# Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book 1938 — Chronologies

183 entries, LLM-transcribed. These entries were transcribed by the vision model of Opus 5.5. Before using any of these details, you must verify specific details with the original source which is linked to whenever possible.


## Japan — Geology — More Disastrous Earthquakes in the Pre-Tokugawa Period

**684 A.D.** An area of 8—10 sq. kilometres in Tosa (Kochi Pref.) subsided and was covered by sea-water. — p. 32 ([scan part 1, leaf 89](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n89/mode/1up))

**869 A.D.** Earthquake with tidal waves visited Mutsu (Aomori Pref.) and about 1,000 people were killed. — p. 32 ([scan part 1, leaf 89](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n89/mode/1up))

**1361 A.D.** Earthquakes in districts round about Kyoto. — p. 32 ([scan part 1, leaf 89](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n89/mode/1up))

**1498 A.D.** Tokaido was visited by a severe earthquake, causing death of over 5,000 persons. Hamana lagoon (Maizaka station, Tokaido Railway, formerly inland lake) was formed. — p. 32 ([scan part 1, leaf 89](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n89/mode/1up))

**1596 A.D.** Bungo (Kyushu) was visited by a severe earthquake and 708 persons killed. — p. 32 ([scan part 1, leaf 89](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n89/mode/1up))

**1596 A.D.** Districts about Kyoto were shaken and 1,200 persons killed. — p. 32 ([scan part 1, leaf 89](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n89/mode/1up))


## Japan — Diplomacy — Chronology of the Sino-Japanese Hostilities

**July 7, 1937** Chinese troops fire upon Japanese forces stationed at Fengtai while the latter are engaged in night maneuvers. A demand is made by the Japanese authorities to the commander of the Chinese forces to apologize for the firing. The Chinese resume hostilities, however, and the Japanese forces return fire. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 8** At 7:30 a.m. a white flag is hoisted over the gate of the walled city of Lukowkiao, reportedly at the order of General Feng Chi-an, commander of the 37th Division. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 9** After another skirmish in the morning, a truce is reached, resulting in the withdrawal of the Chinese troops, which were involved in the fighting at Lukowkiao, from the walled city of Yenping to the right bank of the Yungting River. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 11** Despite the temporary truce, continued progress of the Chinese Central Army toward North China gravely endangers the prospects of an amicable settlement. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 12** Chinese troops advance and open fire on the Japanese at 11 a.m. General Ho Ying-chin, Chinese war minister, leaves Nanking for Kuling to confer with General Chiang Kai-shek. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 13** Three Japanese soldiers are killed when a small Japanese unit in motor trucks is fired on by Chinese at Matsun, about a kilometer south of Peiping. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 15** The Japanese War Office announces at 8:10 p.m. that in view of the situation in North China it has been decided to send a contingent of troops there from Japan. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 16** An attack by 100 Chinese soldiers on a Japanese unit about to enter Anping, southeast of Tungchow, the capital of the East Hopei regime, takes place. After fighting in which no Japanese are reported killed or wounded, the Chinese are disarmed. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 17** The Japanese Cabinet appropriates ¥10,000,000 from the second reserve fund of the 1937-38 budget to finance the initial cost of dispatching re-enforcements to North China. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 18** Reputedly with the intention fulfilling one of the three terms of the understanding reached at Peiping on July 11 by Colonel Takuro Matsui, head of the army's special service mission in Peiping, and General Chang Yun-ying, commander of the Hopei peace preservation corps, General Sung Cheh-yuan, chairman of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council and Commander of the 29th Army Corps, formally tenders to Lieutenant-General Kiyoshi Katsuki, Commander of the Japanese garrison, an apology for the Lukowkiao incident. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 19** The Nanking Government replies to the Japanese memorandum presented on July 17 with a note in which it makes the following four points:— 1. The two countries should agree on a date when movements of their military forces would cease and they would be recalled to their original positions. 2. Diplomatic negotiations should be opened for settlement of the dispute. 3. The authorization of the Nanking Government is essential for any agreement concluded on the spot. 4. China is willing to accept any means of settlement recognized by international law and treaties. ¶The Japanese Foreign Office decides to reject in its entirety the reply given by the Japanese Nanking Government to the Japanese memorandum presented on July 17. ¶General Chiang Kai-shek orders the troops of the Central Army on the North China front to hold themselves in readiness to start fighting at a moment's notice. — p. 99 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 20** The Japanese forces on the front west of Peiping bombards the walled village of Wanping (Yuanping), north of Lukowkiao, and silences the Chinese in it. The action is the first taken since the warning issued July 19 by the headquarters of the Japanese garrison in Tientsin that further Chinese attacks would not be tolerated. ¶The Chinese Central Army in the Shanghai district definitely begins to move toward Greater Shanghai in anticipation of a conflict with the Japanese, according to Chinese sources. