imperial examinations. 1909-1910, director general of student mission to Europe. 1912, secretary to the President and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1912, 1st secretary, Chinese Legation in London. 1914, concurrently in charge of consulate general in London. 1917-1920, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; secretary, Cabinet Office. 1921, secretary general, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1921-1926, minister to Cuba and Panama. 1927, commissioner for rendition of British Concession in Tientsin; member, Treaty Revision Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2nd class Chiaho and 4th class Wenhu decorations. Sometime tennis champion of North China. — p. 1161 ([scan leaf 1216](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1216/mode/1up))

**T'IEN YING-HUANG, (田瀛璜)** Courtesy name: TZU-TSUNG (子琮).—Born 1866; native of Hunyuan, Shansi. Sometime magistrate in Hupeh; senator and collaborator of Temple of Heaven constitutional draft; assistant compiler, Ching History Compilation Bureau; chancellor of Shansi University. 1924, appointed minister of interior, but declined. Retired. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TING, CHARLES C** see below. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

***TING Hung-ch'uan, (丁宏荃)** Courtesy name: CHEN-CHIH (振芝).—Prefers English rendering: Charles C. Ting. Born 1874; native of Kiangsu. Graduate of Foochow naval college. 1915, chief of Tientsin police. 1922, director, ex-German Concession administration. 1926, commissioner of police for Chihli. Major general in the army. 2nd class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TING, S. Y. W** see below. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TING Shih-yuan, (丁士源)** Courtesy name: WEN-CH'A (聞槎).—Prefers English rendering: S. Y. W. Ting. Born 1879; native of Wuhsing, Chekiang. Studied in St. John's University, Shanghai, and England. Entered Government service through assistance of certain Manchu prince. Sometime assistant, Chienmen Octroi, and chief, martial law department, Ministry of War; technical adviser, Chinese delegation to Hague Peace Conference; adviser, Ministry of Interior. 1914-1916, commissioner of foreign affairs and customs superintendent, Hankow. 1918-1920, director general of Peking-Hankow and Peking-Suiyuan railways; took refuge in Japanese Legation upon collapse of Anfu Party. November 1922, escaped to Tientsin. 1924, adviser to Tuan Ch'i-jui, Provisional Chief Executive. 1925-1926, vice-chairman, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. 5th class Order of Merit; 2nd class Wenhu decoration. Chevalier, Legion of Honour (French). Author of two volumes on the world's navy and customs and laws of war and land. Lieutenant general in the army. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TING, V. K** see below. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TING WEN-CHIANG, (丁文江)** —Prefers English rendering: V. K. Ting. Born 1887; native of Kiangsu. Studied in Cambridge, England; Glasgow, Scotland; Freiburg, Germany. B.Sc. and D.Sc. 1913, director, Geological Survey, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1922, became honorary director. General manager, Peipiao Coal Mining Company, Tientsin, since 1922. Trustee, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture, since 1925. 1926, one of three Chinese members, British Boxer Indemnity Committee; managing director, Shanghai and Woosung Port Administration. Author of "Geology of the Yangtze Delta," "Fifty Years of Mining in China," etc. 2nd class Chiaho decoration. Now residing in Dairen. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**To KAKUITUS** see TANG HO-YI. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TONG, HOLLINGTON K** see TUNG HSIEN-KUANG. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TONG, SAKWAN** see T'ANG CH'IH-WAN. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TONG TIK-CHAW** see T'ANG T'IEH-CH'IAO. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TS'AI CH'ENG-HSUN, (蔡成勳)** Courtesy name: HU-CH'EN (虎臣).—Born 1873; native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate of Peiyang Military College. 1911, commander of 41st brigade in Chekiang; commissioned to direct field operations against Shansi revolutionary forces at Niangtzukuan. 1912, aide-de-camp to President's Office. 1914-1916, commander-in-chief, 1st division; engaged in suppression of bandits in Dolonor and Suiyuan. 1917, Tutung (civil and military governor) of Chahar. 1921, minister of war. 1922-1925, military governor of Kiangsi, and concurrently civil governor. 1923, made full general. Retired. 2nd class Order of Merit; 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

***TSAI HSUN, (載洵)** —Prince. Manchu. Brother of Emperor Kuang-hsü. 1909, high commissioner for naval reorganization and head of naval mission to Europe. 1910, consulting member of government council and head of naval mission to Japan and America. 1911, minister of navy. Removed from office upon outbreak of the Revolution. — p. 1162 ([scan leaf 1217](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1217/mode/1up))

**TSAI LI** see CH'UN, PRINCE — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TSAI T'AO, (載濤)** —Prince. Manchu. Brother of Emperor Kuang-hsü. 1908, commissioned to form a new imperial guard. 1909, chief of general staff. 1910, head of military mission to Japan, America and Europe. Removed from office during the Revolution. Understood to have been one of most vigorous opponents of abdication. — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TS'AI T'ING-KAN, (蔡廷幹). Courtesy name: YAO-T'ANG (耀堂)** .—Born 1861 in and native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. 1873, one of first batch of government students in U.S.A. Studied in Hartford Grammar and New Britain High schools; recalled before graduation. Graduate of Taku Torpedo School. 1892, commander of torpedo fleet. Took part in Sino-Japanese war. 1910-1911, made rear admiral; departmental chief, Board of Navy. 1912-1916, high military adviser and chief English secretary to Yuan Shih-kai. 1917-1924, promoted vice admiral; associate director general of Customs revenue administration. 1918-1922, master of ceremonies, President's Office. May 1918, chairman, International Commission for revision of tariff, Shanghai. 1921, adviser, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922, chairman, International Commission for revision of import tariff, Shanghai; vice-president, Chinese Red Cross Society. 1923-1926, treasurer, China International Famine Relief Commission. 1924-1926, director general, Customs revenue administration; delegate to Customs Conference; president, Peking Rotary Club; chairman, commission to investigate Shanghai Incident of May 30, 1925. Summer of 1926, concurrently minister of foreign affairs. May 1927, retired. 3rd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. Spends leisure time in translating Chinese poems into excellent English. Res. Dairen. — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TSAI TSEH, (載澤)** .—Duke. Manchu. 1901, deputy lieutenant general, Plain Blue Banner. 1905, head of mission to study constitutional systems of government in Europe, U.S.A. and Japan. 1906, comptroller of imperial armoury; acting minister of the presence. 1907, minister of the presence; minister of finance. 1908, member of committee on Banner reform; promoted Prince of 4th order. 1909, commissioner of naval reorganization. November 1911, removed from office as minister of finance. — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TS'AI YUAN-P'EI, (蔡元培). Courtesy name: CHIEH-MIN (子民)** .—Born 1867; native of Shanying, Chekiang. Hanlin Compiler of imperial examinations. Studied in Germany and France for a number of years. Founder and principal, Shanghai Aikuo Girls' School. 1912, minister of education, Nanking Provisional Government, and also first Republican Cabinet, Peking. 1917-1923, chancellor, Peking National University. Resigned as protest against the Cabinet's interference with the judiciary. 1923-1925, travelled in Europe and America. 1926, returned to China. 1927, minister of education, Nanking Nationalist Government. Author of three volumes on history of Chinese ethics, outline of philosophy, historic references in "Dream of the Red Chamber," and translator of several German treatises. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TSANG KWONG-SHEUNG** see TSENG KWANG-JANG. — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TS'AO CHING-YUAN, (曹經沅). Courtesy name: HSIANG-HENG (驤衡)** .—Born 1891 in and native of Mienchu, Szechwan. Graduate of Chung Hua University, Peking. Sometime chief of section and secretary, Ministry of Interior; secretary, Provisional Chief Executive's Office; secretary, Cabinet Office; chief, political affairs department, Anking; Anhwei representative on financial rehabilitation commission. Councillor, Ministry of Interior, since July 1927. Author of several volumes of poetry, etc. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1163 ([scan leaf 1218](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1218/mode/1up))

**TS'AO JU-LIN, (曹汝霖)** Courtesy name: YUN-T'IEN (潤田).--Born 1875; native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate, Tokyo Imperial University, faculty of law. Chinshih (LL.D.) of imperial examinations. 1911, rose to junior vice-president, Board of Foreign Affairs. 1913, senator. 1913-1916, vice minister of foreign affairs. 1917-1919, minister of communications; concurrently acting minister of finance. Branded during Student Movement (May 1919) together with Chang Tsung-hsiang and Lu Tsung-yü, as "national traitors" for negotiation of Nishihara loans 1922, special commissioner for promotion of industries; proscribed in connection with negotiation of foreign loans while a cabinet minister. Adviser to Marshals Tuan Ch'i-jui and Chang Tso-lin. Past president, Bank of Communications, and managing director, Exchange Bank of China. Managing director, Liuhokou Coal Mining Company and Industrial Bank of China. 3rd class Order of Merit; 1st class Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1164 ([scan leaf 1219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1219/mode/1up))

**TS'AO K'UN, (曹錕)** Courtesy name: CHUNG-SHAN (仲珊).--Born 1862; native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate, Peiyang Military College. Took part in battle of Yalu during Sino-Japanese war. Assisted Yuan Shih-kai and T'ieh Liang to train modern troops. 1912, made full general; commander, 3rd division. 1915-1916, stationed in Hunan and Szechwan 1917-1923, Tuchun (military governor) of Chihli. June 1916, inspector general of Szechwan, Kwangtung, Hunan and Kiangsi, for operations against the South. July 1917, co-operated with Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui to suppress the attempted Manchu Restoration. 1920, co-operated with Marshal Chang Tso-lin to dissolve Anfu Party; inspecting commissioner of Chihli, Shantung and Honan. October 1923—November 1924, president of the Republic. October 24, 1924—April 16, 1926, imprisoned by Marshal Feng Yü-hsiang. April 1926, retired from presidency on regaining freedom after the Kuominchun retreat to the Northwest. — p. 1164 ([scan leaf 1219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1219/mode/1up))

**TS'AO YUN-SIANG, (曹雲祥)** Courtesy name: CH'ING-WU (慶五).--Prefers English rendering: Y. S. Tsao. Born 1881; native of Hsiushui, Chekiang. Graduate, St. John's University. 1911, B.A. (Yale); De Forest gold medallist in oration. 1914, M.B.A (Harvard). 1914-1919, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in London; concurrently officiating consul general. 1919-1921, 1st secretary and chargé d'affaires, Copenhagen; associate secretary general, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. President, Tsing Hua College, Peking, since October 1922. Author of "How to do business." 3rd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1164 ([scan leaf 1219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1219/mode/1up))

**TS'EN CH'UN-HSUAN, (岑春煊)** Courtesy name: YUN-CHIEH (雲階).--Born 1859; native of Hsiling, Kwangsi. 1898, lieutenant governor of Kwangtung and Kansu. 1900-1901, governor of Shensi and Shansi 1902, awarded Yellow Jacket for protection of Empress Dowager during exile in Sian; governor of Kwangtung, then acting viceroy of Szechwan. 1903, acting vicercy of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. 1906, appointed viceroy of Yunnan and Kweichow, but did not proceed. 1907, appointed viceroy of Szechwan, but did not proceed; president, Board of Communications; appointed viceroy of Kwangtung and Kwangsi but did not proceed. 1911, ordered to Szechwan to suppress agitation against nationalization of railways, but Revolution broke out while still in Hankow; appointed viceroy of Szechwan but did not proceed; pacification commissioner for Fukien. 1913, director general of Canton Hankow Railway; under order of arrest for alleged complicity in 2nd revolution and fled to South Seas. 1915-1915, elected commander-in-chief of Kwangtung and Kwangsi forces to oppose Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical scheme. 1917, appointed (by restored boy-Emperor) president of house of peers, but declined. 1918, presiding administrative director, and minister of interior, Canton Military Government. 1920 driven out of Canton. Living in retirement in Shanghai ever since. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1164 ([scan leaf 1219](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1219/mode/1up))

