Biographies of the Nagasaki Foreign Settlement

Julius Adrian

Julius Adrian was a Prussian merchant who by at least February 1859 was trading under Dutch protection at Dejima. By June 1861, he had established the headquarters of his firm, Adrian & Co., at No. 13 Dejima. In late 1864, he was joined by his brother Theodore, and, soon thereafter, the offices of Adrian & Co. were moved to No. 10 Dejima. The trading firm was transferred to No. 3 Umegasaki in April 1868. The Danish flag flew over the office building because Heinrich Schiff, a company employee, served as Consul for Denmark.

In May 1866, Julius Adrian and his son moved to a private residence at No. 3 Higashiyamate. Later that year, they relocated nearby to No. 7 Higashiyamate and then in July 1867 to No. 6 Higashiyamate. Since Julius Adrian served as Belgian Consul, the Belgian flag flew over his house.

By September 1870, as Julius Adrian's own firm was winding down in Nagasaki, he was working with the Netherlands Trading Society (NTS). In this capacity, he oversaw the bankruptcy meeting of Glover & Co. and supervised the takeover of the Takashima coal mine by NTS.

Adrian & Co. ceased doing business as of January 1, 1871 (its business concerns were taken over by Van Delden & Co.), but Julius Adrian remained in town for almost two years. Twice, in 1871 and 1872, he served as U. S. Vice-Consul during the absence of Consul Willie P. Mangum. Closing out Julius Adrian's 12-year chapter in Nagasaki, in December 1872, his furniture at No. 6 Higashiyamate was sold at auction and he left town.

Beatrice Allen

Beatrice Julian Allen was born on September 14, 1849 in Shropshire, England, the daughter of Archdeacon John Allen. She came to Nagasaki in May 1895 as a member of the Church Missionary Society. Allen went on leave to England in 1899 and when she returned to Japan in October 1900, she was transferred to Kokura. Allen left Kokura due to illness in July 1905. She died on October 16, 1905 in Lichfield, England at the age of 56.

Bauduin Brothers

Albertus Johannes Bauduin was born in the Netherlands on June 24, 1829. He arrived in Nagasaki on April 3, 1859 as a merchant for the Netherlands Trading Society. In addition to his merchant duties, he also served as the Dutch and Swiss Consul in Nagasaki. He remained in Japan until 1874. A.J. Bauduin died on July 25, 1890 at the age of 61. His elder brother Antonius Franciscus Bauduin (1820-1885) came to Nagasaki in October 1862 as a physician with what later became the Nagasaki University Medical College. Antonius returned briefly to the Netherlands in 1866, but came back to Nagasaki in 1868. In 1872, he returned permanently to the Netherlands.

Edith Bernau

Edith Mary Bernau came to Japan in 1894 as a member of the Church Missionary Society. In 1897 she arrived in Nagasaki in order to study the Japanese language. In early 1898, however, she was forced to take charge of the Girls' Training Home when Harriet Cochram became ill and had to transfer to Kagoshima. The school had been started in 1879 by Eliza Goodall and later run by Jane Harvey. Bernau remained as a missionary in Nagasaki until 1899. The following year she left the CMS to marry Rev. G.H. Moule.

John Brandram

John Babbs Brandram, a native of Britain, was a graduate of Queens College, Cambridge. He came to Nagasaki with his sister Mary Elizabeth as a missionary for the Church Missionary Society on April 8, 1884. The Brandrams stayed in Nagasaki for three years before transferring to Kumamoto in May 1887. John married the CMS missionary Mary Gertrude Smith at Nagasaki in 1890. The Brandrams had four sons: John Buckley, born February 27, 1891 in Nagasaki; Arthur, born May 14, 1892 in Nagasaki; Thomas Caldwall, born October 26, 1895 in Kumamoto; and Christopher, born January 1, 1899 in Kumamoto. Mary Elizabeth Brandram died in Kumamoto on October 13, 1892 — three months to the day after her brother went home to England on leave. John Brandram died on December 30, 1900 a day after sailing from Japan for health reasons. He was buried at Shanghai.

Carl E. Boeddinghaus

Carl Ernst Boeddinghaus was born in Luttringhausen, Prussia (near Dusseldorf) on February 3, 1834. In 1861, he came to East Asia, first working as a clerk for H. Bourjau & Co. in Canton. Two years later, he arrived in Nagasaki and went to work for the Prussian firm Textor & Co., first at Dejima, and then, from February 1866, at No. 11 Ōura. In January 1870, Boeddinghaus and Frederick Ditmter, both former Textor & Co. employees, became partners in Boeddinghaus, Dittmer Co. at No. 9 Dejima. In 1879, Boeddinghaus formed Boeddinghaus & Co. and moved to nearby No. 7 Dejima. He was an import and export merchant, and an agent for a variety of insurance and shipping companies. Boeddinghaus remained here for almost 20 years, before moving to No. 4 Dejima in 1897.

Carl E. Boeddinghaus died at his Dejima residence on December 15, 1914 at the age of 80 and was buried at the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery. In spite of the fact that World War I had broken out only months earlier and that as a German citizen Boeddinghaus was officially listed as an enemy of Japan, the Nagasaki governor and a number of Japanese and foreign residents attended his funeral. The 51-year resident of Nagasaki was survived by his wife, [Anna Johanna] Elisabeth Krey (born 1850 in Hamburg), whom he married in Shanghai on March 16, 1874, and four children born in Nagasaki: Dora (born on February 23, 1875), who married the German merchant Karl Luhrs in January 1899 and moved to Korea; [Paul Wilhelm] Ernst (born July 4, 1877) and [Karl] Max (born May 11, 1882) who moved to Germany, and Anna (born September 6, 1886) who married the German merchant August Gese in December 1905. Another child, Carl F. Boeddinghaus, was born on June 10, 1885, but died only six months later on November 30th and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

Elisabeth Boeddinghaus remained in Nagasaki after her husband's death, but the following November she was accused of spying for Germany and deported. Thus ended the long saga of the Boeddinghaus family in Nagasaki. Today, no gravestone commemorates the burial of Carl E. Boeddinghaus at Sakamoto. More than likely, it was destroyed by a conventional bomb attack near the end of World War II.

Julius E. Bohlens

Julius Eugen Bohlens, known as Eugene in Nagasaki, was born on May 3, 1840 in Bremen, Prussia. By the beginning of 1863, he was residing at Dejima with fellow Prussians Louis Kniffler and Gustav Reddelien. In May 1865, he worked briefly for the firm L. Kniffler & Company at No. 4 Dejima with Adolphus Schmidt, Reddelien, A.R. Weber and Carl Falck. From June to November of that year, Bohlens conducted his own business operations, called Bohlens & Co., at Dejima No. 10.

From November 1865 to May 1866, Bohlens, ran his business out of Dejima No. 5, the lot rented by the Pignatel family of French merchants. Initially, Bohlens was the only Prussian on the lot, but later he was joined by Carl Lehmann and, eventually, W. L. Hartmans. All three Prussian merchants were probably temporarily housed at No. 5 Dejima as they waited for the completion of neighboring structures at Nos. 6 and 7 Dejima.

From June 1866, Bohlens & Co. was headquartered at Dejima No. 6. From 1865 to 1869, Bohlens also rented No. 34 Ōura, which housed the Amsterdam Hotel, and in 1868 he rented the lot at No. 3 Umegasaki that housed German firm Adrian & Co. Bohlens left Japan in 1872, arriving by ship at San Francisco in June. He was back in Bremen in the spring of 1873, where he married Marie Koch on April 16th. While living as a merchant in Bremen, Bohlens formed a partnership in 1880 with Amandus Reddelein, a German merchant residing in Nagasaki. Amandus was the brother of Gustav Reddelien, who Bohlens knew from his early days in the Japanese port town.

While Eugene Bohlens lived most of his life in Bremen, he is said to have died in Nagasaki on July 30, 1917 at the age of 77. There do not, however, seem to be any local records of his burial there. Eugene's elder brother Heinrich Wilhelm, known as William in Japan, was born in Bremen on August 10, 1829. Arriving in Nagasaki in early 1870, he went to work at the German firm Hartmans & Company, which was situated at No. 7 Dejima, on the lot next to his brother. William later moved to Hyogo, where he died on June 9, 1889 at the age of 59.

Harriet S. Cochram

Harriet Cochram was a missionary with the Church Missionary Society who completed her training at The Willows in England. She came to Nagasaki in 1893 with plans to take over the Girls' Home run by the CMS after Jane Harvey went back to England for health reasons. Cochram herself spent very little time in Nagasaki before being forced to leave for Kagoshima because the hills in Nagasaki had affected her heart condition. Along with Della Hunter-Brown, Harriet Cochram was the first single female missionary sent by the CMS to Nagasaki.

Hendrik Duurkoop

Hendrik G. Duurkoop served initially as deputy factor of the Dutch East India Company factory on Dejima from 1771 to 1773, and then as factor in 1777. In July 1778 he set sail from Batavia on board the Huys Tespyk to resume his duties on Dejima. During the trip, however, he became ill and died on July 27, 1778. His body was hermetically sealed and, after arrival in Nagasaki on August 15, was carried to the Dutch Cemetery at Goshinji Temple at Mt. Inasa.

August Evers

August Evers was born into a merchant family in Hamburg, Prussia in 1841. In 1862, after completing his training at a shipping firm, he boarded a ship bound for Hong Kong. Also on board was the Prussian merchant, Louis Kniffler, who had worked in Hamburg as a young man, and who in 1859 had founded the first Prussian/German company in Japan at Dejima in Nagasaki. Kniffler convinced the young Evers to come to Nagasaki and work for his firm. Within a few years, Evers had advanced to the position of authorized signatory in L. Kniffler & Co.

In 1867, Evers moved to Hyogo, where he became the local agent for L. Kniffler & Co. On January 1, 1868, Evers became the first Prussian consular agent in Hyogo. He stayed in the position until 1872, when he returned to Hamburg to form a new firm with Jules Simon, a German merchant that he had befriended earlier in Hyogo.

On January 2, 1873, the joint business of Simon, Evers & Co. (SECO) was officially registered in Hamburg. Simon remained there as the managing director of the new firm, while Evers returned to Japan and headed up a branch of the company in Yokohama. There, Evers became Vice-Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce. After a few years, he returned to Hyogo, where he also served as a member of the Hyogo and Osaka Chamber of Commerce.

SECO came to supply Japan equipment and machinery to support its rapid industrialization in the late 19th century. The company continued to thrive, even after the death of its founders, Julius Simon in 1893 in Hamburg, and August Evers in June 1904 in Kobe. The trading firm survived some difficult times in WWII, but it is still a vital force in Japan and Asia today.

Albert Fuller

Albert Radford Fuller was a graduate of the Church Missionary Society College at Islington, England. He first came to Asia as a CMS missionary to China in 1882. The following year, he married Mary Ellen Smith. Fuller was transferred to Nagasaki on March 21, 1889. His wife joined him there in 1890. That same year, Fuller became the first CMS missionary in Nagasaki to baptize a native Japanese. He later served as the superintending missionary and secretary for Kyushu. While in Nagasaki, Mrs. Fuller gave birth to two sons. Albert Edgar was born on April 9, 1892 but tragically he died on October 28 of the same year and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. A second son, Ernest, was born on September 9, 1895 and a daughter, Margaret, in December 1898. The Fullers remained in Nagasaki until 1909, when they returned to England because of Mary Fuller's ill health. She died in a nursing home in February 1932. A.R. Fuller passed away in 1934.

Martin H. Gildemeister

Martin Hermann Gildemeister was born in Bremen, Prussia on March 28, 1836. After completing his business apprenticeship, he went to Batavia to work as a clerk in a firm operated by the Prussian businessman Louis Kniffler. In 1859, the two sailed to Nagasaki, where Kniffler established L. Kniffler & Co. on Dejima. Kniffler made Gildemeister attorney for his firm in Japan.

Soon afterward, however, Gildemeister left Nagasaki for Yokohama, where he opened a branch office of L. Kniffler & Company. In December 1862, Gildemeister became a partner in the firm. Another branch of the firm was later opened in Hyogo.

Through his detailed reporting on Japan, Gildemeister came to attract the attention of Prussian officials. In 1866, he became the first Prussian Consul for Japan. That same year, Carl Illies of Hamburg came to Japan, and began to play a significant role in L. Kniffler & Co.'s operation.

In 1868, Gildemeister's position at the firm was eliminated, and he returned to Germany and made a living at buying and selling agricultural goods. In the 1870s, he was engaged in the trading business in London, and in 1883 he accepted an offer from his cousins to live in Chile and Peru, where he took over, together with Consul Hermann Schmidt, the management of their company Gildemeister & Compagnie Iquique (Chile). Three years later, Gildemeister settled in Hanover, Germany, where he worked as a businessman and a board member for several industrial enterprises in the city. Martin Gildemeister died on June 15, 1918 at the age of 82.

Henri And Auguste Gordes

Henri Eugene Marie Gordes was born in France in 1841. He was in Nagasaki by 1862 and later opened a provisions business, called Henri Gordes & Co, at No. 10 Dejima. His younger brother Auguste opened a photography studio in Yokohama. In 1879, Auguste joined Henri in Nagasaki and they opened a photography studio and bakery at No. 9 Umegasaki. By 1882, they had moved next door to No. 10 Umegasaki.

On June 18, 1889, Henri died of paralysis at his residence at the age of 48. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Auguste continued to operate the bakery until his death five years later in November 1894, also at the age of 48. Auguste was buried next to his brother at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Hermann L. Grauert

Hermann Ludwig Grauert was born in Lingen, Prussia on June 17, 1837, the son of a celebrated physician. He arrived at Dejima with his elder brother, Wilhelm Heinrich Ludwig Clemens Grauert, on December 3, 1857. In May 1858, Hermann Grauert made a brief visit to Yokohama with a group led by the Dutch Director of Trade at Dejima, Donker Curtius, before returning to Nagasaki. With the opening of the foreign settlement at Yokohama on July 1, 1859, the Grauert brothers set themselves up as merchants in Yokohama, under the name of Grauert & Co.

Hermann Grauert's life at Yokohama was an eventful one. In November 1861, Grauert, who was at this time Prussian consul of Yokohama, was attacked by two samurai who attempted to kill him. Although seriously wounded, Grauert survived. Two months later, he helped Father Girard dedicate the first Catholic Church in modern Japan. Grauert not only helped finance the church, but he donated some of the land on which it was built. In June 1865, he was also elected to the first Municipal Council in Yokohama.

While, initially, Grauert & Co. was a financial success, the company later came to suffer a number of setbacks, and, as a result, Hermann's brother Wilhelm died tragically on November 29, 1870 at the age of 40. He was buried at the Yokohama Foreign Cemetery. Hermann Grauert lived out his years in Yokohama as a merchant, eventually marrying a German national named Helene Haussler in the early 1890s. The couple had two children, Mary and Hermann Clemens (who later became a well-known doctor in Yokohama), born in 1892 and 1895, respectively. Hermann Ludwig Grauert died in Yokohama on November 1, 1901 at the age of 64 and was buried next to his brother.