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 21** General Sung Cheh-yuan, chairman of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council, informs Lieut.-Colonel Takeo Imai, Japanese resident officer, that the Chinese troops have started to withdraw from the vicinity of Lukowkiao. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 24** Hopes for peace in North China fades when it is discovered that Chinese troops of the 37th Division have failed to leave their front-line positions near Peiping and also that General Hsiung Pin, vice-chief of the general staff of the Central Army, has prevailed upon General Sung Cheh-yuan and other northern Chinese leaders to revive a vigorous anti-Japanese policy. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 25** Emergency conference is called by the Japanese Navy Minister to study reports on the still unsuccessful search for a Japanese blue-jacket who is alleged to have been kidnapped in Shanghai July 24 by a Chinese gang. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 26** A virtual ultimatum demanding complete withdrawal of the whole 37th Division from the Peiping area in accordance with the settlement accord concluded on July 11 and warning that, if the demanded evacuation is not carried out, the Japanese army will be compelled to take free action, is sent by Lieutenant-General Kiyoshi Katsuki, commander of the Japanese garrison in North China, to General Sung Cheh-yuan, chairman of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council. ¶In less than 24 hours after the Langfang incident, Japanese and Chinese troops again seriously clash at Kwanganmen, in the southwestern suburbs of Peiping, at 8 p.m. after the Chinese had suddenly opened rifle and machine-gun fire on a Japanese unit. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 27** Signalizing a rapid spread of hostilities over the nothern front, reports reaching Shanghai state that troops of General Chao Teng-wu's 132nd Division attacked the Japanese at Tanho, south of Nanyuan, about 4 p.m. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 28** Japanese operations against the Chinese troops in the Peiping area is begun in earnest with aerial and land attacks. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 29** Japanese troops start aerial and artillery bombardment against the Chinese forces at Tientsin. ¶Almost unbelievable atrocities of the East Hopei peace preservation corps are inflicted upon Japanese residents at Tungchow, taking a toll of 180 lives. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**July 30** The Peiping District Autonomous Committee, consisting of representatives of several local organizations, is formally inaugurated at the residence of General Chiang Chao-tsun, the Chairman-designate. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 7** The Japanese House of Peers passes the supplementary budget bill providing ¥419,600,000 for the North China incident. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 9** Sub-Lieutenant Isao Oyama, Commander of the 1st Company of the Naval Landing Party, and First Class Seaman Yozo Saito are attacked and killed by Chinese troops of the peace preservation corps in Shanghai, at about 5 p.m. ¶Chinese mobs loot the Japanese concession at Hankow as Japanese leave Hankow concession. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 12** Mayor O.K. Yui of Greater Shanghai rejects at a meeting of the international committee for enforcement of the 1932 truce agreement the Japanese demand for withdrawal of the Chinese armed forces from around the International Settlement. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 13** Japanese warships moored in the Whangpoo River open a heavy bombardment on the Chinese positions, covering the forces of the naval landing party in action in the vicinity of Yangtzepoo Road. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 14** Chinese warplanes drop bombs on Shanghai International Concession killing more than 100 persons, including Dr. Robert Karl Reischauer, professor at Princeton University. — p. 100 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 19** Japanese warplanes raid Nanking and bomb the powder-magazine on the northwestern outskirts of the capital. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 24** Several units of the Japanese army occupy Kalgan, capital of Chahar Province. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 25** Blockade of the Chinese coast against Chinese vessels is proclaimed by Vice-Admiral Kiyoshi Hasegawa, commander of the 3rd Fleet. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 26** Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen, British Ambassador, is wounded when the motor car in which he is riding from Nanking to Shanghai is subjected to a volley of machine-gun bullets from an airplane. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 27** A Japanese unit occupies Hwailai, on the Peiping-Suiyuan railway, about 28 miles northwest of Nankow, thwarting the Central Army's invasion of Chahar. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 29** Conclusion of a non-aggression pact between the Chinese and Soviet Governments is announced by the National Government. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**August 31** Japanese forces in Shanghai finally succeed in capturing Woosung fort, hitherto considered the most important Chinese position on the lower reaches of the Whangpoo. ¶Canton is bombed twice by Japanese naval planes. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 2** Foreign Minister Hirota tells foreign correspondents in a press conference that ships of third Powers specifically employed for the purpose of carrying war supplies to the Chinese cannot be considered as being engaged in peaceful commerce. ¶Shihtzelin fort is captured by the Asama unit of the Japanese army. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 4** The Akashiba unit of the Japanese army completes occupation of Tangkwantun, the first line of the Chinese defenses in the Machang area. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 5** The whole Chinese coast, with the exception of Tsingtao and the foreign concessions, is closed to Chinese vessels by the Japanese navy at 6 p.m. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 8** A unit of Japanese troops enters the walled town of Yangkao, in northeastern Shansi Province about 18 miles west of Tienchen on the Peiping-Suiyuan Railway. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 11** Occupation of the Chinese positions in the Machang sector is effected by the Akashiba detachment of the Japanese army. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 12** Units of the Japanese army occupy Yanghanchen, southwest of Paoshan, in the Shanghai area. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 13** Japanese units succeed in clearing off Chinese troops from Chunkung Road, in Shanghai. ¶Japanese units capture Tatung, important strategic centre in northeastern Shansi. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 17** Japanese units capture Fengchen, in Suiyuan after two days of fighting. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 19** Japanese warplanes attack Nanking, destroying 26 Chinese planes. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 20** Vice-Admiral Kiyoshi Hasegawa, commander of the 3rd Fleet of the Japanese navy, announces that extensive bombing of Nanking is contemplated after September 21 in a statement issued to foreign diplomats. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**September 24** Japanese units occupy the walled city of Paoting. ¶Japanese units also occupy Tsangchow. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**October 1** Japanese units occupy Liuchiahang on the Kiangwan-Lotien front in the Shanghai area. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))

**October 2** Japanese units occupy the walled town of Techow, within the northern border of Shantung Province. — p. 101 ([scan part 1, leaf 156](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n156/mode/1up))


## Manchoukuo — Outline of History — Chronicle of Important Events

**2230 B.C.** The Suchens (肅愼) dedicate bows and arrows to the Emperor Shun (舜) in the 25th year of his reign. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1122 "** The Suchens dedicate bows and arrows to the Emperor Wu (武) of the Chou Dynasty (周) on his enthronement. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**220 "** The Tsin Dynasty (秦) unifies China. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**214 "** The First Emperor of the Tsin Dynasty expands the Great Wall. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**205 "** The Tsin Dynasty overthrown. The First Year of the Han (漢) Dynasty. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**37 "** Chumeng (朱蒙), King of Tungming (東明), establishes the Kaokuli Dynasty (高句麗). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**63 A.D.** Tatsu Wang (大祚王), 6th King of Kaokuli Conquers North Manchuria. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**67 "** Buddhism introduced into China. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**262 "** The Ilous (挹婁) pay tribute to the Wei (魏) Dynasty. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**370 "** Kaokuli makes War on Kudara (百濟). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**427 "** King Changshou (長壽) of Kaokuli transfers the Capital to Heijo (Korea). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**539 "** The Sui Dynasty (隨) unifies China. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**618 "** The Tang Dynasty (唐) overthrows the Sui. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**645 "** Taitsung (太宗) of the Tang Dynasty defeated by the Kaokulis at Anchicheng (安市城). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**668 "** The Kaokuli Kingdom overthrown. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**688 "** Tatsuyung (大祚榮), Clansman of Pohai (渤海) moves to Yingchou (營州) with his family after the fall of the Kaokuli. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**713 "** Tatsuyung establishes the Pohai Kingdom. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**727 "** The Pohai Kingdom despatches an envoy to Japan to pay tribute. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**872 "** Yalu Apochi (耶律阿保機), the founder of Khitan (契丹) born. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**916 "** Yalu Apochi becomes independent and calls himself the Emperor of Khitan. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**919 "** Yalu Apochi constructs a Chinese styled walled town to protect the Chinese at Linhan (臨潢). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**920 "** Yalu Apochi invents the Khitan Letters, a kind of Phonetic Alphabet. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**926 "** The Pohai Kingdom overthrown by Yalu Apochi. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**946 "** Taitsung (太宗) of Khitan destroys the Later Tsin (後晉) and establishes the capital at Kaifeng (開封). He changes the name of the Kingdom to Liao (遼). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**947 "** Taitsung of Liao dies. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**960 "** The Enthronement of the First Emperor of Sung (宋). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**993 "** Shengtsung (聖宗) of Liao invades Korea (高麗). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1004 "** Liao makes war and peace with Sung. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1068 "** Akuta (阿骨打), founder of the Ching Dynasty (金) born. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1114 "** Akuta defeats the Liao Army at Ningkiang (寧江) near the Lalin-ho (拉林河). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1115 "** Akuta overthrows the Liao Kingdom and rises to the throne of the Emperor of Taching (大金). He locates the capital at Huining (會寧) (Kirin). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1119 "** Akuta makes Nurchen (女眞) Letters by modelling the Khitan Letters. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1120 "** Akuta takes the western capital of Liao. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1123 "** Akuta dies at the age of 56 years. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1125 "** The Liao Kingdom overthrown. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1127 "** Taitsung (太宗) of Ching takes Kaifeng (開封), the capital of Sung, and makes prisoners of the two Emperors. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1147 "** Caboul Khan (哈不勒), Mongolian Tartar, defeats the Ching Army. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1151 "** The capital of Ching transferred to Yenking (燕京) (Peking) and called Chung-Tu-Ta-Hsing-Pu (中都大興府). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1204 "** Temuchin (鉄木眞) defeats the Allied forces of the inner and outer Mongolias at Kenghai (抗海). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1206 "** Temuchin unifies the inner and outer Mongolias and becomes the Genghis Khan (成吉思汗). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1209 "** Genghis Khan invades the South and defeats the Hsihsia (西夏). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1214 "** The Ching Dynasty transfers the Capital to Pienking (汴京) (Kaifeng). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1220 "** Genghis Khan makes his four sons conquer Khorazm (花剌子模). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1223 "** The Mongolian Army defeats the Russians at the River Kalka and invades Southern Russia. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1227 "** Genghis Khan dies. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1234 "** Mongolians destroy the Ching Dynasty. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1235 "** Ogotai (窩闊臺), Taitsung (太宗). 3rd son of Genghis Khan establishes the Palace at Karaphorum (喀喇和林) and makes it the capital. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1236 "** The Mongolian General Batu (拔都) makes an expedition to Europe. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1241 "** Ogotai dies at the age of 56 years. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1258 "** The Mogolian General Hulagu (旭烈兀) takes Bagdad and destroys the East Saracen Empire. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1259 "** Hsientsung (憲宗) dies half way on his expedition. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1260 "** Kublai (忽必烈) becomes Great Khan. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1271 "** Kublai transfers the Capital of Yenking (燕京) and changes the title of the Empire to Yuan (元). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1274 "** The Allied Army of Yuan and Korea invades Japan and is defeated. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1276 "** The Yuan Army takes the city Linan (臨安) destroys the Sung Dynasty and unifies China. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1281 "** The Yuan Navy invades Japan and again is defeated. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1294 "** Kublai dies after 35 years' reign. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1368 "** The Yuan Dynasty overthrown by the Ming (明) after 98 years' reign. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1410 "** The Emperor Chengtsu (成祖) of Ming defeats Peniacheli (本雅失里), Tartar Chief, at the River Onon (斡難). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1414 "** The Emperor Chengtsu defeats the Nairats (瓦剌部) at the River Tula (土拉) in outer Mongolia. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1438 "** Li Manchou (李滿住), the Chienchou Nurchen (建州女眞), moves to Tungchiakiang (佟佳江) and further to Hotoala (赫圖阿拉) in the valley of the River Sutsu (蘇子河), upper stream of the River Hun (渾河). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1470 "** Tayan (達延), Tartar Chief, defeats the Oirats, unifies the clans and holds hegemony in Mongolia. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1583 "** Yermac, Cossack Chief, gets over the Ural Mountains and invades Siberia. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1616 "** Nurhachi (奴爾哈赤) of the Aisin-Chuehlo (愛新覺羅), a house from the Chienchou Nurchens, rises to the throne of the Emperor of the Ching Dynasty (金 [Later Ching (後金)] at the age of 58 years. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1619 "** Nurhachi defeats the Ming Army at the Mount Saluhu (薩爾滸山) east of Fushun. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1625 "** Nurhachi transfers the capital to Shengyang (瀋陽) (Mukden). — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1626 "** Nurhachi killed in the battle with the Ming Army. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1627 "** Taitsung (太宗) of Ching makes the first Korean expedition. — p. 641 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1629 "** The Russians reach the Pacific Coast. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1637 "** Taitsung makes the second Korean expedition. changes the title of the Dynasty to Taching (大清) and rises to the throne. Cossacks reach the Okhotsk Sea. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1637 "** Taitsung make the second Korean expedition. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1639 "** The Russians construct Okhotsk city. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1643 "** Taitsung dies at Shengyang. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1644 "** Li Shih-cheng (李自成) takes Peking and overthrows the Ming Dynasty. Shihtsu (世祖) of Ching drives him out and transfers the capital there. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1653 "** Chinese immigrants to Manchuria permitted. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1657 "** Fengtien-Fu (奉天府) established to administer the Chinese in Manchuria. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1683 "** The Chengs (鄭氏) of Taiwan surrender and Taiwan incorporated by the Ching Dynasty. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1689 "** The River Erhkono (額爾古納河), the upper stream of the Amur, decided to be the boundary between Russia and China by the Nertchinsk Treaty. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1702 "** Tibet comes under the Influence of China. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1746 "** The barrier made at Shanhaikwan (山關海) to inspect and suppress the Chinese Immigrants into Manchuria. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1757 "** China destroys the Kashgars (準噶爾). — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1760 "** China Conquers the Southern district to the Mountains of Tienshan (天山). — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1789 "** Annan (安南) pays tribute to China. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1803 "** A part of Manchuria opened to the Chinese. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1821 "** The Opium Law Proclaimed. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1842 "** China opens ports and cedes Hongkong to Great Britain by the Nanking Treaty. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1850 "** The Taiping Rebellion arises. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1856 "** Yingkow (營口) opened to foreign trade. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1858 "** Ignatieff concludes the Aigun Treaty with China and occupies the Northern district to the Amur. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1860 "** The Allied Army of Great Britain and France takes Peking and The Peking Treaty signed. Neuchuang (牛莊) opened to foreign trade. The Eastern district to the River Ussuri given to Russia as the Result of the Peking Treaty between Russia and China. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1861 "** Russia establishes Vladivostok. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1864 "** The Taiping Rebellion ends. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1882 "** The Oli (伊犁) treaty concluded between China and Russia. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1884 "** The clash between Chinese and French troops. French General Courbet destroys the Chinese Arsenal at Foochow. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1894-95 "** Sino-Japanese War. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1895 "** The Treaty of Shimonoseki signed. Intervention of Russia, France and Germany in Liaotung Cession to Japan. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1896 "** Russia gets the right to contract the Chinese Eastern Railway by the Cassini Treaty. Russia Constructs the Siberian Railway through North Manchuria. Russo-Chinese Bank established. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1897 "** Germany occupies Kiaochou Bay. Russian Squadron occupies Port Arthur and asks the privilege to construct the Railway between Harbin and Dairen. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1898 "** Russia leases the Liaotung Peninsula, constructs the Railway between Harbin and Dairen, and makes Port Arthur a Naval Port and Dairen Commercial Port, Great Britain leases Weihaiwei. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1899 "** France leases Kwantung Bay. The Protocol on the Leased Territory boundary of the Liaotung Peninsula signed between Russia and China. The Boxer Rebellion rises in Shantung. U.S.A. proposes the Open-Door Policy of China. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1900 "** The Allied Troops of the Powers occupy Tientsin and Peking for suppression of rebels and peace made between China and the powers. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1903 "** The Russian War Minister Kropotkin inspects the Far East. The Postal Treaty between China and Japan signed. Yokohama Specie Bank loans 400,000 taels to China. Russian troops occupy Mukden. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1904-5 "** Russo-Japanese War. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1905 "** The Treaty of Portsmouth concluded. Harriman proposes to purchase the Manchuria Railways. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1906 "** The South Manchuria Railway Company established by Imperial Order. The Tibet Treaty signed between Great Britain and China. Sino-Japanese Joint Management of Penhsihu Coal & Iron Company established. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1907 "** Sino-Japanese Joint Management of Yalu Lumber Company established. Pauling & Company of England gets the right to construct the railway between Fakumen and Hsinmintun. American Consul Straight plans to establish the Manchuria Bank and Monopolize the Mining, Forestry, Agriculture and Railways enterprises in Manchuria. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1908 "** Chinese Government proclaims the date of opening of the National Parliament. The Accession of the Emperor Suantung (宣統) (Pu Yi). — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1909 "** The Treaty of Chientao (間島) signed between Japan and China. Harriman plans to purchase the Chinese Eastern Railway by Organizing an International Syndicate. Secretary Knox of the U.S.A. proposes to Internationalize the railways of Manchuria. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1911 "** Revolution in China. Sino-Japanese Convention on the direct operation of trains at the frontier signed. Russo-Mongolia Agreement signed. The Revolutionary Army occupies Nanking and San Wen elected President. Secretary Knox tries to Organize the Four-Power Consortium to develope Manchuria, but fails by the objection of Japan and Russia. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1912 "** The Ching Dynasty overthrown and the Chinese Republic established. San Wen elected President at Nanking. Yuan Shih-kai proclaims himself President of China at Peking. The Chinese Republic Parliament Law Proclaimed. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1913 "** Opening of the Chinese Parliament. The Constitution Draft committee Organized. San Wen escapes to Japan. Nanking incident occurs and Sino-Japanese negotiation begins. Yuan Shih-kai elected President. Russo-Chinese dispute settled by the conclusion of the Russo-Chinese Treaty. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1914 "** Military-Governor of Fengtien, Kirin and Heilungkiang abolished and its power divided between General and Civil Governor. Japanese troops occupy Tsingtao. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1915 "** So-called "Treaty of Twenty-One Articles" signed between Japan and China. The Kiaphta Treaty signed between Russia, China and Mongolia. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1917 "** U.S.A. recognizes Japanese special privileges and interests in Manchuria in the Ishii-Lansing Agreement. Chang-hsun (張勳) tries in vain to restore Pu Yi. Kwantung Military Government organized and San Wen appointed Field Marshal. — p. 642 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1919 "** China makes outer Mongolia draw back the proclamation of Independence. Chang Tso-lin unifies The Three Eastern Provinces, U.S.A. recognizes Japan's special interests in Manchuria at the time of formation of Four-Power Consortium. The clash between Japanese and Chinese troops at Kuanchengtzu (寬城子). — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1920 "** China recovers the right to guard the Chinese Eastern Railway. Chang Tso-lin gets the floor in Central China after the Anwei-Chihli War. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1921 "** Outer Mongolia again proclaims independence under the protection of U.S.S.R. Peking-Mukden Railway opened traffic. San Wen appointed President of Canton Government. Chang Tso-lin tries to recover outer Mongolia. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1922 "** U.S.A. nullifies the Ishii-Lansing Agreement at the conclusion of the Nine-Power Treaty. Chang Tso-lin defeated at the first Mukden-Chihli War and deprived of his rank and title. China regains the Chinese Eastern Railway by taking advantage of the Russian Revolution. Chinese Parliament decides to nullify the "Treaty of Twenty-One Articles." — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1924 "** Chang Tso-lin wins the second Mukden-Chihli War. Soviet-Chinese Agreement and Soviet-Mukden Agreement signed. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1925 "** General Shirakawa, Commander of the Kwantung Army, cautions Mukden and Kuo Sung-ling (郭松齡) troops. Kuo Sung-ling rebels against Chang Tso-lin and is defeated and killed. The National Government established and Chiang Kai-shek appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Pu Yi escapes from Peking and takes refuge in Japanese Legation. San Wen dies. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1926 "** Chang Tso-lin enters Peking and Organizes Ankuo Army (安國軍). — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1927 "** Chang Tso-lin appointed Field Marshal of the Chinese Republic. Severance of diplomatic relations between China and Russia. New National Government established. Japan despatches troops to China. Anti-Japanese movement arises in Manchuria. Japanese troops despatched to Shantung evacuate. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1928 "** Chang Tso-lin bombed to death on his way to Mukden from Peking. Chang Hsueh-liang appointed Commander of the Three Eastern Provincial Peace Preservation Army. Second and Third despatchments of Japanese troops to Shantung. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1929 "** Chang Hsueh-liang hoists the National Flag over the Three Eastern Provinces. Severance of Diplomatic Relations between China and U.S.S.R. caused by the Chinese Raids of the Soviet Consulate at Harbin. Chang Hsueh-liang plans to recover the Chinese Eastern Railway. Khabarovsk Agreement between U.S.S.R. and China concluded. Nanking Government established. The Tsinan incident settled. The national funeral of the late San Yat-sen held. The clash between Japanese and Chinese soldiers at Shanhaikwan. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1930 "** Chang Hsueh-liang appointed Vice-Commander of Army, Navy and Air Force of the National Government. The harbour construction of Hulutao begins. The communist bandits burn the Japanese consulate at Changsha. — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1931 "** Sino-Soviet Conference on the Chinese Eastern Railway affairs held at Moscow (Jan.). Wan Pao-shan incident (June). Captain Nakamura killed by Chinese soldiers (June). Cash between Japanese and Chinese soldiers at Liutiaokou, and Japanese troops occupy Mukden and Kuanchengtzu. China appeals to the League of Nations for mediation of the Manchurian Incident (Sept.). Chief Secretary Drummond advices Japan and China not to enlarge the situation. The Council of the League of Nations decides to invite observers. Nanking Government demands Japan to evacuate the troops from Manchuria (Oct.) Clash between Japanese and Chinese Armies at Nanking. Briand, Chairman of the League Council, advices Japan and China to stop the disputes. Japanese Army enters Tsitsihar. Nanking Government demand Japan again to evacuate her troops (Nov.) Tsang Shih-Yi appointed Mayor of Mukden. Heilungkiang Province declares independence (Dec.). — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1932 "** Japanese troops enter Chinchow. New Heilungkiang Provincial Government established. Chang Hai-peng plans to establish a new independent state in Manchuria (Jan.). Japanese Army attacks the Ting Chao troops and enters Harbin. The League Commission of Inquiry arrives at Tokyo. Shanghai Incident breaks out (Feb.) Proclamation of Independence of Manchoukuo. Pu Yi appointed Chief Executive of Manchoukuo. Changchun made capital of Manchoukuo and name is changed to Hsinking (Mar.). The Central Bank of Manchou opened to business (May). Declaration of Customs Tariff Autonomy of Manchoukuo (June). Ting Chien-hsiu visits Japan as special envoy of Manchoukuo. Chinese