**TSENG KWANG-JANG, (曾廣勳)** —Kwangtung Born 1885. Graduate from University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., with degrees of B. S. and M. A. 1911, Secretary to the Board of Foreign Affairs Secretary of the Peace Conference, Secretary to the Commissioner of Foreign Affairs for Kiangsu, 1911. Secretary to Tang Shao Yi during his premiership; Chief of the Sundries Department of the Cabinet, 1912. Inspector-General of Railways in the Ministry of Communications, concurrently Junior Secretary of the Foreign Affairs Division in the Railway Department, 1915, Chief of the Railway Materials Division of the Ministry of Communications. Member of many Chiaotungpu Committees, 1920, Assistant Traffic Manager, concurrently Chief of the Establishment Section Peking-Mukden Ry. May 1925, Associate Managing Director. Feb. 1926. Managing Director of Mukden-Shanhaikwan Railway. April 1926, Managing Director of Peking-Mukden Railway. August 1927, Acting Director General of Lunghai Railway. Second Class Chiao Decoration. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSENG TSUNG-CHIEN, (曾宗鑒)** Courtesy name: YUNG-P'U (銘圃).—Prefers English rendering: T. K. Tseng. Born 1882; native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Nanyang College, Shanghai, 1907, B. A. in economics (Cantab.) 1911-1913, secretary to Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui (commander-in-chief at Hankow) and Tuan Chih-kuei (commander-in-chief at Kiukiang). 1914-1917, consul general to Australia. 1917, appointed commissioner for foreign affairs at Shanghai but did not proceed. December 1917—September 1919, salt commissioner for Kirin and Heilungkiang. December 1919—August 1920, director, cadastral administration, Peking. 1925-1926, vice-minister of foreign affairs; delegate to investigate May 30th Incident in Shanghai; delegate to Customs Conference. 1926-1927, minister to Sweden and Norway. Chinese manager, Pekin Syndicate, Peking, since April 1927. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSENG, T. K** see above. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSENG YANG-FENG, (曾仰豐)** Courtesy name: CHING-NAN (景南).—Born 1886; native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate, engineering department, Tientsin Peiyang University. 1917, M.A. (Illinois) Sometime engineer, Hankow-Szechwan Railway; Yellow River and Grand Canal conservancy boards; adviser to civil governor of Shantung. Chief of Huaipei salt revenue administration at Changlu since 1926. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSENG YU-CHUN, (曾毓雋)** Courtesy name: YUN-P'EI (雲沛). Born 1879; native of Foochow, Fukien. Chüjen of imperial examinations. 1914, director of military supplies; chief of salt revenue administration in Kalgan; secretary to the Cabinet. 1916, managing director, Peking-Hankow Railway.. 1918, senator; vice-minister of communications. 1919, concurrently managing director, Hankow-Canton-Szechwan Railways. June 1919—July 1920, minister of communications. July 1920—October 1922, proscribed and took refuge in Japanese Legation, upon collapse of Anfu Party. 1923, pardoned by presidential mandate. 1924-1926, adviser to Tuan Ch'i-jui, Provisional Chief Executive; imprisoned for few months by Feng Yu-hsiang's henchmen in Peking. Retired. Res. Tientsin. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSIANG, T. Y** see CHIANG TSUN-WEI. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSIANG TSO-PING** see CHIANG TSO-PIN. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSIANG, V. J** see CHIANG WEI-CH'IAO — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSIEN TAI** see CH'IEN T'AI. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSOU PING-WEN, (鄒秉文)** —Born 1892; native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Studied in Peking Methodist University and Cook Academy, U.S.A. 1915, M.S. in agriculture (Cornell). Dean, school of Agriculture, Southeastern University, Nanking, since 1916. 1922, chairman, National Agricultural Convention, Tainan. Author of a volume on agricultural problems in China and a textbook of higher botany. Past president, Chinese Agricultural Society, etc. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSU, YU-YUE** see CHU YU-YU. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**TSUR, Y. T** see CHOU YI-CH'UN. — p. 165 ([scan leaf 1220](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1220/mode/1up))

**Tu Chu-hsuan** (杜竹宣).—Born 1883; native of Enhsien, Shantung. Graduate, Tungchou College, 1905-1907, instructor in history and mathematics, same institution. 1908-1912, assistant to Mr. Thwing in anti-opium and anti-liquor campaign. 1912, editor, Ta Kung Pao ("L'Impartial"), Tientsin. 1916, founder and editor, Yi Shih Pao ("Social Welfare"), Tientsin and Peking. His paper suppressed several times for outspoken comments; in 1920, he had to seek shelter in Legation Quarter for a few months. A Catholic. — p. 1166 ([scan leaf 1221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1221/mode/1up))

**Tu Hsi-kuei** (杜錫珪). Courtesy name: SHEN-CH'EN (愼丞).—Born 1875; native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate, Nanking naval college. 1912, commander of Hai Tung; concurrently director of defences in Fukien. 1917, commander-in-chief, 2nd Squadron, 1921-1922, made rear admiral; commander-in-chief of the navy. 1923, resigned when Shanghai section of the navy declared independence. 1924, reappointed commander-in-chief and made admiral. 1926, minister of navy and acting premier 4th class Order of Merit. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1166 ([scan leaf 1221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1221/mode/1up))

**Tu Shu-ts'ai** (杜樹林). Courtesy name: TU-WEI (度偉).—Prefers English rendering: Doo Dewey or To Shue Tsoi. Native of Nanhai, Kwangtung. 1923, B.S. (Canton Christian College). Instructor in charge of animal husbandry, same institution, since 1924. 1926, concurrently acting dean. Author of a science reader for higher primary schools and a volume on value of production of buffalo's milk. — p. 1166 ([scan leaf 1221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1221/mode/1up))

**Tu Shun** (杜純). Courtesy name: CHIEH-YUAN (子遠).--Born 1886; native of P'anyü, Kwangtung. 1912, chief secretary to Shanghai and Sungkiang defence commissioner. 1920, superintendent of customs, Hangchow; concurrently commissioner of finance in Chekiang. 1922, salt transportation commissioner in Chekiang. 1925, transferred director of salt office, Yangchow. Past president, Chekiang Flood Relief Commission, and director, Hangchow branch, Chinese-Foreign Famine Relief Committee. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1166 ([scan leaf 1221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1221/mode/1up))

**Tuan Ch'i-jui** (段祺瑞). Courtesy name: CHIH-CH'UAN (芝泉).—Born 1864; native of Hofei, Anhwei. Graduate, Tientsin Peiyang Military College. 1889, studied in Germany. Yuan Shih-kai's chief military adviser while viceroy of Chihli and responsible in large measure for modern training of Northern armies. 1906, commander, 3rd division. 1907, director general of all military colleges and deputy lieutenant general, Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner. 1909, transferred commander, 6th division. 1910, commander-in-chief of Kiangpei. 1911, one of most prominent of military commanders that petitioned the Throne to abdicate. 1912, made general; minister of war. 1913, acting premier; acting military governor of Hupeh. 1914, transferred military governor of Honan and again minister of war. 1915, made field marshal. 1916, premier. April 1917, quarrelled with President Li Yuan-hung over question of entry into Great War and left for Tientsin. Persuaded to resume but dismissed (May 23). July 14, re-entered Peking after suppressing the attempted Manchu restoration; reappointed premier and minister of war. November—December 1917, resigned; appointed director general, War Participation Bureau. March 1918, reappointed premier but resigned six months later upon failure of "unification by force" policy. July 1919, director general of frontier defence. November 1924—April 1926, Provisional Chief Executive in Peking. Retired. Res Tientsin and Dairen. Grand Order of Merit. — p. 1166 ([scan leaf 1221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1221/mode/1up))

**Tung Hsien-kuang** (董顯光).—Prefers English rendering: Hollington K. Tong. Born 1887; native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Studied in Shanghai Anglo-Chinese College. 1911, B.A. (Missouri). 1913-1914, editor, Peking Daily News; English secretary to the Senate. 1915-1917, secretary, national oil admin- istration. Peking correspondent and then contributing editor, China Weekly Review (Shanghai) since 1917. Secretary, Chihli River Conservancy Commission, Tientsin, since 1918. 1919-1921, adviser to police commissioner of Chihli and Tientsin commissioner of foreign affairs; delegate to International Press Conference, Honolulu. 1922-1923, acting councillor and then secretary, Ministry of Communications. Editor, Yung Pao (Tientsin), since 1926. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1166 ([scan leaf 1221](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1221/mode/1up))

**TUNG K'ANG, (董康)** Courtesy name: SHOU-CHIN (綬金).—Born 1869; native of Wuchin, Kiangsu. Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1914-1918, chief justice, Supreme Court; concurrently president, High Prize Court. 1918-1920, president, Law Codification Commission. 1920, reappointed chief justice, Supreme Court. 1921, minister of justice. 1922, reappointed chief justice, Supreme Court; chairman, commission for consolidation of domestic and foreign debts; acting minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration. 1923, travelled in Europe and U.S.A. 1923-1926, vice-chairman, Commission on Extraterritoriality. 1925, chairman of Chinese committee to arrange for rendition of International Mixed Court, Shanghai. 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. Retired. Res. Shanghai. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**TUNG SHIH-EN, (董士恩)** Courtesy name: YU-TS'EN (右岑).—Native of T'ungshan, Kiangsu. Born 1877 in Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate of Peiyang University, Tientsin. 1911, acting prefect, Hsuanhuafu, Chihli. 1914, chief, Kirin-Heilungkiang Transportation Tolls Office. 1918, commissioner of finance, Kirin. 1919, Taoyin and concurrently commissioner for foreign affairs, director of municipal council, and chief of police, Harbin. 1922, senator, March 1927, director general, Wine and Tobacco Administration. Vice-Minister of Finance in charge of wine and tobacco matters since June 25, 1927. 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**TYAU, EDWARD SINTUK** see TIAO HSIN-TEH. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**TYAU, M. T. Z** see TIAO MIN-CH'IEN. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**TYAU, PHILIP K. C** see TIAO TSO-CH'IEN. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**WANG, C. C** see WANG CHING-CH'UN. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**WANG CHIA-JUI, (王家瑞)** Courtesy name: SHAO-P'U (少浦).—Son of Wang Nai-pin. Born 1895 in and native of Hsinmin, Fengtien. Graduate of Mukden Law College. Sometime assistant director, Bureau of Engraving, Peking; adviser, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference; assistant secretary, Cabinet Office; adviser, Ministry of War. Councillor, Bureau of Printing. Peking, since March 1921. 2nd Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**WANG CHAN-YUAN, (王占元)** Courtesy name: TZU-CH'UN (子春).—Born 1860; native of Kuanhsien, Shantung. Graduate, Tientsin Peiyang Military College. 1911, recaptured Hanyang from the revolutionaries (November 27). 1912-1913, made general and commander, 2nd division. 1916-1921, military governor of Hupeh and, for some time, concurrently civil governor; also high inspecting commissioner of Hupeh and Hunan. Living in retirement in Tientsin since end of 1921. October 1920, created field marshal. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**WANG CHAO-MING, (汪兆銘)** Courtesy name: CHING-WEI (精衞).—Sometime known as: Henri Waung. Born 1881 in and native of Panyu, Kwangtung. Specialized in history at Hsueh Hai Tang School, Canton. 1903, graduate, Tokyo Law College; joined the Tung Meng Hui and became one of the most ardent revolutionists. 1906, toured the South Sea Islands with Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionary leaders. March 1909, participated in unsuccessful attempt to assassinate the Prince Regent; condemned to imprisonment for life but released after outbreak of the Revolution 1911. Offered premiership in Nanking Provisional Government but declined. Elected Tutuh (military governor) of Kwangtung and offered appointment by Yuan Shih-k'ai, but declined. Declined also to serve as one of Canton's delegates at Paris Peace Conference. 1919, went to France and promoted the "Work and Study Society" for financing Chinese labourers through French schools. 1920, chief adviser to Governor Chen Chün-ming. November 1921, member of Canton Military Government and Dr. Sun's representative to promote a triangular alliance with Chang Tso-lin and Tuan Ch'i-jui. February 1924, elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and chief adviser to Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen. 1925-1926, forced to leave Canton by Gen. Chiang Kai-shih, and resided in Kwangchow-wan. April 1927, invited by Chiang Kai-shih and other Nationalist leaders to return and resume chairmanship of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. Tried to mediate between Kuomintang and the Communists, but was criticized for siding with the Nationalist Government at Hankow. September 15, 1927, issued statement in Shanghai retiring from participation in Kuomintang councils. End of October 1927, tried to set up a Nationalist Government independent of Nanking and Hankow. Author of numerous books and essays, including "The World and China after the Paris Conference" in Chinese and English. — p. 1167 ([scan leaf 1222](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1222/mode/1up))

**WANG CH'ENG-PIN, (王承斌)** Courtesy name : HSIAO-PO (孝伯).—Born 1874; native of Hsinch'eng, Fengtien. Graduate Tientsin Peiyang Military College and Peking Military University. 1912, commander, 11th regiment of 3rd division. 1914, promoted brigadier general for suppression of bandits in Honan. 1917, commander, 1st mixed brigade of Chihli; saved Chohsien (Chihli) from being flooded. 1920, stationed in Chengchow (Honan); commander, rear defence forces of Chihli during Chihli-Anfu war; promoted commander, 23rd division 1922, deputy military director of Chihli; commander of Chihli eastern flank during Chihli-Fengtien war; civil governor of Chihli and made full general. 1923-1924, military governor of Chihli; concurrently deputy high inspecting commissioner of Chihli, Honan and Shantung; promoted field marshal 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. Living in retirement in Tientsin since autumn of 1924. — p. 1168 ([scan leaf 1223](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1223/mode/1up))

**WANG, C. T** see below — p. 1168 ([scan leaf 1223](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1223/mode/1up))