Edward Grosser

The Prussian (initially under Dutch protection) merchant Edward Grosser established the trading firm, Grosser & Co., at No. 17 Dejima in 1859. Along with Kniffler & Co. and Textor & Co., Grosser and Co. was one of three Prussian firms operating on Dejima in the opening year of the foreign settlement. By the fall of 1862, Grosser had set up his headquarters at No. 30 Ōura. There, he came to live with a Japanese woman and their child. By the beginning of 1864, Grosser had opened a branch office in Yokohama in partnership with the Swiss merchant Fritz Abegg. At the same time, he brought in the German merchant Hermann Bohmeyer to assist him in Nagasaki. By November 1865, Grosser was gone permanently from Nagasaki, leaving Bohmeyer and Otto Schuffenhauer behind to manage his operation there. The two ran the firm until the summer of 1867, when Schuffenhauer left. Bohmeyer oversaw the operations at No. 30 Ōura until the summer of 1868, at which time he went to work at the same site for the Dutch firm Wachtels & Co. By early 1870, Henri Wachtels had taken on J. Henry Groos as a partner and formed the company Wachtels, Groos & Co. The partnership did not last long, however, and, in June 1870, the firm went out of business, and the house at No. 30 Ōura was sold at auction in December. Joining Edward Grosser in Yokohama in 1865 was his brother Friedrick. From January 1869, when Grosser & Co. purchased lot No. 180 from the Japanese government, the firm maintained its company headquarters there. Initially, both Grosser brothers, and then Friedrick alone, ran the family business, which had its origins in Nagasaki in 1859, out of its Yokohama headquarters until well into the 20th century.

Oscar Hartmann

By the early 1860s, [Carl Hermann] Oscar Hartmann, a merchant from Hamburg, Prussia, was in Nagasaki working as a clerk for the American firm Walsh & Co. at No. 3 Higashiyamate. Since Prussia did not have a treaty with Japan until 1861, Hartmann initially received U.S. consular protection. Also working for Walsh & Co. at this time was another Prussian, Richard Lindau. Lindau served as Prussian consul in Nagasaki in the mid-1860s, and, during his absence, Hartmann, in his role as deputy consul, conducted consular operations.

Hartmann remained with Walsh & Co. until the fall of 1866. In October, he teamed up with fellow Prussian merchant Carl Lehmann to form a new business — Lehmann, Hartmann & Co. They initially stayed at No. 5 Dejima (the lot rented by the French firm Pignatel & Co.), but in March 1867, the pair moved next door to No. 6 Dejima. While Lehmann returned to Prussia in the early summer of 1867 to arrange for the purchase Prussian rifles and coastal steamships to sell to Japanese officials in Wakayama, Hartmann ran the firm's operation at Dejima.

In November 1867, Hartmann's Japanese mistress, Osada, gave birth to the couple's second son, Sadakichi (the elder brother was named Taru). Unfortunately, a few months later, Osada passed away. Soon after this, Oscar Hartmann sent his two sons to live with his brother in Hamburg. Sadakichi would later make his way to the United States and become a well-known critic and poet, as well as an occasional actor.

Carl Lehmann returned to Japan in the autumn of 1868, and, by the end of the year, he and Hartmann had moved their firm to Hyogo and Osaka. Lehmann, Hartmann & Co., which was officially headquartered in Hamburg, briefly flourished at its new Japanese branch, but, by 1871, administrative changes brought about by the Meiji government meant that the firm could no longer maintain its monopoly with Wakayama officials. According to a newspaper notice, Oscar Hartmann withdrew from the firm by mutual consent on December 31, 1871. After this, Hartman returned to Hamburg, where he married a widow with two daughters from a previous marriage.

Della Iris Hunter-Brown

Della Iris Hunter-Brown was sent out by the New Zealand Church Missionary Association in 1893. Along with Harriet Cochram, Hunter-Brown became the first single female worker sent by the Anglican Church to Nagasaki. In 1895 Hunter-Brown transferred to Kagoshima. She left missionary service in 1902 when she married the mieesionary F.W. Rowlands.

Louis Kniffler

Louis Kniffler was born in Wetzlar, Prussia on January 14, 1827. As a young man, he worked first in Hamburg and later in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies. While in Batavia in 1858, he petitioned the Prussian leadership to dispatch an expedition to Japan to negotiate a commercial treaty with Japanese government officials. On July 1, 1859, Kniffler founded L. Kniffler & Co. at Dejima, in what most consider the first Prussian/German trading house in Japan. Since this was before Germany, or even Prussia and the North German Federation for that matter, had established a commercial treaty with Japan, he was initially listed as a Dutch citizen in official Nagasaki records.

Joining Kniffler in Nagasaki from the beginning was the Bremen merchant Martin Hermann Gildemeister (1836-1918), who had worked with Kniffler in Batavia. Soon, however, Gildemeister left Nagasaki for Yokohama, where he opened a branch office of L. Kniffler & Company. In December 1862, Gildemeister became a partner in the firm.

In January 1861, as a result of the Eulenburg Mission, the Prussian and Japanese governments finally signed the commercial treaty that Kniffler had been seeking, and soon thereafter he was named Prussian Vice-Consul in Nagasaki — a mostly symbolic title at that point. As a matter of fact, Kniffler was not even in Nagasaki for much of 1861, as he had gone to Europe. When he returned to Nagasaki in 1862, he was accompanied by a merchant from Hamburg named August Evers (1841-1904), whom he had met on the ship that the two were taking from Hamburg to Hong Kong. Kniffler convinced Evers to change his plans of going to China and, instead, to come work for him in Japan. (Evers later joined forces with the German merchant Julius Simon to form the trading firm Simon, Evers & Co. [SECO] in 1873. With its headquarters in Hamburg and branch offices in Japan, the company is still in operation today.)

After Kniffler's return to Japan in 1862, he spent time in both Nagasaki and Yokohama. By fall 1863, he had built impressive residences in both cities — at No. 5A Minamiyamate in Nagasaki overlooking the harbor and along the bund in Yokohama. The latter structure burned down soon after its completion in December 1863.

By 1863, Kniffler's Nagasaki office at Dejima was run by the Prussian merchants Gustav Reddelien and Eugene Bohlens. Two years later, Bohlens was gone and Reddelien was being assisted by A.R. Weber, Christian Iwersen (1842-1878) and Carl Falck (warehouses manager). That same year, Kniffler opened a branch of his Japanese trading house in London.

Kniffler left his office in Nagasaki in June 1866, and on September 24th of that year he married 19-year-old Hedwig Pfeffer, the daughter of a German physician. Kniffler moved away from the day-to-day operation of the firm, which came to be headed by Reddelien and Carl Illies, who had just come to Yokohama from Germany that year. In the spring of 1869, Reddelien was in charge of the Yokohama office and Illies came to supervise the Nagasaki branch of L. Kniffler and Company at No. 4 Dejima.

Louis Kniffler was residing in Dusseldorf in 1873 when he greeted the members of the Iwakura Mission at the Dutch-German border on their tour of Europe. On May 31, 1880, L. Kniffler & Co. ceased operation and its business interests in Japan were taken over by C. Illies & Co. After the death of Louis Kniffler at the age of 53 on May 20, 1888, the Illies trading company was moved to Hamburg, which had developed into the center of German trade in East Asia.

Louis Kniffler not only founded the first German trading firm in Japan, but two of his employees, August Evers and Carl Illies, went on to develop companies that still maintain strong trade operations with Japan to this day.

Karl [Carl] Lehmann

On November 28, 1831, Karl [Carl] Wilhelm Heinrich Lehmann was born in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, which is presently located in northwestern Germany. As a young man, he gained both practical training and theoretical knowledge in shipbuilding in his homeland. Then, in 1853, he spent a year at a shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland (he had an uncle in the United States). After that, Lehmann became a shipyard director in Rotterdam.

While in Rotterdam in 1861, Lehmann accepted a three-year contract offer from the Japanese government, through the Dutch East India Company, to be chief engineer at the new government shipyard at Nagasaki, where he would help build ships and teach shipbuilding techniques. Lehmann arrived in Nagasaki in April 1862, and during his time there, he stayed at the Netherlands Trading Society's headquarters at No. 3 Dejima. The project ultimately failed, however, due to political unrest and the lack of funding. The shipyard closed in the fall of 1865, and Lehmann lost his job.

Carl Lehmann needed to find other work, however, because, by this time, he had a family to support. He was living with a Japanese woman named Kija Otoki (Otaki?), and the couple had a young daughter, Louise Charlotte Otoki Lehmann, who had been born in February 1864. While back in Germany in December 1867, Carl Lehmann had his daughter christened in Heidelberg.

By October 1865, Lehmann had gone to work for the Prussian firm Textor & Co. at No. 11 Dejima. At the beginning of 1866, the business transferred to No. 11 Ōura and Lehmann moved with its offices to the site. In October 1866, Lehmann teamed up with fellow Prussian merchant Oscar Hartmann to form a new business — Lehmann, Hartmann & Co. They initially stayed at No. 5 Dejima (the lot rented by the French firm Pignatel & Co.), but in March 1867, the pair moved next door to No. 6 Dejima.

In January 1867, Lehmann, through contacts arranged by the Dutch physician Antonius Bauduin, met in Hyogo with Japanese officials from the Kishu (Wakayama) and Aizu (Fukushima) domains to discuss the sale of Prussian needle-gun rifles and coastal steamships. The contracts were signed in April and May, and, by late June, Lehmann had departed Nagasaki for Hamburg, in order to fulfill Lehmann, Hartmann & Co.'s part of the agreement. Accompanying Lehmann on the journey was Majima Seiji, who became the first Japanese student enrolled in a German university.

Carl Lehmann returned to Nagasaki in the autumn of 1868, and, by the end of the year, he and Hartmann had closed their Nagasaki offices and moved their firm to Hyogo and Osaka, in order to be closer to their clients in Wakayama. Lehmann, Hartmann & Co., which was officially headquartered in Hamburg, briefly flourished in its new Japanese home, but, by 1871, administrative changes brought about by the Meiji government meant that the firm could no longer maintain its monopoly with Wakayama officials. Oscar Hartmann withdrew from the firm by mutual consent on December 31, 1871 and returned to Hamburg. In 1873, Carl Lehmann contracted tuberculoses and returned to Oldenburg in late autumn. He died there on April 21, 1874 at the age of 42 and was buried at the family cemetery.

Richard Lindau

Richard Lindau was born in Genthin, Prussia on May 7, 1831. He was a son of a Lutheran minister, the brother of four cosmopolitan Prussian intellectuals, Anna (a good friend of Karl Marx who was married to the Italian Jewish silk merchant and revolutionary compatriot of Mazzini and Garibaldi, Anselmo Vivanti), Rudolph (a diplomat, merchant and writer, who first came to Nagasaki in September 1859 as the charge d'affaires of a semi-official Swiss trade mission, served as Prussian Consul in Yokohama from 1864 to 1866, wrote, among his many works, books on Japan and China, headed Glover & Company's Yokohama office, and served as secretary at the German Embassy in Paris in the 1870s, Paul (a well-respected critic and playwright in Paris and Germany) and Leopold (a literary critic and librarian with the American Geographical Society based in New York), and the uncle of the famous poet and writer Annie Vivanti (daughter of Anna Lindau Vivanti).

By the mid-1850s, Richard Lindau was living in Paris as a businessman, and dabbling in music. He tried his hand as an opera singer, a songwriter, a poet and a translator. The latter venture led in 1861 to a legal battle (which Lindau lost) with the German composer Richard Wagner over the public translation recognition for his work on Wagner's opera "Tannhauser."

By the beginning of 1864, Richard Lindau had joined his elder brother Rudolph in Japan. Richard went to work in Nagasaki for the American firm Walsh & Co., where he eventually a partner in October 1867. From August 1865, Lindau became the Prussian Consul in Nagasaki. Since he was working for Walsh & C. at the time, the Prussian flag flew over the Walsh & Co. residence at No. 12 Higashiyamate. Lindau served in this capacity until September 1868. He was assisted in his duties by the Prussian merchants Oscar Hartmann and George Schottler.

Lindau remained with Walsh & Co. until March 1868. On April 1st, Lindau left Walsh & Co. to become a partner in the British firm of Alt & Co. In September, Lindau left Nagasaki but he remained with Alt & Co., and, from January 1, 1869, he became head of Alt & Co. in Japan. This arrangement remained in effect until December 31, 1870, when Alt and Lindau dissolved their partnership in Alt & Co. Soon after, Richard Lindau left Japan and did some traveling, before resurfacing as consul for Germany in Marseille, France in 1874. He then moved on briefly to the same position in Bayonne, France, before settling in as the German Consul to Barcelona, Spain from 1876. While in Barcelona, he opened a popular Japanese art museum in his official residence. Richard Lindau served as German Consul in Barcelona until the late 1890s and died in Heidelberg, Germany on August 31, 1900 at the age of 69.

Daniel J. Macgowan

Daniel Jerome Macgowan was born in Fall River, Massachusetts in 1812 and went to Ningbo, China as a medical missionary with the American Medical Mission at the age of 31. While U.S. Vice-Consul to Ningbo in 1855, he showed an early interest in Japan by delivering a paper to the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society on physical phenomena in Japan and China. In December 1858, Macgowan received first-hand information on Nagasaki when he shared speaking honors at the same society with Pompe van Meerdervoort, the Dutch physician who was visiting from Dejima. It was undoubtedly Pompe van Meerdervoort who invited Macgowan to Nagasaki in the spring of 1859 on the missionary's way home to the United States. Macgowan spent his five weeks in Nagasaki teaching English and assisting Pompe van Meerdervoort with the medical curriculum at the naval training school. Dr. Macgowan wrote of his observations in a series of articles for Shanghai's North China Herald.

In June 1862, MacGowan, who by this time was affiliated with the London Mission of Shanghai, visited Nagasaki with his wife for health reasons. At that time, he stayed with the Reformed Church missionary Guido Verbeck. Soon after, MacGowan returned to the United States and became a surgeon for the North in the Civil War. He returned to China as an agent for a Shanghai telegraph company in 1865. Jerome Macgowan died there on 25 July 1893 at the age of 79.

Herbert And Eliza Maundrell

Herbert Maundrell was born on July 23, 1846 in England. After graduating from the Church Missionary Society College at Islington, Maundrell served as one of the first two Church Missionary Society missionaries to Madagascar in 1863. He also spent some time in the Mauritius, where he met his wife, Eliza Hobbs, the daughter of the local Archdeacon. On June 28, 1875, Herbert and Eliza arrived in Nagasaki to replace Rev. and Mrs. Henderson Burnside as the CMS representatives in town.