Government ordered to close the post offices in Manchoukuo. Ma Chan-shan defeated and escapes (July). Chang Hsueh-liang tenders his resignation to the Chinese Government. General Muto, Japanese Ambassador and Envoy Plenipotentiary to Manchoukuo arrives at Mukden (Aug.) Japanese recognition of Manchoukuo. Japan-Manchoukuo Protocol signed. Pao Kuan-chen visits Japan as special envoy (Sept.). The Lytton Report released. The Manchoukuo Budget for 1933 made public. Japanese Army enters Tunghua (Oct.). Japanese Army occupies Chalantun (Nov.). Japanese Embassy located at Hsinking. Japanese Army decided to suppress Su Ping-wen and Chang Tien-chin. U.S.S.R. refuses to deliver Su Ping-wen. Diplomatic relations between China and U.S.S.R. restored (Dec.). — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1933 "** Clash between Japanese and Chinese troops at Shanhaikwan. Manchoukuo protests against Chang Hsueh-liang. Chinese Government issues a project against Japan on the Shanhaikwan Incident (Jan.). Japan-Manchoukuo Army makes expedition to Jehol. Japanese Army occupies Chaoyang (Feb.). Japanese Army occupies Chihfeng and Lingyuan. Japanese Army enters Chengteh. Japanese army takes Luanping and Kupehkou. Japan withdraws from the League (Mar.). Manchoukuo adopts the new system of weights and measures. Japan-Manchoukuo Agreement on Leasehold Privileges signed. The Investigation of Manchoukuo Constitutional Law begins. The name of the Chinese Eastern Railway changed to the North Manchuria Railway. Tinge Shih-yuan appointed first Manchoukuo Minister to Japan (Apr.). Japan-Manchoukuo joint management of Manchuria Telegraph and Telephone Company established. The Truce Pact concluded between Japanese and Chinese troops. U.S.S.R. proposes to secede the Chinese Eastern Railway (May). Su Ping-wen and Ma Chan-shan return to China. Japan mediates in the first negotiation for purchasing the Chinese Eastern Railway (June). China charges high rate tax on the goods imported from Manchoukuo. Ambassador Muto dies. Manchoukuo's New Currency system (M¥) adopted. Evacuation of Japanese troops south to the Great Wall completed (July). The Anniversary of founding of Manchoukuo celebrated (Sept.). Shanhaikwan incorporated in Manchoukuo formally (Nov.). — p. 643 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1934 "** The Imperial Regime adopted. Chang Hsueh-liang appointed Commander of Bandits Suppression Army of Honan, Hupei and Anwei Provinces (Jan.). Nanking Government orders the customs houses to stop the post traffic between Manchoukuo and China (Feb.) Pu Yi rises to the throne of the Emperor of Manchoukuo. New Organization Law of Government issued (Mar.). General Hishikari appointed second Japanese Ambassador to Manchoukuo. South Manchuria Railway Company contracts to construct seven new Railway lines for Manchoukuo. Pope recognizes Manchoukuo. The Orchid Flower decided upon as the Imperial Crest of Manchoukuo (Apr.). Recognition of Manchoukuo by Salvador (May). H. I. H. Prince Chichibu as Imperial proxy visits Manchoukuo carrying message to the Emperor of Manchoukuo from the Emperor of Japan. The through train connecting Mukden-Shanhaikwan and Shanhaikwan-Peiping lines operated. Sino-Japanese Conference held at Dairen. The negotiation for purchasing the Chinese Eastern Railway reaches a deadlock. The Manchoukuo customs house at Kupehkou opened (July). Russo-Manchoukuo Water Routes Agreement signed. Franco-Japanese Investment Company for Manchoukuo established (Sept.). Manchoukuo Local Administration system proclaimed. Manchuria Electric Company established. Japanese Administrative Organ in Manchoukuo established (Oct.). General Minami appointed Commander of Kwantung Army. The Circulation of Hsien Tayuan prohibited (Dec.). — p. 644 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1935 "** The postal routes between Manchoukuo and China reopened. Harha Miao Incident (Jan). Japan-Manchoukuo Customs Tariff Agreement signed (Feb.). Convention for Purchasing the Chinese Eastern Railway signed (Mar.). H. I. H. the Emperor of Manchoukuo visits Japan. State Monoopoly Petroleum Law issued. The Message of friendship from the president of Dominican Republic arrives (Apr.). Formal Exchange of postal money orders between Manchoukuo and Holland begins. Cheng Hsiao-hsu resigns as Prime Minister and is succeeded by Cheng Ching-hui. Preparatory Convention between Manchoukuo and Outer Mongolia begins at Manchouli (May). The Umezu-Ho Ying-chin (何應欽) Agreement concluded. Hsieh Chieh-shih appointed first Manchoukuo Ambassador to Japan. Chahar Incident settled (June). Telephone Connection between Manchoukuo and China operated. Japan-Manchoukuo Joint Economic Commission established. Count Hayashi resigns the Presidency of the South Manchuria Railway Company (July) succeeded by Mr. Yosuke Matsuoka. Manchuria Mining Development Company established. The Change of Gauge of Hsinking-Harbin line undertaken (Aug.). Redemption of old notes by Central Bank of Manchou Completed (97%). Grand Naval Review in commemoration of the enthronement of the Emperor held on the Sungari. The number of the killed and wounded of Japanese soldiers since the outbreak of Manchuria Incident made public by the War Office of Japan (Total No. 11,035). Major-General Tada, Commander of Japanese Garrison in North China issues the statement on the Japanese policy on North China (Sept.). Exchange of postal money orders between Manchoukuo and Germany begins. Agreement on telegraphic communications between Manchoukuo and China signed (Oct.). Branch office of Tumen Customs house located at Rashin. Patents Law of Manchoukuo decided to be enforced from January of following year. Manchoukuo Explosive Company established. Exchange of postal money orders between Manchoukuo and Poland begins. East Hopeh Anti-Communist Autonomous Commission organized. Break-up of Manchouli Conference. Abolition of extra-territoriality decided upon to be enforced from July of following Year (Nov.). Agreement on business between Bank of Chosen and Central Bank