**WANG CHENG-T'ING, (王正廷)** Courtesy name : JU-T'ANG (儒堂).—Prefers English rendering : C. T. Wang or Chengting T. Wang. Born 1882 in and native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Studied in Tientsin Peiyang University and then Japan. 1911, B.A. (Yale); secretary, Chinese Y.M.C.A., Shanghai; identified himself actively with the Revolution. Served under General Li Yuan-hung; assisted in organization of Nanking Provisional Government. 1912, vice and then acting minister of agriculture, industry and commerce; vice-speaker of the Senate. 1914-1916, general secretary, National Committee of Y.M.C.A. 1916-1917, resumed seat as vice-speaker of the Senate. 1917-1918, joined Canton Military Government. 1918-1919, envoy to U.S.A. to secure recognition of Canton Government; delegate to Paris Conference; advised against signing of Versailles Treaty because of Shantung clauses. 1920-1922, interested in business in Shanghai. 1922, director general of Shantung rehabilitation commission and chief delegate to Sino-Japanese commission on Shantung matters. December 1922, January 1923, minister of foreign affairs and acting premier. March 1923-May 1924, director general of Sino-Russian negotiations. 1925-1926 minister of foreign affairs and concurrently premier and acting minister of finance; director general of Sino-Russian Conference; delegate to and chairman of Customs Conference. Living in retirement in Shanghai since Kuominchun evacuation of Peking. Summer of 1927, commissioned by General Chiang Kai-shih to act as liaison officer with General Feng Yu-hsiang in Honan; chairman, Far Eastern Olympics Meet at Shanghai. Managing director, Liuhokou Coal Mining Company. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1168 ([scan leaf 1223](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1223/mode/1up))

**WANG CHI-TSENG, (王繼曾)** Courtesy name: SHU-CH'ING (沭勤).—Prefers French rendering: K. T. Ouang (Ouang Ki-tseng). Born 1880, native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Nanyang College, Shanghai, and Paris Ecole des Hautes etudes commerciales and Ecole Libre des sciences politiques. 1906—1908, attaché, high commission for investigation of constitutional syetems ot government in Europe and America; delegate, International Conference on Oriental Literature, Copenhagen. 1909-1911, secretary to Viceroy Chang Chi-tung, Wuchang; superintendent of students in France; member of jury, International Exposition at Turin. 1917, director, political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1922-1924, minister to Mexico. January—September 1924, chief secretary of the Cabinet. 2nd class Chiaho decoration as well as foreign decorations. — p. 1169 ([scan leaf 1224](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1224/mode/1up))

**WANG CHIA-HSIANG, (王家襄)** Courtesy name: YU-SHAN (幼山).—Born 1873; native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Graduate, Tokyo Police College. 1908, director of police administration in Chekiang. 1909, member, Chekiang provincial advisory council. 1911, director of police administration in Kirin; magistrate of Hangchow, Chek'iang. 1912, member of Nanking Provisional Assembly. President of the Senate in 1913, 1916-1917 and again 1923. 1917, managing director, Sino-British Fu Chung Mining Corporation. 5th class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1169 ([scan leaf 1224](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1224/mode/1up))

**WANG CHIEN, (王鍵)** Courtesy name: CHIN-SHENG (晉生). Prefers English rendering: John Wong. Born 1885, native of Taiku, Shansi. Graduate of St. John's University. 1914, B.A. (Wisconsin). 1916, M.A. (Columbia). Specialized in leather chemistry. Promoter and manager of the first leather tannery in Tientsin. — p. 1169 ([scan leaf 1224](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1224/mode/1up))

**WANG CHIH-CHANG, (王治昌)** Courtesy name: HUAI-CH'ING (槐青).—Born 1877; native of Tientsin, Chihli. Studied in Peiyang University. 1909, Bachelor of commerce (Waseda, Tokyo). Chüjen of imperial examinations. 1912-1915, chief, foreign trade section, and then senior secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. Councillor, same Ministry, since 1916. 1921, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. Government superintendent, Bank of Agriculture and Commerce, since 1921. Given brevet rank of minister plenipotentiary elect. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1169 ([scan leaf 1224](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1224/mode/1up))

**WANG CHIH-P'ING, (王治平)** Courtesy name: HUA-CH'ING (化清).—Native of Peking, Chihli. Graduate, Peking Methodist University. 1915-1917, M.A., Ph. D. (Columbia). Sometime English instructor and dean, Chinese department, Peking Methodist University. 1917-1919, professor of history, same institution. Assistant and then general secretary, Chinese Y.M.C.A., Tientsin, since winter of 1922. — p. 1169 ([scan leaf 1224](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1224/mode/1up))

**WANG CHING-CH'I, (王景岐)** Courtesy name: SHIH-SUN (石蓀).—Prefers to sign himself: Wang King-ky. Born 1882 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Studied in Tzu Ch'iang School, Wuchang, Oxford and Edinburgh universities. Graduate, Ecole Libre des sciences politiques, Paris. 1908, attache, Chinese Legation in London. 1912-1916, reporter, commission on constitutions; senior clerk and chief of section, political affairs department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; secretary, Russo-Chinese-Mongolian tripartite conference, Kiachta. 1917-1920, acting councillor, same Ministry; technical expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. Minister to Belgium since 1921. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1169 ([scan leaf 1224](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1224/mode/1up))

**WANG CHING-CH'UN, (王景春)** Courtesy name : CHAO-HSI (兆熙).—Born 1882 in and native of Lanchow, Chihli. Prefers English rendering : C. C. Wang. Studied at Peking Methodist University. 1900-1904, clerk and interpreter, American Legation, Peking. 1908, Ph. B. (Yale). 1909, M.A.; 1911, Ph. D. (Illinois). 1909-1910, instructor in Oriental history and commerce, Illinois University. 1912, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nanking Provisional Government. 1913-1915, associate director, Peking-Mukden Railway and concurrently vice-chairman, commission on unification of railway accounts and statistics. 1916-1918, director, department of railway accounts and finance; director of postal department; managing director, Peking Mukden and Peking-Hankow railways. 1919, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. 1920-1921, councillor, Ministry of Communications, and concurrently Chinese representative on Inter-Allied Technical Board for administration of Siberian and Chinese Eastern railways, Harbin; director general, Chinese Eastern Railway. 1925, delegate, International Electrical Communications and International Postal conferences. 1926, one of three Chinese members on British Boxer Indemnity Commission. April-June 1927, director general of posts. Author of "Legislative regulation of Railway finance in England" (doctoral dissertation) and numerous articles in many learned journals. 1st class Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations; 2nd order of Crown of Greece. — p. 1170 ([scan leaf 1225](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1225/mode/1up))

**WANG CHING-WEI** see WANG CHAO-MING. — p. 1170 ([scan leaf 1225](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1225/mode/1up))

**WANG CH'UNG-HUI, (王寵惠)** Courtesy name : LIANG-CH'OU (亮疇).—Born 1882 in and native of Tungkuan, Kwangtung. Studied in Tientsin Peiyang University, Japan, France and Germany. 1904, D.C.L. (Yale). 1907, Barrister-at-law (Middle Temple, London); assistant to Lu Cheng-hsiang, delegate to 2nd Hague Peace Conference. 1912, minister of foreign affairs, Nanking Provisional Government; minister of justice, first Republican Cabinet. His views on constitutional law largely influenced drafting of Nanking Provisional Constitution. 1913-1916, editor, Chung Hua Book Publishing Company; vice-president, Fuhtan University, Shanghai. 1917-1927, chairman, Law Codification Commission, Peking. 1920, chief justice, Supreme Court. 1921, delegate, League of Nations Assembly, and Washington Conference; elected deputy judge, Permanent Court of International Justice, The Hague. July—December 1922, and again in January 1924, premier. 1923-1924, sat as deputy judge at The Hague. 1925, nominated minister to England, but did not accept; elected member, Committee of Experts for the progressive codification of international law, appointed by League of Nations Council but did not attend; delegate, Customs Conference. October 1925—September 1926, delegate, International Commission on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction; concurrently chairman, Commission for investigation of Extraterritoriality. 1926, minister of education; director general, General Office for liquidation of branches in China of Russo-Asiatic Bank. Minister of Justice, Nanking Nationalist Government, since July 15, 1927. Author of English translation of German Civil Code (doctoral dissertation). 2nd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1170 ([scan leaf 1225](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1225/mode/1up))

**WANG, G. P** see WANG KU-P'AN. — p. 1170 ([scan leaf 1225](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1225/mode/1up))

**WANG HSIAO-YING, MISS, (王孝英女士)** —Graduate, Peking Girls' Normal College. Sometime principal, Foochow Girls' Normal College, and ad[illegible] of woman suffrage. Magistrate of P'ingnan district, Fukien, since the b[illegible] of 1927. First of her sex in China to be made a civic official. — p. 1170 ([scan leaf 1225](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1225/mode/1up))

***WANG HU, (王瑚)** —Native of Chihli. 1910, Kirin Taotai. 1913, acting chief civil administrator, Hunan. 1914, censor of the Censorate. 1916, gover[illegible] of Peking Metropolitan area. 1920, civil governor of Kiangsu. June—September 1922, civil governor of Shantung. 1925, director general for extension of Peking-Suiyuan Railway extension. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1170 ([scan leaf 1225](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1225/mode/1up))

**WANG HUAI-CH'ING, (王懷慶)** Courtesy name: MOU-HSUAN (懋宣).—Born 1866; native of Ningchin, Chihli. Graduate, Tientsin Peiyang Military College. Displayed unusual bravery during fighting in Sino-Japanese war. 1907, co-d'rector of military affairs, Mukden. 1912, garrison commissioner, Dolonor. 1914, garrison commander, Tsinan. 1919-1922, commander-in-chief of Peking gendarmerie and concurrently commander-in-chief of Peking garrison. 1922, made full general; inspector general of Chahar, Jehol, and Suiyuan. 1923, made field marshal. 1924, commander, 2nd division. 1926, commander-in-chief, Peking garrison. Retired. 1st class Wenhu and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decorations. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG I-CHIH, (王一之)** —Prefers English name: Yates Wang. Born 1887; native of Hangchow, Chekiang. 1913, graduate, George Washington University, U.S.A.; editor, Shanghai Shun Pao. Instructor in Peking. 1919, 3rd secretary, Legation in Brazil. 1920-1925, 2nd secretary, Legation in Vienna. 3rd secretary, permanent delegation to League of Nations, since August 1927. Author of a volume on America through Chinese eyes. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG I-T'ANG, (王揖堂)** Courtesy name: I-T'ANG (一堂).—Born 1877 in and native of Hofei, Anhwei. Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1907-1908, military adviser to Viceroy Hsu Shih-ch'ang, Mukden. 1908-1910, accompanied Tai Hung-tz'u to Russia to attend the Czar's coronation; travelled in Europe and studied military science in Germany. 1912, adviser to President Yuan Shih-k'ai; made lieutenant general; organized Kung-ho Tang which afterwards was merged together with the Chinputang or Progressive Party. 1923, senator. 1914, member of State Council for drafting "Yuan Shih-k'ai Constitution." 1915-1916, civil governor of Kirin; minister of interior. 1918, organized the Anfu Club; speaker, House of Representatives. 1919, replaced Chu Ch'i-ch'ien as chief northern delegate, Shanghai peace conference. 1919, ordered to be arrested as leader of Anfu Party. 1920-1924, took refuge in Japan. February 1923, pardoned; Tupan (military governor) or Anhwei for a few months. Translator of the Kaiser's Memoirs. 2nd class Order of Merit. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG JU-CH'IN, (王汝勤)** Courtesy name: YU-FU (幼甫).—Born 1877 in and native of Miyun, Chihli. Graduate, Tokyo Military College. 1912-1914, made lieutenant general; commander, 15th brigade, 8th division. 1919-1925, commander, 8th division; made general; commander-in-chief, Upper Yangtze valley; assistant military governor of Hupeh. Author of a volume on artillery tactics. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. Retired. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG K'E-MIN, (王克敏)** Courtesy name: SHU-LU (叔魯).—Born 1875 in in and native of Hanchow, Chekiang. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1902-1907, director of students in Japan; councillor, Chinese Legation in Tokyo. 1908-1911, secretary to Governor Yang Shih-hsiang of Shantung; commissioner of foreign affairs in Chihli. 1913, travelled in France; managing director, Banque Industrielle de Chine. 1917, president, Bank of China; concurrently minister of finance. December 1918, assistant delegate to Shanghai peace conference. June 1922-October 1923, re-elected president, Bank of China. 1923-1924, reappointed minister of finance and concurrently director general of salt administration. 1924-1925, imprisoned for nearly a year during Kuominchun occupation of Peking. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG KING-KY** see WANG CHING-CH'I. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG KU-P'AN, (王同磐)** Courtesy name: CHIN-AN (靜庵).—Prefers English rendering: G. P. Wang. Native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate Peiyang Police Academy, Tientsin, and College of Police, Berlin. Sometime superintendent of police in Nanking and Chahar; superintendent of Kiangsu provincial garrison; chairman, International Police Service Conference, Vienna. 1924, commissoner of police, Woosung and Shanghai. 2nd class Wenhu and 3rd class Chiaho decorations. — p. 1171 ([scan leaf 1226](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1226/mode/1up))

**WANG KUANG-CH'I, (王廣圻)** Courtesy name : CHI-FU (劼甫).—Born 1878; native of Wusih, Kiangsu. Graduate, Peking Language School. Sometime private secretary to Lu Cheng-hsiang (minister to Holland and Russia), secretary to the Cabinet and councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1915-1921, minister to Italy. Minister to Holland since 1921. 1925, delegate, League of Nations Assembly 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG KUEI-SHAN, (王桂山)** —Born 1882 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Graduate of Foochow Military Academy and Tokyo Military College. Instructor in military subjects for a number of years 1924, staff officer, Mukden Army. Councillor, department of general staff, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July 1, 1927 Promoted major general August 1, 1927. 3rd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG LAI-CH'I, (王賚祺)** Courtesy name : YU-CHOU (予周).—Born 1885; native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Docteur en droit, University of Brussels. 1922-1924, 2nd secretary, in charge of Legation in Sweden and Norway; 1st secretary, in charge of Legation in Sweden and Finland. 1925, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Chief of section, political affairs department, same Ministry, since January 1926. 3rd class Chiaho decoration; as well as several foreign decorations. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