Herbert Maundrell wanted to begin a theological class for Japanese on Dejima, since foreigners were confined to the treaty port boundaries and Dejima was the closest land to the native city. In the summer of 1877, he received permission to begin construction of a college at No. 10 Dejima adjacent to the CMS church; it was finished on St. Andrew's Day, November 30. In honor of the occasion, the seminary came to be known as St. Andrew's College. The building, which still stands at its original location, is the oldest Protestant seminary in Japan and a National Important Cultural Property.

In January 1879, a Day School for Japanese children was added at No. 11 Dejima, but it was shut down due to a lack of funds in 1883. The Maundrells went on leave from March 1884 to May 1886. While they were away, the CMS Committee in England decided to go with only one college in Japan, and that this would be the seminary in Osaka. When Maundrell returned to Nagasaki — this time as a newly-appointed Archdeacon — he faced the permanent closing of St. Andrew's. The following year, events took an ever-sadder personal turn when Eliza Maundrell developed typhoid fever and died on March 11 after a six-week bout with the disease. She was buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

Herbert Maundrell returned to England for a scheduled leave at the end of 1889 or the beginning of 1890. Unfortunately, he became ill and never returned to Japan. He retired from missionary service in 1893 and died on December 5, 1913 at the age of 67.

Ernest Mills

Ernest O. Mills was in Nagasaki with his wife Grace by 1921. For the first couple of years, they lived at No. 9 Dejima, but later moved to Nakagawa-go. Ernest Mills was born in Wisconsin on March 4, 1873. He came to Japan initially as an English teacher with the Y.M.C.A. in 1908, teaching at Chofu in Yamaguchi Prefecture. After completing his contract, he joined the Southern Baptist Mission in Japan. In 1912, he married Grace Anne Hughes, a Northern Baptist missionary from Missouri who had worked in Osaka and Sendai since 1900. The family was stationed in Fukuoka, where Ernest taught school and Grace supervised a kindergarten. In 1914, Ernest began to work as a railroad evangelist. By the time the couple came to Nagasaki, the station was considered to be on the outer fringes of the Mission — as was Mills himself. He was described as a "Yankee with a Northern Baptist wife, a layman with no seminary training (he was ordained at age 53 while on his next furlough), a

small and meek poet who always wore a wig."

After barely surviving an operation in Japan, Grace Mills died of cancer in Long Beach, California on July 16, 1932 at the age of 60. Little is known of Ernest Mills' time in Nagasaki, other than that he was President of the American Association from 1935 to 1936 and that he was still teaching Bible classes in the city in 1940. He stayed in Nagasaki until September 15, 1940, when the Mission ordered him home. After his regular furlough, he retired. He spent his sunset years in Texas and passed away on January 1, 1962 at the age of eight-eight.

Pignatel Family

Among Nagasaki residents, one of the most famous romances involving a Westerner and a Japanese surrounds the Frenchman Victor Leopold Pignatel. How much truth there is to the story, however, is open to debate.

Victor Pignatel came from an old French family with its origins in Italy. Victor's grandfather, Jean-Pierre August Pignatel, and Jean-Pierre's brother, Marceau, were born and raised in Lyon, the center of the French silk industry. Together, they formed a successful silk commission agency headquartered in the city. Jean-Pierre and his wife had five children, the eldest being Eugene, who was born in Lyon on September 21, 1818. On Christmas day 1839, at the age of 21, Eugene married Priscilla Browne in Manchester, England. The newlyweds promptly moved to the bustling Italian port town of Livorno, Italy, where they spent more than a decade. Livorno was one of the main trading centers for Italian silk and a financial center of the region. There, Eugene and Priscilla had five children: Lucie (1840), Emma (1843), Maria (1845), Victor (1846) and Charles (1848), and Eugene worked successfully as a merchant. A sixth child, Alice, was born in Lancashire in 1851, soon after their return to England.

In January 1846, with Eugene still in Livorno, his father passed away and Eugene inherited the family business. Seven months later (August 18th), Victor, Eugene's eldest son, was born. Eugene remained in Livorno, and came to play an active role in the chaotic Revolution of 1848. In September of that year, he became a member of the liberal provincial government commission that gained control in Livorno. Two months later (November 18th), his son Charles was born. In January 1850, when more conservative forces came to power in the town under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Eugene was nominated to be the Tuscan Consul at Lyon. Whether he ever served in this capacity is unclear, but it is known that Eugene and his family had returned to England by the end of the year.

That same year, Marceau Pignatel, Eugene's uncle, retired from an active role in the family silk business, and the focus of the business changed somewhat. In 1852, Eugene, Marceau, Charles Meunier (Marceau's nephew) and Ferdinand Genth formed a partnership called Pignatel, Genth & Co., Merchants and Commercial Agents, based in Manchester. With Marceau's death and the silkworm disease outbreak in Europe that devastated the French silk industry in 1855, the firm struggled and then dissolved in May 1857.

Eugene transferred his business operations to Nagasaki in May 1860. In October 1860, he purchased property at what would become No. 5 Dejima from the merchant H.H. Spengler, whose business premises had twice burned down. Pignatel also rented lot No. 10 on the Ōura waterfront. His original business interests revolved in part around trying to purchase Japanese silk and possibly Japanese silkworms for delivery to his hometown of Lyon, in an effort to revive the silk industry there.

Two years later, Eugene's cousin Jean Etienne Victor (Marceau's son and heir), who was a silk merchant in Lyon, established a branch office in Chefoo [Yantai], China in part to investigate Chinese silk export possibilities. Victor returned to Lyon the following year, where he helped establish the powerful Credit Lyonnaise Bank. The same year, Eugene was joined in Nagasaki by his two teenage sons, 17-year-old Victor Leopold and his younger brother Charles. Together they operated Pignatel & Co., a business that by this time dealt mainly in food provisions and European wines, at No. 5 Dejima. The firm also imported some of the materials used in the construction of Ōura Catholic Church.

Not making the trip to Nagasaki was Eugene's wife Priscilla and their four daughters, and it appears that he never saw them again. It is possible that he had a relationship with a Japanese woman while in Nagasaki, because later accounts speak of Eugene's sons having two half-sisters. After Eugene Pignatel's death in Nagasaki on September 8, 1870 at the age of 51, the family business was carried on by his two sons. The man who two decades earlier had played a key role in the Revolution of 1848 in Italy, was an early member of the Nagasaki Foreign Settlement Municipal Council and he lived long enough to witness the Meiji Restoration in Japan.

According to Japanese accounts, not too long after the death of his father, Victor Pignatel fell in love with and later married a Japanese woman named Masaki from the Maruyama pleasure district. After three years of marriage, however, Masaki died of a sudden illness. Victor was apparently unable to forget his one true love and remained single for the rest of his life ― treasuring a red-lacquer pillow that she had left behind. How much of the story is true is difficult to ascertain, but it is known that Victor never remarried and that he lived out his life as a virtual recluse in Nagasaki.

Besides assisting in the family business, Charles Pignatel worked for the French Consulate in Nagasaki in 1865 and taught at the domain school in neighboring Saga in 1874. He returned to England in the early 1880s to work for the London branch of Credit Lyonnais, the bank headquartered in Lyon that his cousin had helped found in 1863. There he married a German native named Victoria and they had a son named Ernest. Charles later moved to the Paris branch of the same bank and died in that city in October 1917.

Victor remained in Nagasaki to run the family company there. Two of the sisters who stayed behind in England married into British money: the younger sister, Alice, married Sir Archibald Geikie in 1871, and the following year the elder sister, Emma, wed the publisher Alexander Macmillan. Emma in particular played a prominent role in British literary circles, and was influential in broadening her husband's interest in Italian art and culture. Of the remaining two sisters, both died in England, Maria in 1865 at the young age of 20 and Lucie in 1928 at the age of 88 ― neither married. Victor Pignatel, who at 75 was the oldest foreign resident in Nagasaki at the time of his death, died at his Dejima residence after a short illness on January 30, 1922. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Upon his passing, The Nagasaki Press noted that "For years Mr. Pignatel has lived a very retired life and as he has taken no part in social life here, very few of the residents knew him personally."

Victor may not have been as anti-social as he appeared. After his death, part of his will was contested by his Japanese maid. His estate was divided among J.M. Figueiredo of Shanghai and Charles Mitchell of Kobe (who were said to be the sons of Victor's two half sisters) and Mrs. A.C. de Souza of Nagasaki. It consisted of bank deposits, the residence at Dejima, the Nagasaki Club land lot (No. 10 Ōura), and a home and grounds on the hill at Minamiyamate. The latter was contested by the Japanese maid, who claimed that Pignatel had given the property to her on his deathbed in the presence of witnesses. The maid's claim was later rejected and the property went to de Souza, who continued to live on the premises.

Gustav And Amandus Reddelien

[Wilhelm] Gustav [Heinrich] Reddelien of Hamburg, Germany was born in 1839. He came to Nagasaki in 1860 to work for L. Kniffler &Co. on Dejima. Initially, Reddelien was under American protection because Prussia had no treaty with Japan until 1861. While in Nagasaki, he fathered children with a Japanese woman named Fukui Tsune. From 1863, Reddelien came to manage the affairs of L. Kniffer and Co. in Nagasaki. He remained in this capacity until the spring of 1869 when he transferred to Yokohama, in order to supervise the affairs of L. Kniffler & Co.'s headquarters in that city. He remained in that capacity even after the company discontinued operations in 1880 and was taken over by Illies & Co. The latter firm moved its company headquarters to Hamburg in 1888 (while still retaining branch offices in Yokohama and Kobe), and Reddelien himself moved back to Hamburg in late 1892. His wife Tsune had passed away by this time, as is evident from the January 1887 petition for her death certificate on behalf of their children.

Although Gustav Reddelien left Nagasaki in 1869, his brother, Amandus Reddelien, arrived in the city the following year to work for L. Kniffler & Co., and by 1877 he had established A. Reddelien & Co. at No. 4 Dejima ― the site of the former Kniffler headquarters at Nagasaki. From 1877 to 1889, Amandus Reddelien served as both the Dutch Consul and the Norwegian/Swedish Consul in Nagasaki.

By December 1879, Amandus Reddelien was living with his wife at No. 6 Dejima. About a year later, the couple welcomed the arrival of a daughter. In July 1882, a son, Gustav [Heinrich] Reddelien was born. The family moved to No. 4 Dejima in 1887 and remained there until their departure for Germany in September 1889. Amandus briefly came back alone to Nagasaki in 1893, but he did not stay long. His eldest son, Gustav (1882-1938), became a university professor in Leipzig, and his youngest son, Wilfried (1899-1954), was a pianist.

G. Reddelien, a native of Germany, was in Nagasaki by 1862 working for L. Kniffler & Co. Initially, Reddelien was under American protection because Prussia had no treaty with Japan in the early days of the foreign settlement. While in Nagasaki, he fathered children with a Japanese woman named Fukui Tsune. In January 1887, the children petitioned for a death certificate for Fukui. Although G. Reddelien disappeared from Nagasaki listings in the late 1860s, an A. Reddelien shows up in 1872 and by 1877 he had established A. Reddelien & Co. at No. 4 Dejima. From 1877 to 1889, A. Reddelien served as both the Dutch Consul and the Norwegian/Swedish Consul in Nagasaki. In September 1889, Reddelien returned to Germany.

Janus Rhijnhoud

Janus Rhijnhoud was born at Goes in Zeeland, the Netherlands in 1816. He was in Nagasaki by the beginning of 1863 and worked as a constable for the municipal council in the foreign settlement. Rhijnhoud died on January 24, 1870 at the age of 53 and was buried at the Dutch Cemetery at Goshinji. His gravestone was erected by a geisha named Yatsuhashi from a brothel called Ōfujiya.

N.C. Sieburgh

N.C. Sieburgh was a retired Lieutenant in the Dutch Navy. He was born in Amsterdam on October 18, 1827 and died at Dejima on June 27, 1862 at the age of 34. He is buried at the Dutch Cemetery at Inasa.

Henry D. Toovey

Henry Duppe Toovey was a merchant silk inspector for Gibb, Livingston & Co. of Shanghai. He was born in Westerham, Kent, England. He died of dysentery at the Dejima office of Frielink & Co. on November 7, 1859 at the age of 29. He has gravestones at both the Dutch Cemetery at Inasa and Inasa International Cemetery.

Thomas Van Triet

Thomas van Triet was Captain of the Dutch ship Roosenberg. He was born in Rotterdam and died at Dejima on October 16, 1787. He is buried at the Dutch Cemetery at Inasa.

Hendrik De Wijn

Hendrik de Wijn was Master of the Willemina en Clara. He was born on the island of Texel in the Netherlands and died on the way from Batavia to Nagasaki on January 8, 1857. He is buried at the Dutch Cemetery at Inasa.

Jacob Van Zameren

Jacob van Zameren was born in the Netherlands in 1822. At the age of 40, he found himself in Nagasaki working on Dejima as a shipchandler. By May 1868, van Zameren was operating a store at No. 8 Dejima. In addition to his storekeeping duties, he also served as a marine surveyor for the French Consulate in town. Japanese records show that by August 1868, van Zameren had a son and daughter living with him at his store on Dejima. These were probably the children of a Japanese woman from Nagasaki. Jacob van Zameren died on February 21, 1869 at the age of 46 and was buried at the Dutch Cemetery at Inasa.

Julius Adrian

See the first biography entry for Julius Adrian.

Carl E. Boeddinghaus

See the first biography entry for Carl E. Boeddinghaus.

Julius Bryner

Swiss-born Julius Bryner came to Nagasaki around 1870 and worked briefly for the American firm Walsh & Co. Best known today as the grandfather of Academy Award-winning actor Yul Brynner (who added an extra "n" to the name), Bryner moved to Vladivostok soon after the opening of the port and established the Far Eastern Shipping Company, going on to make extraordinary contributions to the development of the port. The former Bryner family residence remains as a historic attraction in Vladivostok.

H.M. Fleischer

A native of Bergen, Norway, H.M. Fleischer came to Nagasaki in 1869 to work for L. Kniffler & Co., merchants. After an absence of several years he returned to Nagasaki in 1876 and established a business at No.3 Umegasaki, serving as an agent for La Compagnie des Messageries Maritimes, Basler Transport Versichsrungs Gesellschaft, and other European shipping and insurance companies. He also served as acting consul for Denmark.

In May 1878, only two years after Alexander Graham Bell's epoch-making conversation with his assistant Mr. Watson and less than a year since the formation of the Bell Telephone Company, H.M. Fleischer installed an experimental telephone line between his office and the premises of the Great Northern Telegraph Company next door at No.2 Umegasaki. The first demonstration was conducted on May 9, 1878, when two groups of foreign residents assembled at the two ends of the line and gasped in astonishment at the marvel of telephone communication. This was one of the first applications of telephone technology in Japan. H.M. Fleischer died in 1882 at the young age of 36 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery, where his gravestone can still be seen today.

Henri And Auguste Gordes

See the first biography entry for Henri And Auguste Gordes.