of Manchou formally concluded. Manchuria Development Company established. Manchuria-Forestry Company established. The lines to be constructed by the South Manchuria Railway Company made public (809 kms. in 7 lines). East Hopei Anti-Communist Autonomous Commission reorganized into An Autonomous Government and Yin Ju-keng appointed Civil Governor. The Treaty on Postal Affairs between Japan and Manchoukuo signed (Dec.). — p. 644 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1936 "** Abolition of North Manchuria Special District (Jan.). The Five Year Plan of Agricultural Development decided upon to be undertaken from 1937. Japanese troops defeat the Outer Mongolian Army invading the frontier and destroy eight airplanes (Mar.). East Hopei Autonomous Government sends a special envoy for friendly relation to Manchoukuo. Manchoukuo undertakes to make research on the East frontier. Major-General Itagaki appointed Chairman of Japan-Manchoukuo Joint Economic Commission. Soviet Government accepts to locate Manchoukuo Consulate at Blagoveschensk. Ling Sheng, former Governor of Hsingan North Province, and other people shot to death for conspiring with U.S.S.R. Manchoukuo-Germany Trade Convention signed (Apr.) Railway between Pinchuan and Chengteh opened to traffic. Soviet-Manchoukuo Water Routes Technical Committee held at Blagoveschensk (May). T. Tanaka, former director of Bank of Japan appointed President of Central Bank of Manchou. The Overseas Department of Japan decides to send 5,000 families to Manchoukuo as immigrants from the following year. Japan-Manchoukuo Treaty for Protection of Industrial Properties signed (June). Mukden Arsenal established (July). The Railway between Ssupingkai and Sian completed (Aug.). Local Meteorological Observatories established at Yenki, Chengteh, Mishan and Tungning. 30th Anniversary of Kwantung Government (Sept. 1). Manchuria Resources Museum at Tokyo opened (Sept. 3). Six new state railway lines decided to be constructed and operated by the S. M. R. Toa Kangyo Company merged into Manchou-Chosen Development Company (Sept. 5). Japan-Manchou Social Works Association established (Sept. 12). Manchou-Chosen Development Company established (Sept. 14). The issue of Chiao-piao (Silver Yen) decided to be prohibited from Oct. 1st. (Sept. 18). Leasehold Right Adjustment Law Promulgated. General Direction of the State Railways Purchases the Private railway between Angangki and Tsitsihar (Sept. 21). The Memorial Tower to the Japanese Soldiers at Harbin unveiled (Sept. 23). Soviet Consulate at Tsitsihar closed (Sept. 26). Manchou Aeronautical Association established (Sept. 27). Manchoukuo Army begins to suppress the Communist bandits in Sankiang District with co-operation of Japanese troops (Sept. 30). New office of General Direction of the State Railways opened at Mukden (Oct. 1). 25th Anniversary of Manchuria Medical College (Oct. 12). Central Meteorological Observatory opened at Hsinking. Sino-Japanese Air Routes Through Traffic Agreement signed (Oct. 17). Manchou Life Insurance Company Establishment Law and Manchou Measure Instruments Company establishment Law promulgated. Sheep Breeding firm at Chaoyang opened (Oct. 19). Dairen Broadcasting Office building completed (Oct. 20). Sixth Manchou-Mongolia Conference begins (Oct. 25). Branch Offices of Japanese Consulate located at Mutankiang. Chiamussu and Shanhaikwan (Nov. 1). Manchou Light Metal Company Establishment Law promulgated (Nov. 2). The coal liquefying plant at Fushun established (Nov. 11). Conference of Japanese Army Commanders in Manchoukuo held (Nov. 20), Manchou Livestock Industry Company established (Nov. 21). Dr. Knoll appointed German Trade Representative to Manchoukuo (Nov. 24). Anniversary of East Hopei Autonomous Government (Nov. 25). Physicians Law Promulgated Prime Minister Chang Ching-hui issues the statement on the Japan-German Anti-Communist Agreement (Nov. 26). Italian Consulate-General permitted to be located at Mukden (Dec. 1). The Industrial Bank of Manchou established. Revenue Stamp Tax Law Promulgated (Dec. 3). New office building of the State Council completed. Japan-Manchoukuo unification of time (Dec. 5). Number of the Chinese coolies to Manchoukuo limited to 380,000 in 1937 (Dec. 12). Outline of Manchoukuo Industrial Development Plan proclaimed (Dec. 14). Match Monopoly Law promulgated (Dec. 20). Salt Monopoly Law proclaimed (Dec. 24). Number of Manchoukuo students to be sent to Japan limited to 500 (Dec. 25). The Manchurian Affairs Board of Japan issues the statement on Manchoukuo Industrial Development plan. New Manchoukuo Post Law promulgated (Dec. 26). Central Bank of Manchou accepts the Agencies of Japanese Banks in Manchoukuo (Dec. 30). — p. 644 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))

**1937 "** The whole line of railway between Tumen and Chiamussu opened to traffic (Jan. 15). Agreement on the increase of direct train between Mukden and Peking signed by the S. M. R. and Peking Railway Bureau (Jan. 20). Conference of Provincial Governors held (Jan. 22). Imperial Throne Succession Law promulgated. Lieut.-General Tojo succeeds Lieut.-General Itagaki and oppointed Chief of the Staff of Kwantung Army (Mar. 1). Horse Affairs Encouragement Law promulgated (Mar. 10). Conference for Promotion of National Life, established in the State Council (Mar. 16). Imperial Property Administration Law proclaimed. Dr. Knoll arrives at Hsinking (Apr. 1). Prime Minister Chang Ching-hui leaves the Capital to pay the official visit to Chosen (Apr. 20). Conference of All Judicial Officials of Manchoukuo held at Hsinking (Apr. 26). The Council of Central Association of Manchou Special Products held at Dairen (Apr. 28). Sino-Japanese Hostilities Break Out at Lukowchiao in the outskirts of Peking (July 7). Agreement reached to entrust heavy industries of Manchoukuo under supervision of the S. M. R. Company to the Nippon Sangyo Company (Nov. 1). — p. 645 ([scan part 1, leaf 706](https://archive.org/details/japan-manchoukuo-year-book-1938/page/n706/mode/1up))