***WANG LEI, (王耒)** —Born 1880; native of Chekiang. Educated in Japan. Sometime judge, Yunnan High Court; Taoyin in Fengtien; secretary to the Cabinet. August 1920-March 1923, chief, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking. Nov. 1922, chief secretary to the Cabinet. 1925, vice-minister of interior. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. Author of a volume on the control and maintenance of T'iao Erh River. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG, LINGOH** see below. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG LIN-KE, (王麟閣)** —Prefers English rendering: Lingoh Wang. Born 1880; native of Tientsin, Chihli. R.A. (North Carolina). 1913, commissioner of foreign affairs, Chefoo. 1914-1916, commissioner of foreign affairs for Chihli. 1917, consul to Vancouver. 1918-1920, second secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington. 1921-1924, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; concurrently manager, Peking branch, Commercial Guarantee Bank of Chihli. Consul general to Manila, P.I., since 1924. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

***WANG NAI-MU, (王乃模)** Courtesy name : FAN-T'ING, (範庭).—Born 1889; native of Chekiang. Graduate, Military University, Peking. Sometime chief of staff, 11th division; secretary, military governor of Honan; councillor, directorate-general of Northwestern defence, and concurrently commander of aviation corps. 1926, director, Peking-Hankow Railway. 2nd class Wenhu decoration. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG NAI-PIN, ([illegible])** Courtesy name : EN-FU (恩甫).—Born 1870 in and native of Hsinmin, Fengtien. 1911. Taotai of Jehol. 1912-1915, retired. 1916, high advisor to civil governor of Fengtien 1918-1922, adviser to President Hsu Shih-ch'ang. 1920, minister of agriculture and commerce. January 1922, appointed director general, Chinese Eastern Railway, but did not proceed. 5th class Order of Merit; 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG PO-LIN, (王柏齡)** Courtesy name : MOU-JU (謀如).—Born 1889; native of Kiangsu. Graduate, artillery school, Tokyo Military College. Taught in Yunnan Military College and became widely known for profound knowledge of military tactics. 1923, went to Canton and became Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's staff officer. 1925, one of the originators of Whampao Military Academy. July 1926, vice-commander of Northern Expedition First Army Corps, and then commander of 1st Division of independent troops. After the Nationalist occupation of Kiangsi, was suspected and dismissed; reinstated, beginning of 1927. — p. 172 ([scan leaf 1227](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1227/mode/1up))

**WANG P'U. (王璞)** —Born 1875; native of Peking, Chihli. Inventor and promoter, phonetic alphabet. Sometime professor, Teachers' University and Women's Normal University, Peking; president, Peking Phonetic Alphabet Training School. Author of various books on national pronunciation, national standard of spoken language, etc. Retired. — p. 1173 ([scan leaf 1228](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1228/mode/1up))

**WANG SHIH-CHEN, (王士珍)** Courtesy name: P'ING-CH'ING (聘卿)—Born 1864 in and native of Chengting, Chihli. Graduate, Peiyang Military College, in same class with Marshal Tuan Ch'i-jui. Veteran soldier of Sino-Japanese war; assisted Yuan Shih-k'ai in training modern armies. 1908-1910, commander-in-chief of Kiangpei garrison. 1911, minister of war and concurrently viceroy of Hunan-Hupeh and Kwangtung-Kwangsi in Yuan Shih-kai's Cabinet. 1912-1914, retired. 1915, resident director, Generalissimo's Office; minister of war. 1916, chief of general staff. 1917, reappointed minister of war. November 1917-February 1918, acting premier and concurrently minister of war. 1918-1919, retired. December 1920, appointed inspector general of Kiangsu, Anhwei and Kiangsi, but did not accept. January 1922, promoted field marshal. President, College of Marshals. 1925-1926, member, Reorganization Conference; chairman, Military Rehabilitation Conference; chairman, committee of safety, during period between Kuominchun evacuation of and entry of Mukden troops into Peking. 1st class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1173 ([scan leaf 1228](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1228/mode/1up))

**WANG SHIH-CHEN, (王世徵)** Courtesy name: O-SUN (莪蓀).—Prefers English rendering: S. C. Wang. Born 1873 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Chinshih and Hanlin scholar of imperial examinations. 1907, Barrister-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, London. 1912, secretary to Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1914, member, Advisory Council. Translator of Dr. Goodnow's article advocating limited monarchy for China. 1915-1917, retired. 1917-1918, editor, Kung Yen Pao, and concurrently managing editor, Peking Daily News. 1918-1920, senator; concurrently adviser to the Cabinet and Ministry of Communications. 1920, founder and editor, Hsin Pao, Peking. Retired. — p. 1173 ([scan leaf 1228](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1228/mode/1up))

**WANG SHIH-T'UNG, (王式通)** Courtesy name: SHU-HENG (蕃衡).—Born 1866; native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Chinshih of imperial examinations. Sometime minister of justice; adviser to the President; compiler, Bureau of Ch'ing Dynasty History. 1927, member, Sino-Japanese Cultural Commission; chief compiler, newly created Bureau of Ceremonies. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1173 ([scan leaf 1228](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1228/mode/1up))

**WANG SHIH-YUAN, (汪士元)** —Native of Anhwei. Chinshih of imperial examinations. Sometime Taotai of Tientsin; salt commissioner for Chihli; secretary to governors of Chihli and Honan; and vice-minister of finance. 1921-1922, director general of wine and tobacco administration. Retired. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1173 ([scan leaf 1228](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1228/mode/1up))

**WANG TA-HSIEH, (汪大燮)** Courtesy name: PO-T'ANG (伯唐).—Born 1858 in and native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1902-1904, director, educational mission to Japan; councillor, Board of Foreign Affairs; director, educational mission to Europe. 1905, minister to London. 1906, junior vice-president, Board of Foreign Affairs. 1907, special commissioner to study English constitutional government. 1908, high commissioner of imperial granaries. 1910, senior vice-president, Board of Communications; minister to Japan. September 1913-February 1914, minister of education. 1914, chief justice, Administrative Court; vice-president, Advisory Council. 1916 (for one month), minister of Communications. 1917, special envoy to present Grand Decoration to Japanese Emperor; minister of foreign affairs and acting premier. 1918, chairman, foreign affairs commission. 1920, president, Chinese Red Cross Society, and co-chairman, famine relief association of North China. 1922, premier and concurrently minister of finance; president, Red Cross Society; vice-president, Washington Conference commission; chief justice, Administrative Court. Reappointed chief justice, Administrative Court, since 1925. 1925-1926, chairman, foreign affairs commission; member, committee of safety, Peking. 2nd class Order of Merit. — p. 1173 ([scan leaf 1228](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1228/mode/1up))

**WANG T'AN, (王坦)** Courtesy name: YANG-CHIH (養治).—Born 1886; native of Mukden, Fengtien. Graduate, Tokyo Military College. 1913, chief staff officer, Chahar garrison. 1920-1922, commander, 2nd infantry regiment, Kirin 2nd provincial mixed brigade; assistant councillor, Ministry of War; made lieutenant general. 1923-1924, acting and then substantive vice-minister of war, with rank of Chi Wei Chiang Chun. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1474 ([scan leaf 1229](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1229/mode/1up))

**WANG T'ANG, (王棠)** Courtesy name: CHAO-NAN (召南).—Prefers to sign himself: Wong Tong. Native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Sometime manager, Leemin Shinkuo Weaving Company, Hwayang Weaving Company, and Hong-Kwanghwa Hospital, Hongkong; commissioner of finance, Canton; managing director, Canton-Hankow Railway. 1926, head, financial department, Canton provincial government. — p. 1474 ([scan leaf 1229](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1229/mode/1up))

**WANG T'ING-CHANG, (王廷璋)** Courtesy name: TZU-CH'I (子琦).—Prefers French rendering: Ouang Ting-tchang. Born in Canton, 1884; native of Chekiang. Studied in Peking, Paris and Liege. 1910, Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1913, secretary to President Yuan Shih-kai and secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1917, appointed 1st secretary and chargé d'affaires in Mexico, then transferred consul general to San Francisco, but retained in the Ministry. 1921, secretary to Chu Ch'u-ch'ien's special mission to France on behalf of President Hsu Shih-ch'ang. 1922, acting director, protocol department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1923, councillor. 1924, director, protocol department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1925-1926, director, protocol department, Customs Conference. Minister to Portugal since 1926. September-October 1927, delegate, League of Nations Assembly, and representative on League of Nations Council. 2nd class Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations, as well as many foreign orders and decorations. — p. 1474 ([scan leaf 1229](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1229/mode/1up))

**WANG T'ING-CHENG, (王廷楨)** Courtesy name: TZU-MING (子明).—Born 1876 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate, Tokyo Military College. Rose to rank of division commander. 1911, sent to France to attend military manoeuvres. 1912, lieutenant general, Mixed White Banner of Mongolia. 1913, acting defence commissioner, Tientsin; made lieutenant general; defence commissioner of Nanking. 1916, commander, 16th division. 1917, deputy high inspecting commissioner of Yangtze garrison; given brevet rank of general. December 1919—September 1920, Tutung (civil and military governor) of Chahar. November 1922, Tutung, Chinese units of Bordered Yellow Banner. 1923, member, Mongolian frontier defence commission. Author of lecture notes on military science and tactics. 3rd class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1474 ([scan leaf 1229](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1229/mode/1up))

**WANG TU, (王杜)** Courtesy name: HUI-JU (晦如).—Born 1879; native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Sometime secretary to governors of Kirin and Heilungkiang; assistant director, Kirin opium suppression bureau; secretary, President's Office; councillor, Cabinet Office; Taoyin, Heiho, Heilungkiang; judge, Administrative Court. Councillor, Ministry of Communications, since July 1927. 2nd Class Tashou decoration. — p. 1474 ([scan leaf 1229](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1229/mode/1up))

**WANG WEN-HSIEN, (王文顯)** Courtesy name: LI-SHAN (力山).—Prefers English rendering: J. Wong-Quincey. Born 1887; native of Quinsan, Kiangsu. Studied in Peiyang University. 1913, B.A. with honours (London). 1914, secretary, financial mission to Europe. 1915-1921, professor and then dean, Tsing Hua College, Peking. 1921-1922, acting president and then vice-president, same institution. Resumed professorship of English literature, same institution, since 1923. Author of "The World War from the Chinese Standpoint" and "Educational Guide to the United States." Founder and editor, The China Review (1914). — p. 1474 ([scan leaf 1229](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1229/mode/1up))

**WANG WEN-PAO, (王文豹)** Courtesy name: SHAO-CH'UAN (紹荃).—Born 1879 in and native of Changsha, Hunan. Learned police administration in Japan. Rose to chief of administrative bureau, Metropolitan Police Headquarters. 1912, chief of section, department of police administration, Ministry of Interior. Director, department of prisons, Ministry of Justice, since 1914. 1920, member, commission for reorganization of Russian courts along Chinese Eastern Railway. 1925-1926, acting vice-minister of justice. 1926-1927, lecturer, Yenching University. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1175 ([scan leaf 1230](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1230/mode/1up))

**WANG WEN-TIEN, (王文典)** —Native of Suian, Chekiang. Chairman, Peking general chamber of commerce; vice-chairman. All-China Union of Chambers of Commerce; North China general manager, Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company; manager of several other companies. Sometime people's delegate to the Hague peace conference to plead the remission of Boxer indemnity; trade commissioner to Philippines and Siam; industrial commissioner to the South Sea Islands; special commissioner to visit Chinese colony in the Philippines: chief technical expert, Sino-Russian Conference; chief judge, commercial museum, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; etc. Author of four volumes on the development of national goods, social reforms, and universal language. 2nd Class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1175 ([scan leaf 1230](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1230/mode/1up))

**WANG WEN-WEI, (王文蔚)** Courtesy name: HSIANG-HOU (蕲侯).—Prefers English rendering: Homer W. W. Wong. Born 1880 in and native of Chusan, Chekiang. Graduate, Shanghai Language School. 1901-1908, clerk in U.S.A. post office, Shanghai. 1908-1911, interpreter to U.S. Consular Court and commissioner of foreign affairs, Shanghai. 1911-1912, secretary, Ministry of Communications, Nanking; director, postal department, Ministry of Communications, Peking. 1917-1922, deputy director general of posts; concurrently councillor, Ministry of Finance. 1922, retired to become Hankow manager, Liuhokou Coal Mining Company. 1925, director general of posts. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1175 ([scan leaf 1230](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1230/mode/1up))

**WANG, YATES** see WANG I-CHIH. — p. 1175 ([scan leaf 1230](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1230/mode/1up))