Ryle Holme

Ryle Holme came to Japan from his native Manchester, England in the early 1860s and took up a position with Glover & Co. in Nagasaki. In 1865, at the behest of Thomas Glover, he escorted a delegation from the Satsuma Clan (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture) to England and acted as their mentor and guide in visits to various industrial facilities such as the Alderley Copper Mine in Cheshire and the Platt Brothers & Co. textile machinery factory in Oldham (Manchester). He also probably played a role in the employment of his older brother Edward Z. Holme, a cotton spinning expert, to supervise operations at the Shuseikan Cotton Mill in Kagoshima where equipment purchased from Platt Brothers was installed. The older Holme later teamed up with Frederick Ringer to form Holme, Ringer & Co. in Nagasaki in 1868, although he returned to England shortly thereafter.

After the collapse of Glover & Co. in 1870, Ryle Holme joined with his former colleague Henry Gribble and took over part of the business conducted to date by the bankrupt company. Later he headed the Jardine, Matheson & Co. head office in Nagasaki and played a leading role in the development of business and social institutions in the Nagasaki Foreign Settlement. Records show that he lived in the house at No.27B Minamiyamate from 1884 to 1888, when he moved to Kobe. Ryle Holme retired from business in 1900 and returned to his hometown of Manchester, where he died in October 1911 at the age of 72. His older brother Edward had died in London two years earlier.

Hermann Iwersen

Hermann Iwersen was born in Holstein, Germany on April 1, 1844. He came to Nagasaki in 1870 and went to work for the German firm Schmidt, Westphall & Co. at No. 4 Umegasaki.In 1874, while still working for the firm, he served briefly as acting consul for North Germany. After Schmidt, Westphall & Co. went bankrupt in 1875, Iwersen worked as an independent merchant in town. From 1877 to 1889, he served as German Consul in Nagasaki. In February 1878, Hermann's elder brother Christian came from Kobe to visit him. Unfortunately, Christian fell from the Sagarimatsu Bridge, hit his head and drowned. He was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. At some point during his stay in Nagasaki, Hermann received the order of St. Stanislaus from the Russian government. In addition to his work as German Consul, Hermann also served as Dutch Consul from 1889 until his death in Tokyo in 1895 at the age of 51.

John S. Massie

John Sutherland Massie (British) was a native of Aberdeen, Scotland. A childhood friend of Thomas Glover, Massie first came to Nagasaki in 1864 to work for Glover & Co. After the bankruptcy of Glover & Co., he worked briefly as a godown keeper for Gribble & Co. In 1872, he established the International Hotel at No. 6 Umegasaki, which he ran until his retirement about 1895. Massie was married to a Japanese woman named Eikawa Rin and they lived in Junin-machi. He died on October 1, 1917 at the age of 77. The body was cremated and a gravestone erected in a Japanese cemetery high on a high overlooking Nagasaki Harbor.

J.J. O'Brien

John J. O'Brien was a native of Boston, Massachusetts. He joined the U.S. Navy at a young age and spent 12 years in its service. After leaving the Navy, he spent three years on a whaling boat in the North Pacific and two years working at various jobs, including that of company clerk, in Yokohama. The 29-year-old O'Brien then came to Nagasaki in December 1895 and began working for the Japanese foreign settlement police at Umegasaki. While in Nagasaki, he resided at the Central Hotel. Since O'Brien had had little, if any, previous experience as a policeman, his initial contract with the Police Force was set at only three-and-a-half months, instead of the standard annual contract. He must have performed well, however, since his next contract was not only for a year, but he was given a raise to $100 a month. He remained in this capacity until his departure for Boston in January 1900. Upon leaving Nagasaki, O'Brien received a certificate of appreciation from the Japanese commander of the Umegasaki Police Station.

Alexander Air

Alexander Air, a native of Britain, came with his wife to Nagasaki in the late 1880s. He served as manager of the Sailor's Institute at No. 15 Ōura. While Air saw to the needs of teetotaling sailors, his wife rented rooms at the same address to other non-drinking visitors to the city. In her ad for such rooms in the local newspaper, she called the facility Temperance Hall. By June of 1889, however, with the departure of the Institute's founder, CMS missionary A.B. Hutchinson, the building was put up for sale and the Airs left town.

Antonio D'Almeida

Antonio M. D'Almeida was a Portuguese national from Macao. He came to Nagasaki in 1872 and became one of the first employees of Holme, Ringer & Co. He died of a brain disease on board the ship Asagao on December 31, 1891 while being taken home to Macao. D'Almeida was buried at sea and the foreign residents of Nagasaki erected a gravestone for him at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

William J. Alt

William John Alt was born April 4, 1840 in Greenwich, England. At the age of 12 he entered the Merchant Service. Seven years later he joined the Customs Service in China, but left for Nagasaki later the same year after the port was opened to foreign trade. He registered with the British Consulate in Nagasaki January 6, 1860 as a general commission agent. Like his fellow young merchant-adventurer from Britain, Thomas Glover, William Alt made a considerable fortune in the first decade of the foreign settlement by trading tea, marine products, ships and weapons.

The headquarters of Alt & Co. was located on the Nagasaki waterfront at No. 7 Ōura. Situated behind this building at Ōura Nos. 18, 19 and 20 were the tea firing warehouses where tea from the neighboring countryside was dried by hundreds of workers on rotating shifts which operated 24 hours a day. The coal warehouses were at Ōura No. 45, along the water below Minamiyamate. High upon the hill of Minamiyamate overlooking the harbor, Alt built a huge private residence at Nos. 14, 14A and 29. The majestic house is one of the great tourist attractions at Glover's Garden.

From early on, Alt was an active member in governing the foreign community at Nagasaki. In June 1861 he was appointed one of three members of a committee to head the newly created Chamber of Commerce, and in February of the following year he was elected one of three original members of the Municipal Council. Alt also provided the foreign settlement one of its two fire engines — Glover & Co. having the other. Although William Alt was the driving force behind Alt & Co. in Nagasaki, he had a number of partners over the years. His original partner was Herbert M. Wright (1860), then came H.P Simson (1862), Walter M. Norton (1864) and John R. Hooper (1867). When Alt left Nagasaki for Osaka in 1868, Norton also left the firm. Henry Hunt took over management of Alt & Co. in Nagasaki. He was assisted by Fredrick Hellyer, a nephew of Alt who had come to Nagasaki in 1868 to work for the company. In 1872, after Alt had returned to England, Hellyer became Hunt's partner in Alt & Co. In 1881, Alt & Co. disappeared from the roster of foreign companies in Nagasaki. Both Hunt and Hellyer (joined by his brother Thomas) opened their own companies in town, with the former taking over all of Alt's former insurance concerns.

During a voyage back to England in 1864, Alt met and fell in love with Elisabeth Earl, the 16-year-old daughter of George Windsor Earl, the Magistrate of Province Wellesley at the Straits of Malacca. After completing his work in England, William Alt returned to Australia, where he and Elisabeth were married at Adelaide on September 15, 1864. The two newlyweds then proceeded to their new home in Nagasaki.

William and Elisabeth Alt had eight children, six daughters and two sons. The first four children were born in Japan and the remaining ones in England. The Alt family lived in Nagasaki until 1868, when they moved to Osaka so that William could pursue business interests in the newly-opened foreign settlement there. They stayed there only 18 months before moving on to the settlement at Yokohama.

In 1871, because of William's poor health, the family returned to England, settling initially in Surrey. They later moved to London and purchased a house in Kensington. They also had a villa at Rappallo in Italy, where William went in winter to ease his bronchial troubles. He died there on November 9, 1908 at the age of 68.

The great granddaughter of William Alt and his wife Elisabeth, Viscountess Tess Montgomery of Alamein, presented a copy of Elisabeth’s memoirs (in edited form) to the City of Nagasaki in 1985.

C. Edward Amuat

One of the Western physicians who served at the Nagasaki Government Hospital was Edward Amuat. A native of Switzerland, Dr. Amuat was a naturalized U.S. citizen who arrived in Nagasaki in August 1889. In addition to his duties as Director of the Government Hospital, Amuat also had his own private practice, which he operated out of his home. Initially, he resided at No. 11 Higashiyamate, but when this burned in March 1891, he moved to No. 9 Ōura. In late May 1892, Amuat became ill and planned a trip to the countryside to recuperate. Soon after departing, however, his condition worsened and he was forced to return home. Amuat lapsed into unconsciousness on May 31, 1892 and never recovered. Ironically, he had been nominated to serve as American Vice-Consul and the notice of his appointment arrived three days after his death. Survived by a Japanese wife and son, Dr. Amuat was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Julius Andersen

Captain Julius Andersen was a native of Norway and came to Nagasaki in February 1908. He arrived on board the Marusan-maru, a whaler that had been built in Norway for the Marusan Whaling Company. Andersen died on September 11, 1908 at St. Bernard Hospital in Nagasaki, after a short illness — the cause being ptomaine poisoning. Just prior to his death, he had left Marusan to work for the Nagasaki Whaling Company. Andersen, who was 36 years of age, was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. He had been married about a year and his widow, who lived in Norway, was left with a child born after Andersen's arrival in Nagasaki.

Walter Andrews

Walter Andrews was an 1877 graduate of St. John's College, Cambridge. He arrived in Nagasaki on December 31, 1878 and worked as a missionary with the Church Missionary Society. In 1879, he rented a building at No. 15 Ōura and began a "Reading and Coffee Room" for sailors. Andrews operated the institution until May 1882 when he asked to be transferred to Hakodate for health reasons. While in Nagasaki, Andrews and his wife (Helen Patterson) had two children: Walter Thornton, born September 22, 1879, and Minnie Violet, born July 5, 1881. Rev. Andrews served in Japan until 1904, when he retired due to wife's ill health. He came back to Hakodate as Bishop in 1909 after his wife's death. Andrews retired in 1918 and died in Sussex, England on November 1, 1932 at the age of 80.

Robert Arnold

Robert Arnold, a 26-year old native of Liverpool, arrived in Nagasaki on August 23, 1860 and originally worked as a commission agent for Major & Co. By July 1861, he had established the trading firm of R. Arnold & Co. at No. 12 Ōura. The business did not do well, however, and it was dissolved at the end of January 1862. Upon its closing, one of Arnold's employees, Francis A. Groom, went to work for Glover & Co., which took over business operations of the company. In spite of this setback, Arnold continued to conduct business in Nagasaki until his departure from town in January 1864.

Christian Axelson

Christian Axelson was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on March 15, 1844 and later became a naturalized American citizen. He was serving as second mate on the U.S. transport Zealandia when he died of tuberculosis at St. Bernard Hospital on March 11, 1899 — just four days shy of his 35th birthday. Axelson was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

James Baird

James W. Baird was born in Ayr, Scotland in 1869. He worked at the home office of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in London before coming to Japan in 1887 to join Holme, Ringer & Co. Baird had worked for Holme, Ringer & Co. for almost a decade when he died at the company's headquarters at No. 7 Ōura on January 24, 1897 at the age of 27. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Francois J.B. Balmes

Francois J.B. Balmes, a native of France, came to Nagasaki in 1898 to take over the bakery and wine store of Jean Salvery. The store, called the Boulangerie Francaise, was located at No. 221/2 Ōura and No. 23 Ōura. Balmes had been married for years to a Japanese woman named Yamamoto, who went by the name of Marie Balmes after the marriage. The couple had a daughter, Anna Louise, who on July 6, 1899 married Jean Sirot. Two days later Balmes died at the age of 51 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Marie lived at the Hotel de France, originally built and operated by her son-in-law Sirot at No. 33 Ōura, until her death on January 9, 1912 at the age of 63. She was buried next to her husband at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

William And James Barry

The United States Navy twice operated naval depots in Nagasaki. The depots were used to purchase supplies for the American ships and sailors when in port and to pay the seamen wages due them. The first U.S. Naval Depot was in operation in Nagasaki by 1875 and remained open for four years. It was usually staffed by a paymaster, a clerk, and occasionally a surgeon. The U.S. Naval Depot opened for a second time in Nagasaki in 1881 at No. 3 Ōura, which was still the property of Walsh & Co., even though the firm had closed down its Nagasaki office a decade earlier. The office was initially staffed by William W. Barry (born 1834 in Massachusetts) who served as paymaster, and his younger brother James H. Barry (born 1836 in Massachusetts) who was the clerk. They were accompanied during their two years in Nagasaki by their wives, Ellen and Sophie, respectively. The naval stores attached to the Depot were auctioned off in November 1884, and the facility closed soon thereafter. No. 3 Ōura was sold by Walsh & Co. to Mitsui Bussan in April 1886.

Gerrit Batteke, Jr.

Gerrit Batteke, Jr. was born on September 22, 1840 in Breskens, Zeeland in The Netherlands, the youngest of four children of Rev. Gerrit Batteke and Wilhelmina Hendrica Grador Landsknegt. Gerrit, Jr.'s elder brother, Petrus Julianus Batteke (born March 4, 1833) came to Japan in the early 1860s and was in Yokohama by November 1861 working as an agent for Textor & Co. Petrus later transferred to the company's Nagasaki branch, where he remained until August 1864. Gerrit either accompanied his brother to Japan or followed him shortly thereafter. Gerrit worked in the port cities of Japan for the next two decades before resurfacing in Nagasaki in the mid-1880s as the proprietor of the Belle Vue Hotel. He worked there briefly before passing away on March 17,

Bonham Bax

Bonham Ward Bax was born in January 1837. He joined Her Majesty's Service at a young age and in 1858 was named a lieutenant in the navy. Promoted to commander in 1867, Bax was given command of the British gun vessel HMS Dwarf at Hong Kong in mid-1871. The HMS Dwarf sailed throughout East Asian waters, visiting Taiwan, China, Japan, Korea and Russia during its three and a half year tour of duty.

While commander of the Dwarf, Bax visited Nagasaki on three different occasions. The first, to take on coal for a voyage to Russia, lasted only a week in July 1873. The second lasted three months from February to May 1874, when the Dwarf was called in from Shanghai to protect foreign residents of Nagasaki during the Saga Rebellion. During this visit Bax helped inaugurate the first Seamen's Home in Nagasaki. His final visit was for three weeks from late August to early September later the same year. This came on the heels of a devastating typhoon, which had struck Nagasaki.

Upon returning to England, Bax was promoted to captain. While awaiting his next commission, he wrote an account of his voyage entitled The Eastern Seas. Bax's next assignment was to take command of the Sylvia in February 1877 in order to survey the Korean coast. It was while on this assignment that Bax again visited Nagasaki in July 1877. Here he suddenly became ill and died of dysentery on July 15 at the age of 40. He was buried the following day at Ōura International Cemetery. Bonham Bax was survived by his wife, Emily Harris (the daughter of a colonel in the British Rifle Brigade), and at least one son, Robert Neesham Bax. Robert later joined the British navy, where he not only followed in his father's footsteps, but went on to be appointed admiral.