**WANG YIN-T'AI, (王蔭泰)** Courtesy name: MENG CH'UN (孟羣).—Born 1886; native of Shaohsing, Chekiang. Son of Wang Shih-t'ung. 1902-1906, studied in Japan. 1907-1912, law graduate, Berlin University. Travelled extensively in Germany upon request of Viceroy Tuan Fang to investigate constitutional and local self-government systems in Europe. 1913-1919, lecturer on comparative law, Peking National University. 1914-1920, councillor, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking. 1917, judge, High Prize Court; member of special high commission to Japan. 1919, legal adviser to custodian of enemy property and special envoy to Urga. 1920, director, general affairs department, office of high commissioner to Urga. 1922, councillor, Civil Service Bureau, and adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin. 1923-1925, held various important posts in Manchuria. June 1926—June 1927, vice-minister of foreign affairs; concurrently delegate, Customs Conference, chairman of commission for examination of candidates for diplomatic and consular appointments, and chairman of Sino-Russian Conference Commission. Minister for Foreign Affairs since June 1927. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1175 ([scan leaf 1230](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1230/mode/1up))

**WANG YU-CHIH, (王毓芝)** Courtesy name: LAN-T'ING (蘭亭).—Born 1878 in and native of Tsining, Shantung. Secretary to Marshal Ts'ao K'un (1902-1924). 1920, assistant director general of currency administration; concurrently chief secretary of high inspecting commissioner of Chihli, Honan and Shantung. 1922, director general of wine and tobacco administration. October 1923-October 1924, chief secretary, President's Office. 4th class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1175 ([scan leaf 1230](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1230/mode/1up))

**WANG YU-CHING, (王祁繹)** Courtesy name : LUN-KE (綸閣).—Born 1883 in and native of Mengyin, Shantung. Studied in Peking Military University. Rose to rank of chief staff officer and brigadier commander; sometime occupation commissioner of Ts'aochow (Shantung). Deputy chief military officer, Ministry of Military Affairs, since July 1927. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WANG YU-LIN, (汪有齡)** Courtesy name : TZU-CHIEN (子健).—Born 1879 in and native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Studied law in Japan. 1912, vice-minister of justice. 1914-1916, member, Advisory Council (Ts'anchengyuan) created by Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1917-1920, senator; concurrently editor-in-chief of Anfu Party organ, Kung Yen Pao (Peking). 1919, delegate, Shanghai peace conference. Legal practitioner in Peking since 1921. Founder and president, Ch'ao Yang University, Peking. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WANG YUN-WU, (王雲五)** Courtesy name : CHIH-JUI or YU-LU (之瑞岫廬).—Prefers English rendering : Y. W. Wang. Born 1887; native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. 1909-11, professor of history, National Institute, Woosung; secretary to President Sun Yat-sen at Nanking; director, department of higher education, and acting vice-minister of education, Peking. 1913, professor of Chung Kuo University and editor, Republican Daily, Peking. Chief of translation department, national oil administration. 1916-17, special commissioner for suppression of opium in Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei. Since 1920, editor-in-chief of Commercial Press, Shanghai. Author of twenty well-known books of general and special interest and is engaged upon reformed system of Chinese lexicography. Director of Oriental Library, and chairman of Library Association, Shanghai. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEI CH'EN-TZU, (魏宸組)** Courtesy name : CHU-TUNG (注東).—Native of Hupeh. Studied in France. 1912, chief secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nanking Provisional Government; chief secretary to the Cabinet. 1912-1915, minister to Holland. 1919, delegate, Paris Peace Conference. 1919-1921, minister to Belgium. Transferred minister to Germany since 1922. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

***WEI CH'O, (韋懋)** —Prefers English rendering : Sidney Kok Wei. 1918, B.A. (Oberlin College, Ohio). 1920, Ph.D. (Chicago). 1921-1923, lecturer in Canton Normal College. 1922, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Canton Government. 1922-1923, associate and then commissioner of education for Kwangtung. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEI I, (魏易)** Courtesy name : CH'UNG-SHU (沖叔).—Born 1880 in and native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Studied in St. John's University, Shanghai. 1904-1911, instructor, Peking National University. 1913, secretary to Premier Hsiung Hsi-ling; concurrently director of press bureau. 1914-1917, secretary, national oil administration, and central sale administration. Chief secretary, Commission for Improvement of River System of Chihli, since March 1918. Co-translator (with Lin Chin-nan) of 50 English classic novels. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEI PO, (衞渤)** Courtesy name : T'ING-T'AO (聰濤).—Prefers English name : Tyndal Wei. Born 1885 in and native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Studied in Soochow University. 1912-1913, assistant editor, Peking Daily News. Secretary and then director, department of loans, Ministry of Finance, since 1914. 1923-1926, technical expert, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. 1925-1926, technical expert, Customs Conference; councillor, National Wine and Tobacco Administration. 3rd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEI, SIDNEY KOK** see WEI CH'O. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEI, TYNDAL** see WEI PO. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEI WEN-PIN, (魏文彬)** Courtesy name : YA-T'ING (雅庭).—Born 1887 in and native of Miyun, Chihli. Studied in Peking University. 1910, B.A.; 1911, M.A. (Amherst). 1914, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1915, 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in Mexico City. 1915-1921, 3rd and then 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington and London; secretary, Chinese delegations to Paris Conference, Washington Conference, and League of Nations Assembly. 1922-1924, assistant secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Promoted secretary, since January 1924. December 1925, given brevet rank of minister plenipotentiary tiary elect. 1925-1926, Assistant director, conference department, Customs Conference. April 1927, concurrently acting councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1176 ([scan leaf 1231](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1231/mode/1up))

**WEN SHIH-CHEN, (溫世珍)** Courtesy name: P'EI-SHAN (佩珊).—Prefers English rendering: S. T. Wen. Born 1878 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate, Peiyang naval college; lieutenant in navy for four years. 1906, secretary to viceroy of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. 1907, transferred secretary to viceroy of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei. 1913-1916, commissioner of foreign affairs, Hangchow. 1916-1920, adviser to Governor Li Shun, Nanking; superintendent of customs and concurrently commissioner of foreign affairs, Nanking. 1921-1922, adviser. Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1924, commissioner of foreign affairs and customs superintendent, Shanghai. Living in retirement in Japan since 1925. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WEN SHIH-LIN, (溫世霖)** Courtesy name: CHIH-YING (支英).—Born 1871 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Studied in Peiyang naval pilot school. Devoted himself to educational work. 1911, banished to Chinese Turkestan (Sinkiang) for calling upon the students of whole country to declare a general strike against the Government's refusal to convene a parliament immediately. Escaped just as he was about to be banished to Tibet. 1913, member of parliament. 1914 proscribed together with other Kuomintang M P.'s and fled to Shanghai. 1916, resumed his seat in House of Representatives. 1917, chief secretary of newly organized Ming Yu Hui Party; joined Canton Military Government. 1922, resumed seat again in House of Representatives. Retired. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WEN, S. T** see WEN SHIH-CHEN. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WEN TSUNG-YAO, (溫宗堯)** Courtesy name: CH'ING FU (欽甫).—Born 1876; native of Kwangtung. Studied in Hongkong Queen's College and U.S.A. 1903-1908, secretary to viceroy of Canton; concurrently, chief of foreign affairs bureau, director of telephone administration. June 1908, Assistant Resident in Tibet. 1909, advisor to viceroy of Nanking 1910, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Played important part during Revolution of 1911 as publicity agent and vice-minister of foreign affairs of Revolutionary Government at Shanghai. 1912, delegate to peace conference; commissioner for foreign affairs and director of trade. Shanghai; Declined offer of Residency in Tibet; became involved in 1913 Revolution and fled to Japan. 1915-1916, active in frustrating Yuan Shih-k'ai's monarchical scheme. 1917, associate director general of Pukow Port development and concurrently commissioner of foreign affairs, Nanking. 1920, administrative director and minister of foreign affairs, Canton Government; chief delegate to Shanghai peace conference to succeed T'ang Shao-yi. Living in retirement in Shanghai since 1921. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WENG WEN-HAO, (翁文灝)** Courtesy name: YUNG-I (詠甯).—Born July 17, 1889; native of Chekiang. 1912, D.Sc. (Louvain). 1917, acting director, department of mines, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1923-1927, chief technical expert, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. Director of Geological Survey, Peking, since 1922. Chief technical expert, Ministry of Industry, since July 1927. Author of "Mineral Resources of China," "Earthquake Regions in China," "Crustal Movements and Igneous Activities in Eastern China," "Mining Industry," etc. 2nd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG, HOMER W** see WANG WEN-WEI. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG, JOHN** see WANG CHIEN. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG, K. U** see HUANG KUO-EN. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG KAI-WEN** see HUANG K'AI-WEN. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG, QUINCEY J** see WANG WEN-HSIEN. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG SHU-MIN** see HUANG SHOU-MIN — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WONG TONG** see WANG T'ANG. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WOO, TSECHING P. K** see WU P'EI-KUANG. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WOO, Y. L** see WU JEN-LI — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WOOD, G. ZAY** see HO CHIEH-TS'AI. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WOU, M. L** see WU MENG-LAN. — p. 1177 ([scan leaf 1232](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1232/mode/1up))

**WU AI-CH'EN, (吳鶴宸)** —Born 1891; native of Fukien. 1913, B.A. (Peking National). Sometime adviser to inspector-general of Chihli, Honan and Shantung; customs superintendent and commissioner of foreign affairs, Hankow. 1924-1925, director, Special Administrative District, Hankow. 1926, adviser to military governor of Hupeh. 3rd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU, C. C** see below. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU CH'AO-CH'U, (伍朝樞)** . Courtesy name: T'I-YUN (梯雲).—Better known as C. C. Wu. Son of Wu T'ing-fang. Born 1886; native of Heinhui, Kwangtung. 1911, LL.B. (London); barrister-at-law (Lincoln's Inn). Awarded studentship at Bar examinations and moiety of scholarship. 1912, commissioner of foreign affairs for Hupeh. 1913, member of parliament and member, Temple of Heaven Constitution drafting committee. Originator of Minhsientang Party. 1915, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Cabinet. 1917, resigned and joined Canton Government. 1919, delegate for Canton Government, Paris Conference. 1920-1924, vice and then minister of foreign affairs, Canton Government. 1925, member of military council, and concurrently mayor of Canton; disagreed with Gen. Chiang Kai-shih and departed from Canton. Minister of foreign affairs, Nanking Nationalist Government, since May 1927. Author of pamphlets entitled "Appeal for Recognition" and "China's position in Tibet" (1913). 2nd class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU CH'I-SUN, (吳岐孫)** . Courtesy name: SHIH-HSIANG (世緗).—Born 1876; native of Kushih, Honan. Associated intimately with Hsu Shih-ch'ang ever since 1905. 1914, chief of administrative department, Cabinet Office. 1916, director, Bureau of Printing and Engraving. September 1918—May 1922, chief secretary to President Hsu Shih-ch'ang. Retired. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU CHIN, (吳晋)** . Courtesy name: SHAO-YU (少佑).—Prefers French rendering: Ou Tsing. Born 1889 in and native of Wuchin, Kiangsu. Graduate of Ecole de l'Artillerie, Versailles. 1917-1918, member of military observer's staff at Paris during World War. 1919, secretary, Chinese delegation to Paris Conference. 1921, aeronautical and military expert, Chinese delegation to Assembly of League of Nations. 1926-1927, chief, diplomatic bureau of Ankuochun. Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs since June 1927. 2nd Class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations and Officer de Legion d'Honneur. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU CHING-HSIUNG, (吳經熊)** .—Prefers English rendering: John C. H. Wu. Born March 28, 1899; native of Ningpo, Chekiang. 1920, LL.B. (Comparative Law School of China). 1921, J.D. (Michigan). 1921-1923, Carnegie fellow in international law in Paris and Berlin universities. 1923-1924, research fellow at Harvard University. 1924-1925, professor of philosophy, National Institute of Self-Government; professor, Comparative Law School of China. Judge, Shanghai Provisional Court, since January 1, 1927. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU CHING-LIEN, (吳景濂)** . Courtesy name: LIEN-PO (蓮坡).—Born 1875 in and native of Hsingch'eng, Fengtien. Graduate, Peking National University; studied in Japan. 1909, chairman, Fengtien provincial council; director, Fengtien Normal College. 1912, member, National Council, Nanking. 1913, member of parliament. 1917, speaker, House of Representatives. 1918, speaker, Extraordinary Parliament, Canton. 1922, speaker, House of Representatives. Living in retirement in Japan since beginning of 1924. 1st class Order of Merit and 1st class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU CHUN-SHENG, (吳俊陞)** . Courtesy name: HSING-CH'UAN (興權).—Born 1863 in and native of Liehch'eng, Shantung. Started career as a mere soldier in the imperial army. 1914, defence commissioner of Tiao-Liao area, Fengtien province. 1916, made lieutenant general; commander, 29th division. Military Governor of Heilungkiang since 1921; concurrently civil governor, and vice-commandant for preservation of peace and order in Manchuria. October 1927, made full general. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1178 ([scan leaf 1233](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1233/mode/1up))

**WU JEN-LI, (吴紉禮)** Courtesy name: P'EI-CHIH (佩之).—Prefers English rendering: Y. L. Woo. Born 1875; native of Hofei, Anhwei. Graduate, Weihaiwei naval school. 1895, captain of Fuchi and Haichi. 1902, director, Peiyang army schools. 1907, secretary, Ministry of Navy. 1911, chief of ordnance department. 1925, vice and then officiating minister of navy. 2nd class Wenhu and 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decorations. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

**WU, JOHN C. H** see WU CHING-HSIUNG. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

**WU KUANG-HSIN, (吴光新)** —Native of Anhwei. Graduate. Tokyo Military College. Sometime commander-in-chief, Upper Yangtze Valley. 1920, during Chihli-Anfu war, imprisoned at Wuchang by Wang Chan-yuan. Released August 1921, when latter was forced to flee to Tientsin; price of ransom said to have been $200,000. 1925, minister of war. 1926, appointed director of Woosung and Shanghai port administration but did not assume office. Related by marriage to Tuan Ch'i-jui. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

**WU K'UN-WU, (吴昆吾)** —Prefers French rendering: Houx Koung-ou. Born 1886 in and native of T'ungliang, Szechwan. Docteur en droit (Geneva). 1912, secretary, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking. 1914, senior clerk, Ministry of Justice. 1919, senior secretary, Chinese Legation in Berne. 1921, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1924, councillor, Law Compilation Bureau 1925, given brevet rank of minister plenipotentiary elect. 1926, chief, political affairs department, and concurrently chief, river conservancy bureau, Peking Mayor's Office. Vice-chairman, Commission on Extraterritoriality, since August 8. 1927. Author of five volumes on the committee system, distribution of powers between the executive and the legislature, cabinet system, new German constitution, Chinese family system and marriage. 2nd Class Chiaho and 2nd Class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

**WU LEI-CH'UAN, (吴雷川)** —Born 1870 in Hsiaohsien, Kiangsu; native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Chinshih (Litt.D.) and Hanlin compiler of imperial examinations. April 1905-December 1909, principal, Chekiang College, Hangchow. February 1910-June 1914, principal, Chekiang Provincials' School, Peking. August 1912-February 1925, senior clerk, Ministry of Education. February 1925, promoted councillor. Vice-president and concurrently professor, Yenching University, Peking, since April 1926. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

**WU LIEN-TEH, (伍连德)** Courtesy name: HSIN-LIEN (星聯).—Born 1880 in Singapore; native of Taishan, Kwangtung. B.A., M.B., Ch.B., M.D. (Cantab.) Postgraduate work in France and Germany. Honorary LL.D. (Hongkong). Honorary D.Sc. (St. John's University, Shanghai). 1908-1911, vice and then director, Peiyang Army Medical College, Tientsin. Distinguished himself during outbreak of pneumonic plague in North Manchuria. 1911, chairman, International Plague Conference, Mukden. Director and chief medical officer, North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service at Harbin, since 1912. Twice delegate to International Opium Conference (1912 and 1918). Past president, National Medical Association; physician, President's Office, and medical officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Author of books on plague and other medical subjects. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

**WU MENG-LAN, (吴夢蘭)** Courtesy name: CHIH-CHOU (芷洲).—Prefers English rendering: M. L. Woo. Native of Tientsin. Graduate, Peiyang naval school. Sometime auditor, Bank of China, head office; chief auditor, Chung Hsing Coal Mining Company; director, Shanghai and Paoshan land office; head of business department at Pukow. Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 1924, business manager, Shanghai-Nanking and Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railways. 1925, retired. 4th class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1179 ([scan leaf 1234](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1234/mode/1up))

***WU NAI-SH'EN, (吴乃琛)** .—Born 1882; native of Chekiang. Graduate of Shanghai Nanyang College, California and Wisconsin universities. 1910-1911, co-director, national bureau of currency reform; delegate, International Currency Conference, London; law compiler, Ministry of Communications; lecturer on economics, statistics, money and banking, Peking National University. 1912, dean, school of commerce, same University. 1913, vice-governor, Bank of China. 1912-1920, secretary, councillor, and director of department of currency and banking, Ministry of Finance. Reired. Now in business. Author of two volumes on money and banking and statistics. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1180 ([scan leaf 1235](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1235/mode/1up))

**WU P'EI-FU, (吴佩孚)** . Courtesy name: TZU-YU (子玉).—Born 1873 in and native of P'englai, Shantung. 1893, Hsiuts'ai (B.A.) of imperial examinations. 1898, attended Peiyang military school. 1908-1910, aide-de-camp to Marshal Wang Shih-chen, commander-in-chief of Kiangpei. 1910-1911, aide-de-camp to commander-in-chief of 7th division. 1912, joined Ts'ao K'un's 3rd division. 1915-1916, regimental commander, 3rd division, stationed in Hunan and Szechwan; made major general. 1916-1917, acting commander, 3rd division; promoted lieutenant general, and participated in suppression of Manchu restoration. 1918, promoted commander, 3rd division; conqueror of Changsha (Hunan); assistant commander to recapture Kwangtung. August 1918, advocated peaceful settlement and mutual withdrawal of troops and sponsored Shanghai peace conference of February 1919. 1920, deputy high inspecting commissioner of Chihli, Shantung and Honan. 1921, concurrently high inspecting commissioner of Hupeh and Hunan. June 1922, appointed minister of war, but did not assume office; made full general. January 1923, made Fu Wei Shang Chiang Chun (Marshal); succeeded President Ts'ao K'un as high inspecting commissioner of Chihli, Shantung and Honan, but retaining command of 3rd division. January 1924, director general of motor traffic highway construction in Chihli, Shantung and Honan. September 1924, commander-in-chief of Chihli forces in Chihli-Fengtien war. Upon defection of Marshal Feng Yü-hsiang, retreated to Tientsin and sailed for Hankow. April 1926, assisted Mukden Party in defeating the Kuominchun armies. September 1926, met Marshal Chang Tso-lin in solemn conference in Peking as joint masters of North China. 1926-1927, waited with his troops along Honan-Hupeh border to retake Hankow from the Nationalists. October 1927, waiting in Szechwan for opportunity to re enter Hupeh with aid of Szechwan generals. 1st Class Order of Merit; 1st Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1180 ([scan leaf 1235](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1235/mode/1up))

**WU P'EI-KUANG, (吴佩沆)** .—Prefers English rendering: Tseching P. K. Woo. Born August 5, 1872; native of Chekiang. Graduate, Peiyang naval college. Studied in America. Five years in railway construction engineering service. 1912-1918, chief of section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1919-1921, consul general to Panama. 1922, assistant commissioner for rendition of Weihaiwei negotiations. 1923, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1923-1924, consul general at Vladivostok. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1180 ([scan leaf 1235](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1235/mode/1up))

**WU PING-HSIANG, (吴炳湘)** . Courtesy name: CHING-T'AN (鏡潭).—Born 1876 in and native of Hofei, Anhwei. 1913, chief of police and concurrently associate director of municipal administration, Peking. 1917, made major general. 1919-1920, concurrently director, grain transportation bureau, and director of Metropolitan municipal administration. Deprived of all honours after collapse of Anfu Party. Living in retirement in Peking and Tientsin since 1921. 4th class Order of Merit; 1st class Wenhu and 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decorations. — p. 1180 ([scan leaf 1235](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1235/mode/1up))

**WU TAO-NAN, (吴道南)** . Courtesy name: WEN-SUN (文孫).—Born 1875 in and native of Kuangchi, Hupeh. 1907, graduate of Tokyo Law University. 1911, vice-chairman department of justice, Hupeh military government, and concurrently delegate for organization of Nanking Provisional Government. 1914, senior clerk, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking 1925, councillor to Hupeh Tupan (military governor). Councillor, Law Compilation Bureau, since 1926. Author of several volumes on private nationality law, etc., and contranslator of principles of Japanese civil law (two volumes). 2nd Class Chiaho decoration. — p. 1180 ([scan leaf 1235](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1235/mode/1up))

**WU T'IEH-CH'ENG, (吴鐵城)** —Born 1886; native of Hsiangshan, Kwangtung. Studied in America, and engaged in business in San Francisco. 1911, returned to China. 1920, magistrate of his native district. 1923, chief, Canton bureau of public peace, and concurrently commander-in-chief of the gendarmerie of whole province; so preserved order among the troops of various provinces in Canton. Autumn of same year, disarmed the Merchant Volunteers with aid of Gen. Chiang Kai-shih's Whampoa cadets. May 1925, was placed under serveillance in the Bocca Tigris forts under suspicion of embezzling public funds. Released in January 1927, and made commander-in-chief of the gendarmerie, Hankow. Reserve member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. — p. 1181 ([scan leaf 1236](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1236/mode/1up))

***WU TING-CH'ANG, (吴鼎昌)** —Native of Szechwan. Sometime president, Ta Ching Bank, and Bank of China; director of Tientsin Mint; 1919, associate delegate to Shanghai peace conference. 1920, vice-minister of finance. President, Salt Bank, Peking since 1925. — p. 1181 ([scan leaf 1236](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1236/mode/1up))

**WU TSUNG-TZ'U, (吴宗慈)** Courtesy name: AI-LIN (鵠林).—Born 1879 in and native of Nanfeng, Kiangsi. Studied in Japan. Took up journalistic work to propagate revolutionary ideas. 1911, founder, Hsing Hua Pao, Peking; returned to Kiangsi and assisted in declaration of independence. 1913, member of parliament and concurrently member, Temple of Heaven constitution drafting committee. 1914-1915, chief of civil administration bureau and acting civil governor of Szechwan. 1916-1917, resumed seat in House of Representatives. 1917-1921, member of Canton Extraordinary Parliament and Military Government. 1922, resumed seat in House, of Representatives, Peking. Author of two bulky volumes giving detailed account of origin and development of 1923 Permanent Constitution. — p. 1181 ([scan leaf 1236](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1236/mode/1up))

**WU YU-LIN, (吴毓麟)** Courtesy name: CH'IU-FANG (秋舫).—Born 1869 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate, Tientsin naval college. 1894, instructor in same institution. 1907, naval inspector. 1912, adviser, Northern delegation to Shanghai peace conference. 1913, managing director, Taku naval dockyard; made rear admiral. 1921, made vice-admiral. 1922, managing director, Tientsin-Pukow and Pukow-Hsinyang railways. 1923-1924, minister of communications. 5th class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1181 ([scan leaf 1236](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1236/mode/1up))

**YANG CH'ENG, (楊晟)** Courtesy name: SHAO-CH'UAN (少川).—Prefers to sign himself: Yang Tcheng. Born 1867; native of Tungkuan, Kwangtung. Graduate, Canton Language School and Berlin University. 1900, secretary to Governor Yuan Shih-k'ai, Tsinan. 1901, accompanied special envoy to Berlin to convey China's regret for murder of German Minister. Before the revolution of 1911, was minister of Austria, Germany and Holland; adviser to viceroy of Nanking. 1913, commissioner of foreign affairs of Kiangsu and Shanghai Taotai. 1916, and again 1919-1920, reappointed Shanghai commissioner of foreign affairs. 1922 and 1924, Shanghai vice-president, Chinese Red Cross Society. 1923, commissioner to investigate conditions of Chinese in South Seas. Director, Labour Emigration Bureau, Peking, since 1926. 1st class Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1181 ([scan leaf 1236](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1236/mode/1up))

**YANG I-TEH, (楊以德)** Courtesy name: CHING-LIN (敬林).—Born 1871 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. 1909-1910, adviser, Ministry of Interior; police Taotai of Chihli. 1913, chief of Tientsin police administration. 1915, police commissioner of Chihli concurrently. 1918, made lieutenant general. 1917 and again 1919, police commissioner of Chihli and chief of Tientsin police as well as chief of Tientsin special administrative areas. 1924, civil governor of Chihli. 5th class Order of Merit; 1st class Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. Retired. — p. 1181 ([scan leaf 1236](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1236/mode/1up))