George Blyth

George Blyth was a native of Sheffield, England. An engineer by training, Blyth was employed for several years in Japanese government service in both Japan and Korea. He came to Nagasaki from Korea in May 1919 to supervise the installation of an open-hearth furnace at the Mitsubishi Steel Works. On July 21st, Blyth died of a sudden illness at his room in the Hotel du Japon at the age of 51, leaving behind a wife and large family in England. Buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery, Blyth's gravestone was probably destroyed by the atomic bomb. Later, a new gravestone was erected, but due to a mistake in terms of the location of the grave, it was placed across the street from the original site.

Carl E. Boeddinghaus

See the first biography entry for Carl E. Boeddinghaus.

Robert I. Bowie

Robert I. Bowie came to Nagasaki as a surgeon on the steam ship Baltic and in 1897 was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon of the U.S. Public health and Marine Hospital Service at Nagasaki. Born in San Francisco in 1856, Bowie was joined in Nagasaki by a son and daughter (Claire Roberta, who was born June 27, 1882 in San Francisco. On August 3, 1909 she married the son of Aage L.F. Jordan in Nagasaki) from a previous marriage. In Nagasaki, Bowie married a Russian woman named Rose Murchovsky, by whom he had a son, Theodore, in 1905.

Robert Bowie opened a private practice at No. 23 Ōura in January 1898. At the same time, he also founded a Catholic hospital called St. Bernard on a hillside at Kosuge-machi for the treatment of foreign residents and visitors. The hospital was situated on land owned by Les Soeurs de l'Enfant Jesus. The French sisters handled the nursing duties at St. Bernard. In June 1908, Bowie announced that, due to ill health, he intended to close St. Bernard Hospital. The following month, a public meeting, headed by U.S. Consul George Scidmore, met to review the affairs of the hospital and decided to keep the hospital open. Robert I. Bowie died of kidney disease on April 24, 1911 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. His widow and six-year-old-son tied up their affairs in Nagasaki and moved to France. Theodore Bowie went on to become a professor at Indiana University and a leading authority on East Asian Art.

Percy J. Buckland

Percy James Buckland was born in London on September 10, 1875. He came to Nagasaki in 1897 to work for Holme, Ringer & Co. On October 22, 1902, he married Margaret Cartmer in Nagasaki. The Bucklands and their two children (Doreen Alcidie, born November 6, 1903, and Harry Frederick, born May 29, 1906, lived at No. 8 Minamiyamate. Percy Buckland's best friend in Nagasaki was Richard Inman who came to Nagasaki around the same time that Buckland did and also worked for Holme, Ringer & Co. During his time in Nagasaki, Buckland also served as consul for Portugal. On November 27, 1913, Buckland's sister Alcidie married Frederick Ringer's son F.E.E. Ringer in Christchurch, Wanstead. In August 1915, Buckland left Nagasaki for London. Two years later, he died there at the age of 41. His friend Inman had preceded him in death a month earlier in Yokohama — also at the age of 41. Margaret Buckland died in England in October 1925.

George Bunker

George Bunker, an American sailor from the ship Veletta, was murdered by a Japanese samurai who struck him from behind in the neck with a sword on June 14, 1867. The 28-year old Bunker was buried at Inasa international Cemetery. Tensions increased between foreigners and the Japanese in Nagasaki when, in spite of a detailed description of the assailant, the attacker was not brought to justice.

James And Alexander Carnduff

James B. Carnduff was born in Cathcart, Scotland in 1876. After a brief residence in Gibralter, Carnduff came to Nagasaki to work for Holme, Ringer and Co. in 1896. On April 14, 1906, while employed in the Pusan office of Holme, Ringer & Co, he married Edith Margaret Wilson, a British resident of Nagasaki and the daughter of J.H. Wilson of Mitsubishi. Soon after, while working in China, he developed tuberculosis. After a rest in California, James Carnduff returned to Japan but his condition continued to deteriorate. On November 2, 1908, he died at his wife's parents' house at No. 17 Minamiyamate at the age of 32 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Alexander Carnduff, James's younger brother, was born in Glasgow, Scotland on September 15, 1879. He too was employed by Holme, Ringer & Co., working out of its Seoul office. In July 1912, Alexander Carnduff married someone whom he had known in Nagasaki for years — his former sister-in-law, Edith Margaret Wilson. Alexander Carnduff later became the manager of John P. Carr & Co.

F. Charbonnel

F. Charbonnel was a merchant and French Vice-Consul in Nagasaki between World War I and World War II. Charbonnel, who was manager of Charbonnel & Co. at No. 8 Ōura, was married to a Japanese woman named Mukai. When the Japanese wife of his good friend Andre Boucly died in 1928, Boucly erected a gravestone for her at Choshoji Temple. At the same time, Charbonnel erected a gravestone next to it for the Mukai family. Upon Charbonnel's death in 1934 at the age of 62, his body was cremated and his ashes were placed in the Mukai family plot at Choshoji.

Thorvald A. Christensen

Thorvald A. Christensen was born at Elsinore, Denmark in 1844. He arrived at Nagasaki in 1867 as commander of a Danish schooner. Christensen stayed in Nagasaki for two years before moving to Kobe where he worked for Mitsubishi Steamship Co. Later, when Mitsubishi was taken over by NYK, he stayed on to work for that company. He then came to Nagasaki and spent 18 years there as head of the NYK branch here. While in Nagasaki, he married Tsuji Mume, age 30, on May 14, 1887. The couple had a son, Holger, who died at the age of 11 later that year. He was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. After retiring from NYK, T.A. Christensen went to Kobe, where he operated a successful stevedore business for about 16 years. In 1910, he sold this business to Helm Bros., Ltd. and went into the import business. For the last two years of his life, Christensen was in failing health and he died in Kobe on June 11, 1914. He was buried at Kasugano Cemetery in that city.

Jean A. Couder

Jean A. Couder was born in Quebec, Canada in 1840. His parents were natives of Bordeaux, France who had emigrated to Canada a few years earlier. His father was attacked and killed by Indians while on an expedition into an unexplored area with several companions. A search party was dispatched but only the clothing of the men was found. Mrs. Couder moved back to France with her son but died when the boy was still only five years old. He was later adopted by an elderly relative who also died within a few years. Couder then took to sea and for 11 years made a living as a merchant seaman. He arrived in Nagasaki on September 23, 1862, took his discharge from the ship, and settled permanently in this city. Jean Couder was hired as a clerk by the French shipchandler and general storekeeper named J. P. Hyver but later opened his own business — a French restaurant and bakery — at No. 22 Ōura. In 1884 he joined R. H. Powers & Co. as a bookkeeper and remained with that firm for more than 20 years until failing health forced him to retire. Among other social activities, he served for a period of six years as honorary secretary of the Nagasaki Bowling Club. Couder died of dropsy on November 7, 1904 at his residence at No.11 Minamiyamate. He was 65 years old and had been a permanent resident of Nagasaki for 42 years. After a funeral at Ōura Catholic Church his remains were carried to Sakamoto International

Cemetery for burial.

David Deshler

David W. Deshler was born in Columbus, Ohio on October 10, 1872. In 1923, Deshler retired to the Nagasaki area. He lived in Tagami on the road to Mogi until his death on November 22, 1927 at the age of 55. He was survived by his Japanese wife. According to newspaper accounts at the time, funeral services for Deshler were held at the Nihon Kuristo Church in Ōura and he was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery, but there is no record of a burial or gravestone in the cemetery.

William H. Devine

William Henry Devine was a British accountant emplyed at the Mitsubishi Dockyard and Engine Works from the year 1884. During his stay, he served as steward and secretary-treasurer of the Nagasaki Club and later as U.S. Vice Consul from late 1896 to mid 1898. Devine died at his residence in AkunŌura on July 7, 1899 at the age of 64 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Yeend Duer

Yeend Duer (British) worked for for Henry Gribble & Co., Japan Mail S.S. Co. [Nippon Yusen Kaisha], and Takashima Colliery in Nagasaki and later became an advisor to the Iwasaki family. He died in Tokyo in September 1921. Duer came to Japan in 1865 at approximately age 20 and lived in Nagasaki for some time. He was survived by his Japanese wife Tsunekawa Yasu and 6 children — one of whom (Elizabeth Yeend Duer) was born in Nagasaki on November 7, 1889.

Oreste Dusseldorp

Oreste Dusseldorp was a native of Amsterdam who taught at the Nagasaki Higher Commercial School for 9 years from 1913 to 1922. He received the Order of the Rising Sun (6th class) in recognition for his service to education. Dusseldorp went to Yokohama briefly but returned to Nagasaki due to ill health and the shock of the Great Kanto Earthquake. He died on July 31, 1924 at the age of 69 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. He was survived by his Japanese wife Tsuru.

William H. Evans

William H. Evans was born in Linwood, Pennsylvania in 1858. Evans became a pharmacist on board the U.S. naval steamship Petrol in February 1890. He came to Yokohama on the same ship and left the Navy there in May 1893. He was employed by Brett & Co. in Yokohama until the end of March 1895 when he came to Nagasaki. In Nagasaki he managed the drug and pharmacy business (the Medical Hall) of William Hooper until July 1898 when he went into the drug and pharmacy business on his own at No. 42 Ōura. In November 1902, Joana Evans died of cancer at the age of 41, leaving behind her husband and three children. She was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. In 1904 William Evans sold the Medical Hall and later went to work for the Mutabe Coal Co. in Karatsu. He died in Shimonoseki in February 1930 at the age of 71 and his body was brought to Nagasaki for burial next to his wife. William Evans, Jr., who had been born in Nagasaki in 1895, died in December 1950 at Hantung, North Korea during the Korean War.

Mary Feldstein

Like many of the former Jewish residents of Nagasaki, Mary Feldstein was a native of Odessa — Russia's busy port on the Black Sea. The circumstances of her life before coming to Nagasaki are unknown, but she arrived here around 1890 with her husband Jacob Feldstein. By this time, the Jewish community in the foreign settlement was beginning to take shape and numerous stores, hotels and bars operated by Jewish people had opened primarily in the Umegasaki neighborhood on the northern side of Ōura. Jacob and Mary worked in establishments owned by other Jewish residents during the first years and saved up enough money to open their own rooming house. Unfortunately, however, Jacob Feldstein was struck down by a sudden illness in July 1892 at the age of 42. Despite the loss of her husband, Mary went through with her plan and opened a rooming house on lot No.15 Ōura on the corner facing the river. The rooming house was successful and Mary later made renovations and changed the name of the establishment to the Villa Hotel.

In 1896, glass kerosene lamps were the main source of indoor lighting in Nagasaki. As in other buildings, these was a special room in the Villa Hotel where the lamps, wicks and kerosene were stored. On August 19, Mary Feldstein's seven year-old niece and four year-old nephew Jacob Baidack (whose parents operated a tavern in the foreign settlement) went unnoticed into the lamp room. One of the children struck a match and touched it to a half-empty can of kerosene. An explosion immediately occurred and the children were enveloped in flames. Mary Feldstein heard the noise and ran to the room. She tried to save the boy from the flames but her own clothing caught fire. Both Jacob Baidack and Mary Feldstein (36 years old) died as a result of burns and were buried at the Hebrew section of Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Edward G. Furber

Edward G. Furber was born in Newberry, Massachusetts in 1807. He came to Nagasaki in 1870 and was employed by the Pacific Mail Steam Ship Co., as a barge master. When U.S. President Grant visited Nagasaki in 1879, Furber acted as a representative of the foreign community. In the mid-1880s, Nagasaki was a thriving international port, and one of the repercussions of this fact is that far too often communicable diseases ravaged the city's population. One such epidemic struck Nagasaki in August 1885, when a cholera outbreak occurred. "Commodore" Furber (as he was commonly known) was a victim of the outbreak, as were 1338 others in Nagasaki within a month. He died on August 31, and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. At the time of his death, Edward Furber was living with his younger brother William, also a retired sea captain, at No. 7 Minamiyamate — a building that on a number of occasions also served as the U.S. consulate in Nagasaki.

Captain William Furber, who once served briefly as U.S. Vice-Consul in Nagasaki, continued to live in the foreign settlement until 1891. William Furber passed away in Rafia, California on November 7, 1905 at the age of 86.

Caroline Furber, probably the daughter of William, married a sea captain herself. On March 30, 1890, the 32-year-old Caroline married Capt. Richard Swain of Mitsubishi Mail Steam Ship Co. and NYK. Unfortunately, the couple passed away due to injuries received from the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923.

Alfred Gabb

Alfred F. Gabb was born in Middlesex, England in 1875. He worked as a tideswaiter and later examiner for the Chinese Marine Customs in Ningpo, Chinkiang and Shanghai until his retirement around 1935. At that time, he came to Nagasaki with his Japanese wife, Sashikata Teru, a native of the Goto Islands. They built a two-story Western-style house on the seaside in the village of Muramatsu (present-day Kinkai), where Teru's brother was living. During World War II, Alfred and Teru Gabb were confined to civilian internment camps in Nagasaki, Kobe and finally the village of Kiyomizu, near Ogi, Saga Prefecture. Alfred Gabb died in Nagasaki on November 12, 1951 at the age of 76. He is buried in the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery. Teru Gabb continued to live in Muramatsu until her death on December 24, 1972 at the age of 81.

Hamilton Gardner

Hamilton Gardner was a native of Greenock, England who was instrumental in the installation of steamers on Lake Biwa. He later went to work for Browne & Co. in Nagasaki. Gardner was married to a Japanese woman named Goto Kane. He went to Shimonoseki in 1893, where he first worked for Sometani Shokai and then Sawayama Shokai. Gardner died in Shimonoseki on August 3, 1895 at the age of 38. He was survived by his wife and one child. The couple also had a son, John, who died on January 30, 1892 (13 days old) at the family residence at No. 25 Ōura.

William F. Gaymans

One of the first merchants to establish a business on the bund was William F. Gaymans [Willem Frederik Gaymans]. The 24 year-old Gaymans was in Nagasaki by October 1860 when the assignment of lots within the foreign settlement took place. At that time, he was assigned No. 9 Ōura on the waterfront. Until the lot was ready for occupation, however, he was forced to set up his firm, Gaymans & Co., at Dejima.

Willem Gaymans was born in Arnhem, the Netherlands on June 17, 1836. By the time he arrived in Nagasaki, he was claiming Swiss citizenship, but he remained under French protection until the Swiss signed a commercial treaty with Japan in 1864. In July 1861, when the foreign settlement was ready for operation, Gaymans, in partnership with the Dutchman Henri Wachtels, moved the headquarters of Gaymans & Co. to No. 9 Ōura. The firm operated successfully over the course of the first decade of the foreign settlement. From November 1868, the Italian national flag could be seen flying over the Ōura lot, because, even prior to the Kingdom of Italy's official establishment in 1871, Guglielmo,[the Italian version of Willem and William] Gaymans had been named Italian Consul at Nagasaki to look after the interests of the handful of Italian residents in the settlement.