**YANG JU-MEI, (楊汝梅)** Courtesy name: Yu-chieh (予戒).—Born 1879 in and native of Suihsien, Hupeh. Graduate, Tokyo High Commercial College. Presiding senior auditor, Board of Audit, since 1917. 1923-1926, technical expert, Commission for readjustment of Finance. Author of several volumes on bookkeeping and operation of modern banks, comparative study of financial administrations of different nations, relation between finance and industry, etc. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG KUANG-SHENG. (楊光湃)** —Prefers English rendering: Clarence Kuangson Young. Born 1900 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate of Tsing Hua College. 1921, B.A. (Colorado). 1924, Ph.D. (Princeton). 1924-1927, attache and 3rd secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington. 1924-1925, secretary, Chinese delegation to Geneva International Opium Conference. 1926-1927, Professor of Chinese, Georgetown University, Washington. Assistant professor of political science, Tsing Hua College, Peking, since September 1927. Author of "Rights of Aliens in the United States" (doctoral dissertation). Contributor to Current History Magazine and Foreign Affairs, etc. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG PAO-LING, (楊豹靈)** —Born 1887 in and native of Soochow, Kiangsu. Studied in Shanghai Anglo-Chinese College. 1911, C.E. (Purdue); war correspondent for China Press at Wuchang on outbreak of the Revolution; commissioner of foreign affairs, Wuchang. Sometime dean, civil engineering department, Changsha Institute of Technology; departmental chief, national conservancy bureau. Technical expert, Commission for Improvement of River System of Chihli, Tientsin, since 1917. May 1922, co-director, Tientsin telegraph administration. Vice-president, Association of Chinese and American Engineers. 3rd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG SEN** see below. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG SHEN, (楊森)** —Born 1887; native of Kuangan, Szechwan. Graduate of a military school in native province. 1913, chief of staff to 3rd army; co-operated in driving Yunnan troops from Szechwan and became commander. 2nd army. Being fair to his men and interested in local development, is popular. 1924, director general of military reorganization in Szechwan. 1926, figured in the Wanhsien incident (September). 1927, attempted to invade Hupeh but was repulsed. September-October 1927, trying to rally the other Szechwan commanders under Wu P'ei-fu and invade Hupeh. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG TCHENG** see YANG CH'ENG — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG TSENG-HSIN, (楊增新)** Courtesy name: TING-CH'EN (鼎臣)—Born 1867 in and native of Mengtzu, Yunnan. Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1900, director, Kansu Military College. Civil and military governor of Sinkiang since 1912. 1923, made full general with title of T'ien Wu Chiang Chun. 1st class Order of Merit; 1st class Tashou Paokuang and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG YU-T'ING, (楊宇霆)** Courtesy name: LING-KE (鄰岌)—Born 1886; native of Fengtien. Graduate of a military school in Japan. 1916, chief of staff to military governor of Mukden. 1925, Tupan (military governor) of Kiangsu and then driven out by Sun Ch'uan-fang. Chief of staff to Marshal Chang Tso-lin, and concurrently director general of Mukden Arsenal, since 1922. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG YU-TSAN, (楊毓瓒)** Courtesy name: SHAI-CHUN (瑟君).—Born 1892; native of Ssuhsien, Anhwei. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1913-1914, secretary and then councillor, Bureau of Printing, Peking. 1920, Assistant director, Bureau of Printing; concurrently custodian of Austrian property in Chihli. 1921, superintendent of customs, Hupeh. 1924, secretary, Provisional Chief Executive's Office; concurrently, chief, National Wine and Tobacco Administration. 1925, chief Kiangsu wine and tobacco bureau; concurrently secretary to Kiangsu Tupan (military governor). 1926, assistant adviser to Marshal Chang Tso-lin. Director, Bureau of Printing, Peking, since July 21, 1927. 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiabo and 3rd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1182 ([scan leaf 1237](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1237/mode/1up))

**YANG YUNG-CH'ING, (楊永清)** Courtesy name: HUI-CH'ING (惠慶).—Prefers English rendering: Y. C. Yang. Native of Soochow, Kiangsu. M.A., L.B. (George Washington). 1919 1921, attaché, Chinese Legation in London; secretary, Chinese delegation to League of Nations Assembly and Washington Conference. 1923-1927, secretary and chief of investigation bureau, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. 1925-1926, assistant director, conference department, Customs Conference; appointed consul general to London but did not proceed. July-October 1927, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Elected President of Soochow University, Soochow, since October 1927. — p. 1183 ([scan leaf 1238](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1238/mode/1up))

**YANG YUNG-T'AI, (楊永泰)** Courtesy name: CH'ANG-CH'ING (暢卿).—Born 1880; native of Maoming, Kwangtung. Studied in Canton High School and Peking Methodist University. Editor of various revolutionary organs. 1911, member, Kwangtung provincial assembly and representative in Nanking Provisional Council. 1913, senator. 1916, chief of financial bureau, military council for the suppression of Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical scheme. 1916 1917, senator. 1917-1918, member of Canton Extraordinary Parliament. 1920, commissioner of finance and civil governor, Canton. 1922, resumed seat in Peking senate. 1926, member, Chinese delegation to Customs Conference. 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1183 ([scan leaf 1238](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1238/mode/1up))

**YAO CHEN, (姚震)** Courtesy name: TZ'U-CHIH (次之).—Prefers to sign himself; Yao Cheng. Born 1872; native of Anhwei. Law graduate of Waseda University, Tokyo. 1911 and again 1918, chief justice, Supreme Court. 1913, adviser to Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1917, minister of justice; proscribed for membership of Anfu Party; took refuge in Japanese Legation until October 1922. 1923-1926, pardoned; lived in retirement in Japan. Reappointed minister of justice since July 1927. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1183 ([scan leaf 1238](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1238/mode/1up))

**YAO KUO-CHEN, (姚國槙)** Courtesy name: YU-CHIH (幼枝).—Born 1883; native of Kueichih, Anhwei. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1913, principal, Communications College, Peking. 1916, councillor, and then director, department of posts, Ministry of Communications. 1919, vice and then officiating minister of Communications. 1920, proscribed for membership of Anfu Party and took refuge in Japanese Legation. November 1922, escaped. February 1923, pardoned. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1183 ([scan leaf 1238](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1238/mode/1up))

**YEH CHING-HSIN, (葉景莘)** Courtesy name: SHU-HENG (叔衡).—Prefers English rendering: T. H. Yeh. Born 1882 in and native of Hangchow, Chekiang. Studied in Peiyang University. 1911, B.Sc. (Birmingham). 1913, technical expert, Ministry of Finance. 1917, chief of currency department, same Ministry. Chief of assay office, Ministry of Finance, since 1918. 1923-1926, technical expert, Commission for Readjustment of Finance; also to Customs Conference. Author of several pamphlets on the Boxer Indemnity and other current topics of the day. — p. 1183 ([scan leaf 1238](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1238/mode/1up))

**YEH K'E-LIANG, (葉可樑)** Courtesy name: HSIAO-HO (肖鶴).—Prefers to sign himself: Yih Ko-liang. Born 1881 in and native of Foochow, Fukien. Studied in Foochow Anglo-Chinese College, Shanghai St. John's University. 1908, B.A.S. (Cornell). 1909, M.A. (Michigan). 1910-1912, sub-editor, Peking Daily News. 1911-1913, director, Peking Agricultural College; assistant secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1914-1919, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington. 1919-1922, consul in Vancouver. 1922-1925, consul general in San Francisco. 1926-1927, assistant councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Compiler, Compilation Bureau, same Ministry, since October 1927. 3rd class Chiaho and 3rd class Wenhu decoration. — p. 1183 ([scan leaf 1238](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1238/mode/1up))

**YEH KUNG-CHO, (葉恭綽)** Courtesy name: YU-HU (虞虎).—Born 1880 in and native of P'anyu, Kwangtung. Studied in Peking National University. 1908, responsible for regaining control of Peking-Hankow Railway from Belgian concessionaires. 1911-1912, delegate to Shanghai peace conference and co-organizer of Nanking Provisional Government. 1913-1915, vice-minister of communications. 1917-1918, reappointed to same post 1919, special commissioner to study industries and communications in Europe. 1920, minister of communications 1920, minister of communications 1921-1922, high commissioner for promotion of industries; then minister of communications Relieved of all appointments and fled to Japan after Chihli-Fengtien war. 1924, reappointed minister of communications 1925-1926, concurrently delegate to Customs Conference. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1184 ([scan leaf 1239](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1239/mode/1up))

**YEH, T. H** see YEH CHINC-HSIN. — p. 1184 ([scan leaf 1239](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1239/mode/1up))

**YEN CHIH-I, (嚴智怡)** Courtesy name: TZ'U-YUEH (慈約).—Born 1882 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Son of Yen Hsiu Graduate, Tokyo Technical College. Sometime secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce; delegate, Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco; organizer and director, Tientsin Soap Factory. 1915-1917, departmental chief, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, 1917-1922, industrial commissioner of Chihli; organizer, Tientsin exposition of Chihli products. Since retirement from office, has been devoting time and energy to fostering of private industrial enterprises in native province. 2nd class Tashou Packuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1184 ([scan leaf 1239](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1239/mode/1up))

**YEN, HAWKLING** see below. — p. 1184 ([scan leaf 1239](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1239/mode/1up))

**YEN HO-LING, (嚴鶴齡)** Courtesy name: LU-CH'IN (侶琴).—Prefers English rendering: Hawkling Yen. Born 1879 in and native of Yüyao, Chekiang. Graduate, St. John's University, Shanghai. 1909, M.A.; 1911, Ph.D. (Columbia). 1912-1913, commissioner of foreign affairs, Hangchow. 1913-1916, secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1919-1920, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Peace Conference; councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and concurrently acting president, Tsing Hua College. 1920-1921, secretary, Opium Section, League of Nations Secretariat, Geneva; secretary general, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922-1924, secretary general, Washington Conference Commission and Special Customs Conference Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; member, Commission for Readjustment of Finance; vice-minister of agriculture and commerce. 1925-1926, vice-minister of interior; secretary general, Customs Conference. Author of "A survey of constitutional development in China" (doctoral dissertation). Founder and editor (1916-1918) Chinese Social and Political Science Review 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1184 ([scan leaf 1239](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1239/mode/1up))

**YEN HSI-SHAN, (閻錫山)** Courtesy name: PO-CH'UAN (百川).—Better known as the "Model Governor." Born 1882 in and native of Wut'ai, Shansi. Studied in Taiyuan Military College. Graduate, Tokyo Military College. 1911, joined the revolutionists and elected Tutuh (military governor) of Shansi. Military governor of "Model Province" since 1912. Concurrently civil governor since 1917. First to suggest disbandment of troops in order to curtail expenditures. 1912-1927, in spite of difficulties, had been successful in preserving law and order in Shansi and keeping the province from the maelstrom of civil strife. In June 1927, adhered to cause of Canton Nationalists by accepting appointment as commander-in-chief of National Revolutionary Army in North China and hoisting the Nationalist flag. Sept. 1927, attacked the Ankuochun forces and attempted to rush Peking. 1923, made full general and then field marshal. 1st class Order of Merit. — p. 1184 ([scan leaf 1239](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1239/mode/1up))

**YEN HSIU, (修靁)** Courtesy name: FAN-SUN (範孫).—Born March 1860 in and native of Tientsin, Chihli. Member of Hanlin Academy. Commissioner of education first in Kweichow and then Chihli. 1907, vice-minister of education. 1908, councillor of state. February 1914, appointed minister of education, but did not assume office. Served on the Committee of Safety during several emergencies since 1911. Founder of Nankai Middle School, Nankai University and first Private Primary School, Tientsin. — p. 1185 ([scan leaf 1240](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1240/mode/1up))

**YEN HUI-CH'ING, (顏惠慶)** Courtesy name: CHUN-JEN (駿人).—Prefers English rendering: W. W. Yen. Born 1877 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Studied in St. John's University, Shanghai. 1900, B.A. (Virginia); gold medallist for general proficiency. 1900-1906, professor of English, St. John's University. 1906, Chinshih and Hanlin of imperial examinations. 1906-1908, English editor, Shanghai Commercial Press; editor, Nan Fang Pao. 1908, 2nd secretary, Chinese Legation in Washington. 1911, recalled to organize press bureau and junior councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April 1912, vice-minister of foreign affairs. 1913-1920, minister to Germany and Denmark; delegate to Hague Opium Conference (May 1913). August 1920, minister of foreign affairs. December 1921, concurrently acting premier. June-July 1922, reappointed acting premier. August 1923—May 1927, chairman, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. 1924, minister of agriculture and commerce; premier and concurrently minister of interior; chairman, Chinese Red Cross Society; member of commission to investigate Shanghai Incident of May 30, 1925; delegate to Customs Conference; appointed minister to London. 1925-1926, member, Committee of Safety; premier and acting minister of foreign affairs. Trustee, China Foundation for Promotion of Education and Culture, since 1925. Author of "Anglo-Chinese Dictionary" (two ponderous volumes), "Manual of Translation," and translator of Walker's "Political Economy." One of founders and hon. secretary, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai. President, Chinese Social and Political Science Association, Peking, for three years. Chairman, Executive Committee, Western Returned Students' Club, Peking. 2nd class Order of Merit. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and 1st class Wenhu decorations, as well as several foreign decorations. — p. 1185 ([scan leaf 1240](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1240/mode/1up))

**YEN, JAMES Y. C** see YEN YANG-CH'U. — p. 1185 ([scan leaf 1240](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1240/mode/1up))

**YEN TEH-CH'ING, (顏德慶)** Courtesy name: CHI-YU (季餘).—Born 1878 in and native of Shanghai, Kiangsu. Graduate, Shanghai Language School and St. Xavier's School. 1901, C.E. (Lehigh, U.S.A.); gold medallist in mathematics. 1905-1909, district engineer-in-chief for Nankow Pass, Peking Suiyuan Railway. 1906, Chinshih of imperial examinations. 1909-1911, assistant chief engineer, Szechwan Railway. 1913, director, railway department, Nanking Provisional Government. 1912-1921, managing director and associate director general, Canton-Hankow and Szechwan-Hankow railways. 1919, represented China on Inter-Allied Technical Board, Harbin. 1921, technical expert, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. 1922, councillor and director, technical department, Ministry of Communications. 1922-1923, commissioner, Sino-Japanese conference on Shantung affairs; chairman, valuation commission, and commission on transfer, Shantung Railway; chairman, commission on internal communications. 1925-1926, adviser to Sino-Russian Conference; technical expert, Customs Conference. 1922-1924, president, Association of Chinese and American Engineers. 1926-1927, president, Peking Rotary Club and American College Club of North China. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations as well as 2nd class Order of Rising Sun (Japan). — p. 1185 ([scan leaf 1240](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1240/mode/1up))