While in Nagasaki, on March 1, 1869, Gaymans fathered a son named Arthur Hansero Gaymans. By this time, however, it was becoming evident that trade in Nagasaki was on a downward spiral, and, in September 1870, Gaymans auctioned off his property on the bund. He officially closed his business on November 1st and left town with his son. Toward the end of his life, Gaymans married Amelie Gabrielle Le Roy. Exactly a month later, on June 24, 1887, he died in Heidelberg at the age of 51.

Marcel Giroit

Marcel Giroit, a native of France, died in Nagasaki on March 6, 1963 at the age of 73; he was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. He was survived by his Japanese wife Kuni who died on October 22, 1979 at the age of 81. She was buried next to her husband. Nothing else is known abut the couple, nor do there seem to be any relatves remaining in Nagasaki, but the gravestone is engraved clearly with the epitaph: “Je sui la avec vous. Je vous aime.” (I am here with you. I love you.)

Thomas B. Glover

A native of Scotland, Thomas B. Glover arrived in Nagasaki in September 1859 at the young age of 21. The Tokugawa Bakufu had just ended the long period of national isolation and opened several ports for foreign trade. Glover established his own company in 1862 (Glover & Co.) and over the next few years made a fortune selling steamships, guns and other merchandise to the clans of southwestern Japan. One of the ships he imported from his native Scotland was a 1500-ton, iron-clad warship called Josho-maru (later renamed Ryujo) that he sold to the Kumamoto Clan in 1870. This ship was later donated to the Meiji Government and went on to become the first warship of the new Imperial Japanese Navy and Emperor Meiji's flagship on a tour around Japan in 1872.

Glover also introduced various modern technologies to Japan and arranged for both the import of related machines and facilities and the employment of British engineers to serve as advisors. Among other achievements, he helped to establish a mechanized sugar factory on the island of Amami Oshima, Japan's first slip dock at Kosuge near Nagasaki, and also this country's first modern coal mine on the island of Takashima. The shipbuilding and coal mining industries subsequently played a vital role in the modernization of Japan, and both became core industries in the Nagasaki economy. Glover also built a miniature railroad line on the Nagasaki waterfront, showing Japanese people the possibilities of steam locomotion for the first time. Moreover, he enlisted a Scottish engineer to build Japan's first lighthouses, and arranged for the purchase of minting equipment from Hong Kong and their installment at the Osaka Mint.

In 1863, Glover arranged with the Japanese master carpenter Koyama Hidenoshin to build a house on the Minamiyamate hillside, which only that year had been officially designated as part of the foreign settlement and divided into lots. After completion, the house stood on the hillside like a new-age castle, a symbol of the importance of commercial wealth and foreign trade as Japan changed from an isolated feudal country into a world power. As a building designed for use by foreigners but built by Japanese hands using Japanese materials, the house also symbolized the earliest meeting of European and Japanese culture in a new age of globalization.

In 1870, Glover's Nagasaki trading firm Glover & Co. went bankrupt as a result of debts incurred around the time of the Meiji Restoration, but the Scotsman stayed in Japan and became involved with expanding Japanese industries. He left Nagasaki in 1877 to serve as a consultant to the Mitsubishi Co. in Tokyo, and was later also involved in the establishment of the Japan Brewery Company, predecessor of present-day Kirin Brewery Company. In 1908, the Meiji Government recognized his contributions to Japan by awarding him the 2nd class order of the Rising Sun, an unprecedented decoration for a foreign civilian. Glover died in Tokyo in 1911, a legend in his time, and was buried at Nagasaki's Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Samuel Goldman And Sarah Spunt

A prominent figure in the early Jewish community in Nagasaki was Samuel Goldman, who arrived at the foreign settlement in the mid-1870s and worked as a tavern proprietor and shopkeeper. By August 1877, he was established at the rear of No. 17 Ōura. At one time or another, he also rented property at No. 35 Minamiyamate (residence), No. 9 Umegasaki and No. 40 Ōura. Goldman was married to Sarah Devora Spunt, a native of Bardicheff. They had at least three sons, one of whom, Ramsay, died when he was only a year old in December 1886 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. Another son, Meier, married Clara Haikoff at the Japan Hotel in September 1903. That same year, the elderly Goldman (who according to accounts of the day was about 60 years old, asthmatic and blind in one eye) was the victim of an unprovoked attack by a man half his age. In early 1888, Goldman left Nagasaki due to serious health problems and traveled to Alexandria, Egypt where he passed away a year later. According to a Nagasaki newspaper account, "at the time of his departure [Goldman] was in a very critical state, and was not expected to recover." Sarah Spunt remained in Nagasaki and ran the family store with her sons. In 1892, she posted a newspaper advertisement announcing a name change: "The business hitherto carried on... in the name of M. Goldman, will be conducted in the future with the same proprietorship and management in the name of S. Spunt." It was signed by S. Spunt (lately known as M. Goldman).

Clara Spunt, who was probably Sarah's sister, died in Nagasaki on August 3, 1902 at the age of 55 (in the midst of a cholera outbreak) and was buried at the Jewish section of Sakamoto International Cemetery. Two years later, Sarah Spunt (who was still known commonly around town as Mrs. Goldman) died at her residence at No. 10 Umegasaki and was buried next to her sister — thus ending the nearly three-decade presence of the Goldman/Spunt family in Nagasaki.

James Goodchild

James Harrison Goodchild, a native of Charleston, South Carolina and a Japanese woman named Aikawa Sada were married on October 23, 1877. Their one-month-old daughter Minnie died on September 10, 1882 and is buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

Wilton Hack

On January 12, 1874, seven adults and two children arrived in Nagasaki from Newcastle, Australia on the J.H. Jessen. The leader of the group, Wilton Hack, was a self-appointed ambassador of the Australian Baptist Mission who had failed to receive the official support or an endorsement from the Mission for his journey to Japan. Born in Echunga, South Australia, on May 21, 1843, Hack had been educated in Australia, England and Germany, before returning to Australia and becoming first an art teacher and then an ordained Baptist minister. The latter position was clearly influenced by his marriage to Anna Maria Stonehouse, the daughter of a prominent Baptist minister, in May 1870. Wilton Hack was accompanied on the voyage to Nagasaki by his pregnant wife (she gave birth to a son, William, on February 24th), his sister-in-law, two young children, the children's nurse, Alfred J. Clode and his wife Marion, and Robert J. Bayley.

Almost immediately upon arrival, Hack rented a house at No. 13 Ōura on a backstreet in the foreign settlement. The house had previously been occupied by S.R. De Souza, who until recently had been operating the English-language newspaper Nagasaki Gazette there. A week later, de Souza sold Hack his printing press. One of Hack's group members, Alfred J. Clode, an Englishman who had been living in Australia, had co-founded and helped run a newspaper (the Northern Argus) in South Australia from 1869 until his departure for Japan in November 1873. By the end of January, Hack and Clode had a newspaper that they called the Rising Sun up and running. According to Hack, in its early days, the office not only published this secular newspaper, but English and Japanese language Bible tracts as well.

In March 1874, about 40 people from Nagasaki, led by Protestant missionaries, merchants and ships' captains, gathered at Hack's residence at No. 13 Ōura to discuss the establishment of a "Sailors' Club." The club would offer reading materials and non-alcoholic refreshments to sailors who visited Nagasaki but preferred to avoid the diversions of the entertainment district. The Sailors' Club opened on May 9th at No. 26 Ōura. The effort soon failed and the club had to close its doors, but it served as the first attempt to establish what would eventually become a very successful Seamen's Home in Nagasaki.

In April or early May, Hack ventured to Yokohama to see if he could find employment at the Ministry of Education in order to help pay some of the bills that had accumulated during his time in Nagasaki. While unsuccessful in this attempt, he was offered a job teaching English at a school in Hiroshima. Upon his return to Nagasaki in late-May, the other English-language newspaper in Nagasaki, the Nagasaki Express under Filomena Braga, also decided to close its doors, and Braga sold the operation to Hack. From this point, the newspaper operated by Hack and Clode came to be called the Rising Sun & Nagasaki Express. While in Nagasaki, Hack attended the wedding of his fellow traveler Robert John Bayley to Letitia Joseph at the British Consulate. Before long, Hack and his family (wife, three children and sister-in-law) left for Hiroshima, where Wilton was under contract to teach English for $200 a month. After about a month in Hiroshima, Hack also opened his house to preaching. In October, his eldest son suddenly became ill and died the following day (the 10th).

Replacing Hack at the newspaper office in Nagasaki was the Englishman John Dent Clark, who joined the staff in late September 1874. Filling in for Hack on the self-sustaining missionary front was Thomas Lister Boag, who was sent by Henry Guinness' Missionary Training Home of London in March 1875.

In October 1874, Clode (with Hack's approval from Hiroshima) was forced to buy the building at No. 13 Ōura in order to maintain possession of the printing press office. This put the group in even deeper debt, and in 1875, after being dismissed from his job in Hiroshima, Hack left for England in an attempt to raise money to carry on his work in Japan. Hack remained in England until the spring of 1876, but he had very little success gaining financial support for his family or the group left behind in Nagasaki to run the newspaper.

Faced with difficult circumstances, Alfred J. Clode and his wife Marion left Nagasaki in late March 1876 for Yokohama, where Alfred started the Japan Photo Nightly Review. The Clodes remained in Yokohama only briefly, before moving on to the Bellingham, Washington area. There, Clode served as a justice of the peace, director of a local telephone company, and head of the county dairymen's association. He died in a Bellingham hospital on January 5, 1934 at the age of 87.

About the same time that Clode went to Yokohama, J.D. Clark went the opposite direction and set up a business in Shanghai as a broker and general merchant. Born in Norwich, England on August 12, 1842, Clark had made his way to East Asia by 1861 as a member of the Royal Navy. He was in Nagasaki for only about a year and a half before moving to Shanghai. There, in addition to his business operations, he co-founded the English-language newspaper Shanghai Mercury in April 1879. Clark remained an important member of the newspaper staff for decades. He also retained his connections to Japan, and in 1908, he received the Fifth Order of the Rising Sun in recognition for his valuable service to the country. J.D. Clark passed away in 1922 at the age of 80.

Like Clode, T.L. Boag left Nagasaki for Yokohama in 1876. There, he worked for years with Cocking & Co., sometimes serving as the firm's representative in London. In June 1876, Boag married Elizabeth [Lizzie] R. Smith in Tokyo. The couple remained in Yokohama until December 31, 1890, when they returned to England to live.

In June 1876, soon after Clode, Clark and Boag had left Nagasaki, Wilton Hack returned from England to Sydney, Australia. Before long, he had made his way to Adelaide. There, he negotiated an arrangement with the government to admit a few hundred Japanese families in the Northern Territory. The project led Hack back to Japan, where he stopped first in Nagasaki in mid-January 1877 in order to make arrangements to sell his newspaper, the Rising Sun & Nagasaki Express, on the 31st of the month to the local British merchant Charles Sutton.

From Nagasaki, Hack proceeded to Tokyo, where he tried to convince Japanese government officials of the merits of his immigration plan. Hack ultimately promised free passage to all Japanese emigrants, but this was more than government officials in South Australia had agreed to, and when they balked, the entire plan was rejected by Japanese officials.

Wilton Hack returned to Australia in late 1877. Dispirited by his experience, he would never again set foot in Japan. He tried his hand at speculating in gold mines in New South Wales, and then, in 1893, attempted to establish a socialist village for the unemployed in South Australia. He later became a convert to Eastern mysticism and made a number of visits to India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). In 1900, Hack settled in Glenelg, Australia, where he remained until his his wife died. In 1915, he visited two of his sons who had moved to Western Australia. There, he suffered a serious injury, and, in April 1916, he married the woman who had nursed him back to health. Wilton Hack passed away at Beverly, Western Australia on February 27, 1923 at the age of 79.

Albert W. Hansard

Albert William Hansard was born in London on January 22, 1821. From his teens he served as a printer's apprentice. At the age of 22, Hansard married Mary Percival (19) at Hertfordshire. The couple had two children, a daughter, Mary, and a son, Robert. Unfortunately, in 1847 both his son and wife died. The following year in November, Albert and his daughter left England for New Zealand.

Father and daughter arrived at Auckland on April 18, 1849. Here Hansard served as a General Agent and Realtor. He married Jane Jennings in October of the following year. In early 1852, Hansard became a partner in Hansard & Brookfield. Soon after, a son, Albert Francis, was born. In 1855, another son, Arthur, was born, but this was followed two years later by the death of his second wife, Jane. Hansard remained in New Zealand until the summer of 1860. By December of the same year he was renting a lot in the foreign settlement at Nagasaki.

On June 22 Hansard published the debut issue of the Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser, Japan’s first English-language newspaper in Japan. The four-page newspaper came out twice weekly on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at a price of $20 per year. Hansard published only 28 issues of the Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser (the final one October 1) out of his offices at No. 31 Ōura, before moving to Yokohama, where he established the Japan Herald in late November. He remained in Yokohama until the summer of 1865, when he was forced to return to England for health reasons. He died in London of scarlet fever on May 5, 1866 at the age of 45.

James Hatter

James Hatter was born in New York on February 2, 1843. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1869 to 1890. Hatter came to Nagasaki in 1896 and opened a small business. Around 1908, he became manager of the Seaman's Home at No. 26 Ōura. He died there after a long illness on February 15, 1919 at the age of 75 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. He was survived by his Japanese widow S. Hatter and a son named David. David later left for Kobe to work for Oliver, Evans & Co., a food provisions company run by his childhood friend William Oliver. Mrs. Hatter passed away at her home at No. 26 Ōura on January 30, 1928 at the age of 69.

Joseph Heco [Hamada Hikozō]

Hamada Hikozō was born in Harima in 1837. Three months after his small boat went adrift on a voyage from Hyogo to Edo in 1850, he was picked up by an American ship that took him to San Francisco. Originally, Hamada was to have been taken to Japan with Admiral Perry. To this end, Hamada and his fellow castaways arrived at Hong Kong in May 1852. At Macao, Hamada met an American interpreter who offered him the chance to go back to the U.S. with him and learn English. The plan was for Hamada to return to Japan with important language skills once the country was opened. Hamada accepted the offer and arrived back in San Francisco in June 1853.

After attending colleges on both coasts, Hamada, or Joseph Heco as he was now known, worked briefly for a company until Senator William Gwin took him to Washington D.C. to be his clerk in the fall of 1857. Heco, stayed with Gwin until February 1858, at which time he went with Lt. Com. J.M. Brooke to survey the coast of China and Japan. In June, Heco became the first Japanese to become an American citizen.

Heco knew that the treaty ports in Japan were scheduled to open on July 1, 1859, so he left his ship and went to Hong Kong, where he hoped to catch another ship for Japan. Heco would eventually return to Japan on the USS Mississippi, which was taking Townsend Harris back. In Shanghai, Heco met Harris and E.M. Door who scheduled to be the U.S. Consul at Kanagawa. Door offered Heco a job as his interpreter and Heco accepted.

Heco left Shanghai on June 15, 1859 and arrived at Nagasaki on the morning of the 18th. Even though Heco was admonished to stay in the background, he ended up interpreting over an incident that occurred between a U.S. sailor and a Japanese. The Japanese interpreter did not know enough English to handle the situation, so Heco stepped in. The Japanese interpreter was dumbfounded and grilled Heco extensively.

The Mississippi departed for Shimoda on June 22 — without Heco ever leaving the ship. Heco worked as interpreter for the U.S. Consulate in Kanagawa until submitting his resignation on February 1, 1860. On leaving the consulate, he became a general commission agent in Yokohama, pending the arrival of his partner from California. The partnership was dissolved on March 1, 1861 after the business did poorly for a year. Heco returned to the U.S. in September 1861 and in March 1862 met President Lincoln.

Heco arrived back in Kanagawa at the end of September 1862. He began work at the U.S. Consulate once again in mid-October. He worked there until September 1863, when he left to concentrate on his personal business affairs. From 1864 to 1866, Heco helped publish the first Japanese language newspaper, the Kaigai Shimbun.

On January 3, 1867 Heco went to Nagasaki to take charge of the business of an American friend, A.D.Weld French, who was leaving for home. At the time, the port was bustling with agents of western daimyo buying steamers, ships, guns and munitions. On January 5, Heco registered at the U.S. Consulate in Nagasaki as an American citizen. Later in the month, the Prince of Hizen asked Heco to serve as his agent in Nagasaki. On May 13, Heco went to work for Glover & Co. and worked there until the company went bankrupt in 1870. K.R. Mackenzie, a partner in Glover & Co., asked Heco to help acquire the rights to the Takashima coal mine from the Hizen daimyo. Heco was told by the Japanese that this would be difficult since the land was owned and managed by a relative of one of the branch houses of Hizen. Eventually, however, with Heco's assistance, Mackenzie and Glover won the contract with the daimyo that they had desired. Heco called this the first instance in Japan of a partnership between a native and a foreigner.

In June 1867, Kido Koin and Ito Hirobumi called upon Heco under the guise of being Satsuma officials, and asked questions about the United States and England, especially regarding the U.S. constitution. In October, they called again and asked Heco to serve as their agent in Nagasaki. He did so for two years without remuneration. Heco later helped Ito get to England with the assistance of Admiral Keppel of the HMS Salamis.

On January 1, 1868 Hyogo was opened as a treaty port and, according to Heco, "Yokohama, Nagasaki, and the China ports all sent their quota of bearded foreigners on the hunt for the Almighty Dollar." Heco reports that these early days of 1868 were troubled times in Nagasaki as well: "Wild and disquieting rumours of the happenings in Kioto and Osaka were ever arriving."

The agents of Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa first heard that their forces had lost at Fushimi and Satsuma's agent came to Heco looking for protection. The Nagasaki commissioner and opposition forces made an agreement that whoever lost would be allowed 24 hours to get out of town unharmed. Eventually, the commissioner and his retainers slipped away on an American steamer.

In February 1868, the victorious opposition forces announced that they would not harm foreigners in Nagasaki. The following month, Heco went with Francis Groom of Glover & Co. to Osaka to negotiate the transfer of the ram Stonewall to the Japanese government by the U.S. Minister. In July, Heco was asked by Japanese officials to summon a Western physician for the Prince of Hizen. The doctor he found was Dr. Samuel Boyer of the USS Iroquois. Heco returned to Nagasaki in mid-August. Heco went once again to Osaka in February 1869 and came back to Nagasaki in July. He reports in his autobiagraphy that there were rice riots in Nagasaki in August.

The year 1870 was full of difficulties for Heco in Nagasaki. In February, the Japanese government began to persecute some 3000 Christians from Urakami and in the summer, Glover & Co. went banrupt. "In the month of August the firm I had been serving since 1867 [Glover & Co.] failed all of a sudden. The first meeting of creditors was held at the English Consulate in Nagasaki on the 16th Sept., and on the 19th, the firm laid a full statement of affairs before them."

In October, Heco left Nagasaki for Hyogo and later accompanied Mackenzie to Kobe. Heco was back in Nagasaki by mid-November, as he leased a house on the bund at No. 1 Ōura and began a business as a commercial agent. At the same time, he received an appointment from the Hizen daimyo to look after his interests in the Takashima coal mine.

In October 1871, Heco went to see the daimyo in Kobe and stayed a month. In December, he went with Glover to visit the daimyo of Kumamoto at his castle, but the daimyo was absent at the time. They still, however, received a tour of the castle before returning to Nagasaki.

In May 1872, Heco received an offer to work under Inoue Kaoru at the Finance Ministry and left Nagasaki in early August to do so. Before departing, however, he had the opportunity to witness the Meiji Emperor's visit to Nagasaki on July 19. Heco stayed with the Finance Ministry until the beginning of 1874, when he left of his own accord. In May 1875 Heco left Kanagawa to work in Kobe, where he remained until becoming ill in 1881. Heco passed away in 1897. {Source: Joseph Heco. James Murdoch, ed. The Narrative of a Japanese. 2 Vols. Yokohama, 1895}

Alexander Henderson

Alexander Webster Henderson was a native of Scotland who came to work as a clerk in Nagasaki during the decade of the 1860s. He worked at different times for Case & Co., Inglis & Co., and the China & Japan Trading Co. Henderson died on September 4, 1870 at the age of 27 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

Samuel D. Hepburn

Samuel Dyer Hepburn was born on April 9, 1844 in Amoy, China. His father was a Presbyterian minister first in China and later in Japan who was honored by the Japanese emperor in 1905 for his work in compiling Japanese language study materials. A long-time merchant in Japan, Samuel Hepburn was an employee of of Walsh, Hall & Co.'s Yokohama office in the mid-1860s. He came to Nagasaki 1896 to serve as manager of the Nagasaki branch of Standard Oil Company of New York. That same year, he served briefly as American Vice-Consul under Abercrombie. Hepburn and his wife Clara lived in Nagasaki for 12 years before leaving for Tokyo in April 1908. In December 1910, the couple retired to California. Samuel D. Hepburn died on January 8, 1922 in Lockhaven, Pennsylvania at the age of 77.

Henry Hitchcock

Henry Hitchcock took charge of the U.S. Consulate in Nagasaki in November 1922, ten months after the death of his predecessor Raymond Curtice. Hitchcock, who had served earlier in Nagasaki on an interim basis, was a native of Canton Centre, Connecticut, having been born there in March 1887.

After graduation from Yale in 1909, Hitchcock was sent to Japan as a Student Interpreter with the American Embassy in Tokyo in 1912. Two years later, he was assigned to the consulate in Yokohama, and in 1915 he was promoted to vice-consul there and served as vice-consul in Nagasaki from mid-1916 to early 1917. After marrying in March 1919 in New Jersey, he was appionted consul at Taihoku, Formosa, where he remained until November 1922 and his transfer to Nagasaki.

Hitchcock founded the American Association of Nagasaki on July 4, 1923. 37 Americans in Nagasaki responded to his request to join the group. The Americans in Nagasaki usually gathered each year for celebrations on the Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, Christmas and Memorial Day. On Memorial Day, the American graves in Nagasaki were decorated with flags and flowers.

In November 1924, Hitchcock was temporarily assigned duty at the Consulate General in Tokyo. In March and again in May, he also temporarily took over for the consul at Kobe. This duty lasted until mid-November.

Hitchcock was supposed to return on leave to the U.S. with his family in the summer of 1928, but it was postponed until the following spring. In May 1929, he left Vice-Consul Whitney Young in charge and joined his family in America. Hitchcock resumed his duties in Nagasaki in late August.

On February 21, 1933, Hitchcock took a sick leave to go to Yokohama to have his tonsils removed. Five days later, he suffered a mild heart attack at the home of his cousin in Yokohama. Apparently recovered, he entered the hospital the following day, and on February 28 he underwent the operation to remove his tonsils. All seemingly went well, but on March 1, while talking to his cousin, he was stricken with a sudden heart attack and died almost instantly. Mrs. Hitchcock, who had stayed behind in Nagasaki, was notified of her husband's death, which occurred less than a week before his 46th birthday. The body was cremated March 3, and memorial services were held in Yokohama the following day. Hitchcock was survived by his wife, three children, aged eight to 15, and his mother in Nagasaki, and three sisters in America.

William Hooper

William Hooper was born in Brighton, England on April 1, 1852. After studying to be a pharmacist, he came to Japan to work in Yokohama in 1875. Four years later, he moved to Nagasaki and took over the Medical Hall (No. 12 Ōura) from William Jalland on April 25, 1879. He later moved the Medical Hall next-door to No. 11 Ōura. Hooper was also an active member of the Masonic Lodge in Nagasaki. Hooper had been ill for weeks and decided to go to Yokohama for treatment. He left Nagasaki on March 24, 1895, but got no further than Kobe. His illness became acute and he died in Kobe on April 4 at the age of 53. Hooper was given a Masonic service in Kobe and buried at the international cemetery there on April 6. A Masonic service in Nagasaki was also held on April 20.

Jean Pierre Hyver

J.P. Hyver, a native of France, was in Nagasaki by at least 1864 when he operated a store at No. 42A Ōura. By 1870-71, he was renting a private residence at Nos. 28B and 28C Minamiyamate. Later in the decade, Hyver made two brief, unsuccessful attemps to operate the Oriental Hotel (or Hotel Oriental as it was also called), first at No. 28 Ōura and then at Nos. 7 and 8 Ōura. Between these two attempts, in March 1877, Hyver was attacked and beaten in the foreign settlement. By January 1878, the Oriental Hotel was up for rent and Hyver had moved on after 15 years in Nagasaki.

Richard F. Inman

Richard Ford Inman, a native of Britain, came to Nagasaki around 1897 to work for Holme, Ringer & Co. He became manager of the Nagasaki Hotel in November 1898 and served in that capacity until the end of 1902. He also served as chairman of the Nagasaki Club and secretary of the Patriotic League of Britons Overseas. Inman left on a rest trip to San Francisco but died of heart disease in Yokohama on July 7, 1917 at the age of 41f. He was survived by his wife and 12-year old daughter.

Christian And Hermann Iwersen

Christian Iwersen was born in Holstein, Germany on January 12, 1842. He was in Nagasaki by 1865 and stayed until 1869. Most of this time he worked for the Prussian firm L. Kniffler & Co. at No. 4 Dejima. Soon after Christian's departure, his younger brother Hermann (born on April 1, 1844) came to Nagasaki. Hermann went to work for the German firm Schmidt, Westphall & Co. at No. 4 Umegasaki. In 1874, while still working for the firm, he served briefly as the Acting Consul for North Germany. After Schmidt, Westphall & Co. went bankrupt in 1875, Hermann worked as an independent merchant in town. From 1877 to 1889, he served as German Consul in Nagasaki. In February 1878, Christian came down from Kobe to visit his brother. Unfortunately, on February 27 Christian fell from the Sagarimatsu Bridge, hit his head and drowned. He was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. At some point during Hermann's stay in Nagasaki, he received the order of St. Stanislaus from the Russian government. In addition to his work as German Consul, Hermann also served as Dutch Consul from 1889 until his death at Tokyo in 1895 at the age of 51.

Richard Jenkin And Margaret Matheson

Richard Jenkin was a British national born on the island of Malta on February 5, 1882. He came to Nagasaki to work for Holme, Ringer in 1905. Margaret L.A. Matheson was affiliated with the Philadelphia branch of the Methodist Episcopal Church. She came to Nagasaki as a contract teacher at Kwassui Jo Gakko on November 27, 1916. In January 1921, she left Kwassui to marry Jenkin. In June of the following year, the couple went home on leave. When they returned, Jenkin went to work at the Shimonoseki office of Holme, Ringer & Co. In May 1927, the couple left Japan never to return.

John J. Johnson

John J. Johnson, an African American from Baltimore, Maryland, is said to have arrived in Nagasaki in 1860, but no official record of his presence before 1863 can be found. He probably came to Nagasaki aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and took his discharge here. In February 1863, he registered with the U.S. Consulate, and in November of that year he applied for a license to open a public house. This was undoubtedly the Board of Trade Saloon at No. 36 Ōura. In 1866 he is listed as operating the Cosmopolite Hotel. Three years later he rented No. 26 Ōura and became the proprietor of the Pacific Hotel.

Johnson fathered a son, John F. Johnson, with a Japanese woman named Morita Naka. John F. was registered at the U.S. Consulate in April 1883. The elder Johnson died on March 28, 1888 at the age of 52 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. His son obtained the mortgage to No. 26 Ōura in August 1890 and tried his hand at operating the hotel there, which by this time was called the Japan Hotel. The venture was apparently unsuccessful, and young Johnson left Nagasaki unannounced within a few years.

Whereas J.J. Johnson had managed to carve out a successful living for himself as a hotel and tavern proprietor for more than a quarter century, his half-Black, half-Japanese son seems to have found the going more difficult. Where he went after leaving Nagasaki is unknown, as is the fate of his Japanese mother.

Isaac A. Koch

Isaac Arnoldus Koch was born in Weesp, the Netherlands on October 12, 1845. A ship captain, Koch settled in Nagasaki in the mid-1880s and married a Japanese woman named Yoshioka Hide (28) on July 7, 1886. They had son, J.A. Koch. In 1889, I.A. Koch became a German citizen and went to work as a Secretary at the German Consulate in Nagasaki. On April 10, 1903, he died at his residence at No. 35 Minamiyamate at the age of 57. Koch was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

F.A. Kofod

F.A. Kofod, a native of Denmark, and Yamaguchi Take were married at the Japanese consulate in Shanghai on April 16, 1888. Kofod, who was a retired ship's captain, lived in Nagasaki for about 30 years until his death on June 19, 1931 at the age of 84. He is buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Take died on June 2, 1943 and is buried with her husband. Her maiden name is shown as Fukuda on the gravestone.

Heinrich Laught

Heinrich W. Laught, a native of Germany, was a pilot for many years in Japan. He had been a resident of Moji, but came to Nagasaki on March 30, 1920 with the intention of residing there. He died at the Hotel du Japon three days later (April 2) and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Laught was survived by his Japanese wife.

S.D. Lessner And Family

The Lessner family, which came from Constantinople, consisted of Leb (Leo) and his wife Hannah, one daughter and a son, Sigmund. Leb Lessner, an Austrian national, became the spiritual leader of the Jewish community in town; Hannah was a native of Russia. Sigmund, who was born in Bukovina in 1858, opened a general store in Umegasaki in 1884. In September 1887 he married Sophie Feuer at the Lessner family residence. The couple never had any children of their own, although they adopted a son and daughter in 1893. The adoption of their son occurred under rather unusual circumstances in 1893. Sigmund Lessner was informed by a passenger who had arrived in Nagasaki by ship from Shanghai that also on board had been a Japanese woman accompanied by three European boys, one of whom appeared to be Jewish. Lessner combed the city and found the woman and children. The woman claimed that she had bought the children three years earlier, but her story proved inconsistent when questioned by authorities as to where and from whom she had purchased them. Upon further investigation, the woman agreed to relinquish her claim to the Jewish child for a price, originally $300, but later agreed upon at $10. Under a court ruling, Lessner agreed to support the child, named Pessi Abramovich, for one year, while a search was conducted for his father. If after that time the father could not be located, or it was determined that he did not want the child, Lessner would adopt Pessi as his son.