**YEN TSEH-P'U, (閻澤溥)** Courtesy name: T'ING-JUI (庭瑞). Sometime managing director of famine relief in Mukden, and director general of famine relief in Shantung. Minister of Finance and concurrently director general of Customs Revenue Administration since June 1927. 1st class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1185 ([scan leaf 1240](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1240/mode/1up))

**YEN, W. W** see YEN HUI-CH'ING. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YEN YANG-CH'U** (晏陽初).—Prefers English rendering: James Y. C. Yen. Born 1894; native of Hunan. B.A. (Yale). M.A. (Princeton). 1918-1919, Y.M.C.A. secretary with Chinese Labour Corps in France; joint inventor of 1,000 simplest Chinese characters for the instruction of labourers in France and Belgium. Founder and general secretary, National Association for Advancement of Mass Education, Peking, since 1925. Author of "Mass Education in China." — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

***YI PEI-CHI** (易培基) Courtesy name: YIN-TS'UN (寅村).—Born 1888; native of Changsha, Hunan. Graduate from Wuchang Language School. 1926, minister of education; concurrently president, Girls' Normal School, Peking. President, Labour University, Shanghai, since August 1927. 1st class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

***YI TSUNG-K'UEI** (易宗夔).—Born 1875; native of Hunan. Studied in Japan. 1912-1913, member of parliament. 1917, resumed seat in House of Representatives. 1925, Director, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking. Author of "Huang Hai Lou Essays and Poetry." 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YIH KO-LIANG** see YEH K'E-LIANG. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YIN CH'ANG** (廕昌). Courtesy name: WU-LOU (午樓).—Manchu, of Plain White Banner Division. Born 1860. Studied in Peking Language School. 1877, attaché, Legation in Berlin. 1895, instructor, military training schools, North China. 1901, accompanied Prince Ch'un to Berlin to convey China's regret for murder of von Kettler. 1901-1905, minister to Germany. 1905, director, Nobles' School. 1906, commander-in-chief of Kiangpei garrison; vice-president, Board of War, 1908-1910, reappointed minister to Germany. 1910, acting minister of war and inspector general of all army divisions in vicinity of Peking. 1911, minister of war. 1912-1913, chief of general staff and chief aide to President Yuan Shih-kai; made full general. 1914, member of Advisory Council. 1917, reappointed chief of general staff. 1919-1924, chief aide-de-camp. President's Office; concurrently chief of general staff (Feb 1920). 1923, made field marshal. 1st class Order of Merit. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YIN, C. P** see JEN CH'UAN-PANG. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

***YIN KUNG-WU** (殷公武).—Prefers English name: Frank Ying. Born 1894; native of Pingyang, Chekiang. Graduate, Tokyo Imperial University. 1921, leader, Students Army Association, Hanyang, Hupeh. 1923, secretary, Ministry of Education; professor, Peking Law University. 1924, secretary and assistant councillor, Ministry of Communications. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YING, FRANK** see above. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YIN SZE-LIEN** see HSING SHIH-LIEN. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YO TSAO-YEN** see YUEH CHAO-I. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YOUNG, CLARENCE KUANGSON** see YANG KUANG-SHENG. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YOUNG, SAMUEL S** see HSIUNG CH'UNG-CHIH. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**Yu CH'I-CH'ANG** (余棨昌). Courtesy name: CHI-MEN (戢門).—Born 1882, at Shaohsing, Chekiang. Graduate imperial academy of learning. 1911, LL.B. (Tokyo Imperial). 1912, councillor, Law Compilation Bureau, Peking. 1913, concurrently dean, department of law and commerce, Peking National University; judge, Supreme Court. December 1917, chief of second civil division, Supreme Court. 1918, senior councillor, High Prize Court. November 1920, resigned from Supreme Court to become head of institute of judicial training and adviser to Law Codification Commission. March, 1922, reappointed chief of division, Supreme Court. Chief Justice of Supreme Court since 1923. First Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho and second class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**YU DE-DJUEN** see YU TEH-CHUN. — p. 1186 ([scan leaf 1241](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1241/mode/1up))

**Yu Hsia-ch'ing, (虞洽卿)** Courtesy name: Ho-teh (和德).—Better known as: Yu Ya-ching. Born 1865 in and native of Chenhai, Chekiang. One of most prominent merchants in Shanghai. Member of executive committee for some fifteen years, was in 1925 elected chairman, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai. February 1925, associate director, Shanghai-Woosung Administrative District. Managing director, San Peh Steam Navigation Company, Shanghai Chinese Produce Exchange, and a number of other companies. 1926, chairman, Chinese Ratepayers' Association. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**Yu Jen-feng, (俞人鳳)** Courtesy name: Hui-wu (翬梧).—Born 1872; native of Tientsin, Chihli. Graduate. Peiyang Military College. Sometime engineer of Peking-Mukden, Peking-Kalgan, and Canton-Hankow railways; assistant managing director, Tientsin-Pukow Railway. 1920, managing director, Peking-Hankow Railway 1922-1926. acting and then director general, Chinese Eastern Railway. 2nd class Wenhu and 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decorations. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**Yu Jih-chang, (余日章)** Prefers English rendering: David Z. T. Yui. Born 1882 in and native of Wuchang, Hupeh. Studied in Boone College, Wuchang. Graduate, St. John's University. 1910, M.A. (Harvard); Bowdoin prizeman. 1912, commissioner for foreign affairs, Hankow; associate editor. Peking Daily News. 1913, head, lecture department, Chinese Y.M.C.A., Shanghai. 1914-1915, travelled in England, Germany, Russia; secretary, Commercial mission to U.S.A. General secretary, National Committee of Y.M.C.A., Shanghai since 1916. 1921, people's co-delegate to Washington Conference; honorary Litt. D. (St. John's University). 1923, chairman, National Christian Council. 1924, spent a furlough year in U.S.A. as guest of International Committee of Y.M.C.A. Member, Chinese Advisory Committee, Shanghai Municipal Council. 1927, vice-chairman, Far Eastern Olympics Meet, Shanghai. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

***Yu Kuo-han, (于國翰)** Adviser to Generalissimo Chang Tso-lin. 5th class Order of Merit and 2nd class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho decoration. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**Yu Pao-hsien, (于寶軒)** Courtesy name: Chih-ang (志昻).—Born 1875; native of Kiangtu, Kiangsu. Studied in Shanghai and Japan. 1912, chief of Statistical Bureau, and chief, police department, Ministry of Interior. 1916, senator. 1917, vice-minister of interior; concurrently chief, parliament elections bureau. 1919, acting minister of interior. 1920-1922, associate and then director, Economic Investigation Bureau. 1923, member, Commission for Readjustment of Finance. 1st class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**Yu Teh-chun, (于德濬)** Courtesy name: Hsin-ch'uan (沁泉).—Prefers to sign himself: Yu De Djuen. Born 1871; native of Haiyang, Shantung. Graduate, London University. 1900, secretary, Chinese Legation in London. 1921, secretary, Chinese delegation to Washington Conference. August 1912-August 1927, chief of section, protocol department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Senior clerk, same Ministry, since August 1927. 2nd class Chiaho and 4th class Wenhu decorations. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**Yu Ya-ching** see Yu Hsia-ch'ing. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**Yu Yu-jen, (于右任)** Courtesy name: Po-hsun (伯循).—Born 1882; native of Sanyuan, Shensi. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1908, established National Herald in Shanghai and preached revolutionary ideas. After its suppression, started first Min Kuo Jih Pao and then Min Li Jih Pao. January 1912, vice-minister of communications in Nanking Provisional Government; resumed newspaper work in Shanghai. 1916, elected commander of Shensi Army to oppose Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical scheme but resided in Shanghai to bide his time. January 1925, elected member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and concurrently political member of Peking Branch of the Kuomintang to establish liaison with Kuominchun. May 1926, followed General Feng Yü-hsiang to Suiyuan. November of same minister of interior but did not assume office; accepted professorship in Peking National University and took personal part in monster demonstrations against May 30th Shanghai incident and Shameen incident (June 23) at Canton. — p. 1187 ([scan leaf 1242](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1242/mode/1up))

**YUAN CHIA-P'U, (袁家普)** Courtesy name: HSUEH-AN (雪安). Born 1874; native of Liling, Hunan. Graduate, Tokyo Waseda University. 1913, dean and acting president, Kuomin University, Peking. 1914, commissioner of finance, Yunnan. 1916-1917, commissioner of finance and acting civil governor of Honan. 1924, senior secretary, Ministry of Education. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho decoration. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

**YUAN HSI-T'AO, (袁希濤)** Courtesy name: KUAN-LAN (觀瀾).—Born 1865 in and native of Paoshan, Kiangsu. Chüjen (M.A.) of imperial examinations. 1904-1908, founder and president, Lungmen Normal College, Shanghai. 1912, departmental chief, Ministry of Education. 1915-1919, vice-and then officiating minister of education. Resigned owing to inability to check the patriotic Student Movement of May 1919. 1920-1922, travelled in Europe, America and Japan. Returned in 1923, and has since been devoting himself to educational undertakings. Res. Shanghai. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

***YUAN K'E-TING, (袁克定)** —Native of Honan. Eldest son of Yuan Shih-k'ai. 1906, expectant Taotai, employed upon special service in Manchuria. 1907, junior secretary, Board of Commerce. 1911, sustained serious fall from a horse. 1913, went to Germany for medical treatment. 1918-1922, adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Director general of Kailan Mining Administration. 1925, retired. Res. Tientsin. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

**YUAN KE-WEN, (袁克文)** Courtesy name: PAO-TS'EN (豹岑).—Born 1890, native of Hsiangcheng, Honan. Second son of Yuan Shih-k'ai. Taught by private tutors at home; distinguished in literary arts since early youth. 1908, seniir secretary, Board of Justice. Upon outbreak of the Revolution 1911, influenced his father to throw in his lot with the revolutionary leaders. 1914, co-director of Fu Chung Corporation and compiler in Bureau of Ch'ing Dynasty History. Considered one of most famous writers in Chinese light literature world to-day. His writings are popularly read. Also an artist, particularly as an amateur in "K'ung Chu" plays, and collector of coins, on which subject has written several books. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

**YUAN LI-TUN, (袁禮敦)** Courtesy name: LU-TENG (履登). Prefers English rendering: L. T. Yuan. Born 1879 in and native of Ningpo, Chekiang. Graduate, St. John's University, Shanghai. 1904-1912, vice and then principal, English Methodist College, Ningpo. 1912, deputy chief of foreign affairs, Ningpo military government; secretary, Canton-Hankow-Szechwan Railway. 1921, general manager, Ningpo-Shaohsing Steam Navigation Company, Shanghai, since 1921. Member of many public bodies. 1923, member, Chinese Advisory Committee, Shanghai Municipal Council. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

**YUAN TSU-MING, (袁祖銘)** Courtesy name: TING-CH'ING (鼎卿).—Born 1889 in and native of Antung, Kweichow. Studied in Paoting Military College. 1916, rose to brigadier general. 1920, in command of Kweichow troops in Szechwan. 1922, civil governor of Kweichow. 1923, driven out of Kweichow and retreated to Szechwan; with the aid of allies, swept on to Chungking and Chengtu. 1924, made full general; director for defence of Szechwan-Kweichow frontier. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

**YUAN, S. D** see YUEN SHANG-CHIEH. — p. 1188 ([scan leaf 1243](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1243/mode/1up))

**YUAN T'UNG-LI, (袁同禮)** Courtesy name: YU-HO (学和).—Prefers English rendering: T. L. Yuan. Born 1895; native of Hsishuai, Chihli. Graduate, Peking National University. Bachelor of Library Science, New York State Library School. Also studied in Columbia and London universities as well as Paris Ecole des Chartes. Sometime librarian, Washington Congressional Library; professor of bibliography and librarian, Peking National University; member, Palace Museum Commission, and vice-director, Museum Library, Peking, Librarian, Peking Metropolitan Library, since 1925. Founder and executive secretary, Library Association of China. — p. 1189 ([scan leaf 1244](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1244/mode/1up))

**YUEN SHANG-CHIEH, (阮尚介)** Courtesy name: CHIEH-FAN (介蕃).—Prefers to sign himself: S. D. Yuan. 1914, doctor of medicine (Berlin). 1915, adviser, Ministry of War, and instructor, Peking National University. President, Dong Chi University, Shanghai, since April 1917. — p. 1189 ([scan leaf 1244](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1244/mode/1up))

**YUEH CHAO-I, (岳昭黼)** —Prefers to sign himself: Yo Tsao-yeu. Born 1879; native of Kashing, Chekiang. 1919, first secretary, Chinese Legation in Paris. 1920, councillor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Minister to Mexico, since May 1924. 2nd class Tashou Chiaho and 2nd class Paokuang Chiaho decorations. — p. 1189 ([scan leaf 1244](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1244/mode/1up))

**YUI, DAVID Z. T** see YU JIH-CHANG. — p. 1189 ([scan leaf 1244](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1244/mode/1up))

**ZAU, S. U** see CHAO HSI-EN. — p. 1189 ([scan leaf 1244](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1244/mode/1up))

**ZEN HUNG-CHIUNG** see JEN HUNG-CHUN. — p. 1189 ([scan leaf 1244](https://archive.org/details/china-year-book-1928/page/n1244/mode/1up))