Pessi (Percy) was adopted by Lessner the following year and raised in Nagasaki before moving on to Shanghai as an adult to conduct business. Sigmund's sister later married Jacob Lyons, a prominent French resident of Yokohama.

Another sign of the increased size and prosperity of the Jewish community in Nagasaki was the establishment on September 3, 1896 of the synagogue Beth Israel at No. 11 Umegasaki by Haskel Goldenberg, with the cooperation of Sigmund Lessner. Leb Lessner was appointed a synagogue official.

All the while, Sigmund Lessner's business continued to flourish, and by 1899 he had provision stores at Nos. 6, 9 and 10 Umegasaki. Increased prosperity also led to the development of a Jewish Benevolent Association (1901) and an Anglo-Jewish Association (1902) in Nagasaki. As the uncontested social leader of the Jewish community, Sigmund Lessner was named president of both organizations. In his capacity as head of the Nagasaki Jewish Benevolent Association, Lessner organized annual Fancy Dress Balls to raise funds for charity, and served as spokesperson for the 23 Jewish tavern ("grog shop") owners in town who belonged to the organization. Lessner also led the fund drive to open a new Jewish cemetery across the street from the old one at Sakamoto after it too had become full.

In July 1903, Lessner left for a six-month pleasure trip to Europe and the United States — his first venture back to Europe since his arrival in Nagasaki 17 years earlier. He returned to Nagasaki just in time for the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. Because he possessed Austrian citizenship, Sigmund Lessner was little affected by the war. His business once again began to prosper after the war, as a new wave of Russian immigrants made its way to Nagasaki in the wake of the 1905 Revolution. Lessner added auctioneering to his wholesale and retail provisions business after the war, and continued to acquire property within the confines of the old foreign settlement. This included the purchase of a large private residence at No. 16 Naminohira, overlooking the entrance to the harbor. Lessner also revived the annual Jewish Benevolent Association Fancy Dress Balls in 1907 and 1908, but with the steady decline of the Jewish population in town, these too had to be abandoned.

By the outbreak of World War I most members of the Jewish community of Nagasaki had moved on to the more thriving East Asian ports of Yokohama or Shanghai. The serious decline in the number of Jews in Nagasaki was reflected in the fact that only four Jewish residents were buried at the large addition to the Jewish cemetery at Sakamoto that Lessner had helped establish — and none after 1911. Those who did remain behind were primarily tavern owners in the foreign bar district along the Ōura Creek).

Although Sigmund Lessner had weathered all previous hardships, World War I precipitated a series of events that were beyond his control. Like all other Jews who desired residence within the foreign settlement at Nagasaki from 1859 to 1899, Lessner had to declare himself under the protection of a foreign consulate. Some Jews chose Russian citizenship, while others were under the jurisdiction of the American, British, French, or German consulates. Sigmund Lessner had obtained Austrian citizenship through his father, and while this helped him in the Russo-Japanese War, it proved to be a terrible burden during World War I.

On April 26, 1916 the British government prohibited trade with enemy subjects in a document entitled "Trading with the Enemy" (Statutory List) Proclamation, 1916, No. 2. Of the names on the original list, only two were from Nagasaki, a German who had died earlier in the year, and the Austrian citizen Sigmund Lessner. The Japanese government proceeded to devise a similar list of its own. While Lessner's name was dropped from the British Black List in February 1917, it remained on the Japanese list and his business operations were suspended. In December of the same year, Lessner and a Mr. Cohn were both fined by the Japanese government over a misunderstanding involving the sale of land to French Catholic sisters in town. Lessner's adopted son, Percy, who had been living abroad for years, tried to come back to Nagasaki with his wife in July 1917, but was quickly deported by Japanese officials as an enemy subject.

While life during the war was very difficult for the Lessners, the synagogue at Umegasaki continued to operate during the war. This can be seen in an ad for Yom Kippur services carried by the English language newspaper in 1918.

In June 1919, all Black Lists in Japan were suspended, but within a matter of days an Enemy Property Act was promulgated. On July 3, enemy subjects residing in Nagasaki (including Lessner) were ordered to report to the Prefectural government offices and directed to submit an inventory of their possessions. While some of his property was confiscated by the Japanese government, Lessner was eventually allowed to resume his business operations. A local newspaper account commented that he was "looking forward with pleasure to some years of active business life before retirement."

This was not to be, however, as Sigmund Lessner died of heart failure after completing the walk from his house to his office on a February afternoon in 1920. His funeral service was conducted by Mr. Cohn at the Beth-El Synagogue at Umegasaki which Lessner had helped build and he was buried next to his parents in the Jewish section of the cemetery that he had help maintain over the years through generous contributions.

With the death of Sigmund Lessner, his widow Sophie became the matriarch of the ever-dwindling Jewish community in Nagasaki. The woman who used to walk her husband home from work every evening was so grieved by her husband's death that she could not attend the funeral services. Her life was shattered even further when some of her property was confiscated as enemy property and sold at government auction within a month of her husband's passing. More property (including the family residence) was confiscated and sold at auction in September.

Sophie Lessner did not let misfortune deter her, however, as by March 1921 she was operating an auction house along Ōura Creek. In spite of deteriorating health, she continued to conduct business until July 4, 1923 when she left Nagasaki for Shanghai in order to receive treatment from specialists for diabetes. She entered the French Hospital in Shanghai on the 7th, slipped into unconsciousness the following morning, and died on the 9th. Rather than return her body to Nagasaki for burial next to her husband, Sophie's adopted son Percy, who was residing at the time in Shanghai, had her interred at the Jewish cemetery on Baikal Road in Shanghai.

For all practical purposes, the death of Sophie Lessner marked the end of the Jewish community in Nagasaki. The large wave of Russian Jews that made its way to Shanghai and Yokohama after World War I and the Russian Revolution did not reach Nagasaki, because business opportunities in the Kyushu port were limited and there were no longer families like the Lessners to assist new immigrants and hold the Jewish community together.

In late 1923, the final curtain began to descend on the Jewish presence in Nagasaki. With Sophie Lessner's death and the departure of practically the entire Jewish population from the port city, some ex-residents who were at the time living in Shanghai decided to empower the Shanghai Zionist Association and the Oihel Moishe Synagogue to dispose of the Beth-El Synagogue in Nagasaki. Acting upon instructions from these groups, the Japanese government in Nagasaki auctioned off the property and building and sent a check for $2,618 to N.E.B. Ezra of the Zionist Association in Shanghai.

Samuel Lord

Samuel Lord, a native of Boston (born 1836) and a ship's captain by trade, and a 26-year-old Japanese woman named Yoshitake (Sashi?) [Satsie according to U.S. records] were married on March 21, 1889. They already had a son Edward and a daughter Minnie at the time according to U.S. consular records. The Lords left Nagasaki in 1889.

Jose Da Silva Loureiro

Jose Loureiro was in Nagasaki by the autumn of 1858, leaving the city for Shanghai on 3 November of that year. On 12 June of the following year, he sailed from Shanghai to London. By at least 22 June 1861, Loureiro was back in Nagasaki, where he served as Portuguese Consul. Until late 1862, he also handled consular affairs for the French in the city. He also seems to have had close contacts with British government officials in Nagasaki, since he rented the lots that eventually housed the British Consulate. In addition to his consular duties, Loureiro also had business interests centered on the tea trade.

Loureiro's consular duties were conducted at his home at Nos. 8 and 10 Higashiyamate, while the tea trade took place at Nos. 17, 29, 33 and 45 Ōura. Loureiro remained in Nagasaki until 1870. In July that year, his house and furniture were sold at auction, and on 1 October, he and his family left Nagasaki. He later became Portuguese Embassador to Japan and resided in Tokyo in that capacity in June 1888. After the Portuguese Embassy closed in 1892, Loureiro passed through Nagasaki on his way back to Hong Kong. He died of pneumonia in Hong Kong in August 1893 at the age of 58.

Kenneth R. Mackenzie

Of all of the Western merchants who came to Nagasaki in the opening days of the foreign settlement, by far the most experienced trader in East Asia was K.R. Mackenzie. Mackenzie had resided in India and China for years before coming to Nagasaki in 1859. In August 1850, he was working in partnership with his brother C.D. Mackenzie in Shanghai in a company called Mackenzie, Brothers & Co. K.R. Mackenzie stayed with the company for four more years, before moving his tea interests to Hankow.

Mackenzie came to Nagasaki as a representative of Jardine, Matheson & Co. of Shanghai as early as autumn 1858. He was certainly in Nagasaki by January 9, 1859 when records show him arriving from Shanghai aboard the Egmont. Joining Mackenzie in September 1859 as a clerk for Jardine Matheson was the young Scotsman Thomas Glover.

Prior to the construction of the foreign settlement, Mackenzie rented a Japanese house near Myōgyōji Temple as his private residence. The building also served as the first French Consulate, with Mackenzie as the initial French Consul. He also rented No. 15 Ōura as an agent of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co. In addition to his business and consular duties, Mackenzie was also the leader of the foreign settlement's first fire brigade in 1860.

In June 1861, Mackenzie decided to return to China and was replaced by Glover as Jardine Matheson's agent in Nagasaki. At the time of Mackenzie's departure, the finishing touches were being placed on a new building at No. 2 Ōura, which would soon become the Nagasaki headquarters of Jardine Matheson & Co. (and later the headquarters of Glover & Co.). After great delays, he also managed to rent a hill lot at Minamiyamate, which would later form part of Thomas Glover's famous private estate overlooking the harbor.

Mackenzie and Glover remained in close contact over the years, and in early 1867 Mackenzie came back to Nagasaki to join Glover & Co. He became a partner in the company, serving as manager of its newly opened branch in Osaka, and remained in this capacity until the firm declared bankruptcy in October 1870.

When Mackenzie's health began to fail, he came back to Nagasaki. He died at his residence at No. 1 Minamiyamate on November 5, 1873 at the age of 72 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

Angus F. Macintosh

In the late afternoon on January 21, 1879, the British barque Star Queen left Nagasaki Harbor laden with coal and bound for Shanghai. There were 33 people on board: Scottish captain Angus Mackintosh, a crew of Malaysians and Chinese, and several European passengers. The ship was apparently in the service of Jardine, Matheson & Co.

Around 8:00 p.m., the Star Queen passed the lighthouse on Iojima Island and proceeded along the usual sea lane that passed south of the Goto Islands. Late that night, however, a southeast gale sprang up and made the ship unmanageable. Lashed by severe sleet and rain, the ship was pushed against the rocks on Oshima Island at the southern tip of the Goto archipelago. The first impact snapped the topmasts and sent them falling overboard, while the driving waves washed away the lifeboats and inundated the helpless craft.

Captain Mackintosh was killed instantly by a falling mast. Before the night was through, 22 of the 33 people on board — including two women and two children — were dead. The survivors returned to Nagasaki a week later. They related the details of the disaster to the authorities and also testified to the great kindness of the islanders, who took the shipwrecked crew and passengers into their homes and provided every possible assistance.

Samuel Maltby

Samuel Maltby came from a London family that sent a number of its members to East Asia in the mid-19th century seeking fortunes. Charles Maltby worked for Rathbones, Worthington & Co. in Shanghai in 1850. John Maltby was in the same city in early 1859 working with the tea trade.

On July 1, 1859, the day that the foreign settlement at Nagasaki officially opened, John Maltby set himself up in the Japanese port town. As of September first of the same year, John Maltby was listed as a tea inspector in both Shanghai and Nagasaki. On May 7, 1861, John Maltby established Maltby & Co. as a general commission agency in Nagasaki at No. 23 Ōura. Also authorized to sign for the firm was Edward Maltby. Soon after, John's brother Samuel joined him in Nagasaki, where the two were also on the payroll of the trading form Frazar & Co. at No. 6 Ōura. Frazar & Co. pulled out of Nagasaki in August 1862, and Maltby & Co. took over the prime water front site as its own headquarters. It also had godowns and tea firing facilities at No. 9, 22 and 23 Ōura. Maltby & Co. conducted a flourishing business in Nagasaki for a number of years, but Samuel Maltby died on September 23, 1875 at the age of 45-. With his passing, the business struggled and closed down soon afterward.

J.A. Marston

John A. Marston, a former soldier in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, assumed the position of shipping clerk at the Nagasaki British Consulate on February 1, 1911. Marston had already been residing in Nagasaki for several years. His name first appears in local records in March 1906, when his Japanese wife Ota Chie gave birth to a son while staying at the Hotel de France. After a three-year blank, he appears again in the 1909 issue of the Japan Directory as editor of the English-language newspaper The Nagasaki Press and, the following year, as an English instructor at the Nagasaki Commercial School. A Freemason, Marston had been initiated into the Nagasaki Masonic Lodge on February 4, 1910). In 1914, he transferred to the British Consulate in Shimonoseki. He resigned in July 1918 and returned to Nagasaki to resume work at The Nagasaki Press, but poor health forced him to retire at the end of the following year. He moved with his family to Kobe and secured employment at the Far Eastern Advertising Company, but his health continued to deteriorate. He returned to England in May 1922 to convalesce but died in November the same year, leaving his Japanese widow and two children in Kobe.

John Mckearney

John McKearney came to Nagasaki on May 20, 1896 to teach English at the Nagasaki Commercial School (predecessor of Nagasaki University Faculty of Economics). Within four months, the 28-year old native of Wisconsin (born March 6, 1868 in Prarie du Chien, Wisconsin) married 38-year old Alice [Alicia] Nelson, a native of Kensington, England. Alice taught at the Denshin Gakkō in town.

On October 1, 1901, a son, John Garvey, was born to the couple, but four months later Alice was dead from heart disease. She was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. John continued to teach at the Nagasaki Commercial School until March 1904, when he resigned his position there after eight years. He then moved to Kumamoto, where from April 1905 he taught at the Commercial School. He resigned there as well, however, over a dispute with the American missionaries John and Elizabeth Davison and a few of the Japanese teachers at the school.

According to a letter from the Governor of Kumamoto to the American Consul in Nagasaki dated January 9, 1906, McKearney, on December 30, 1905, put his child in the care of nuns at a French girls' school and then shot himself in a suicide attempt. Apparently, the bullet lodged in his ribs and the wound proved not to be fatal, but the Governor questioned McKearney's mental health and asked for possible future assistance from the Consul, if needed. What happened to McKearney and his son is unclear, but it seems certain that his days as an English teacher in Nagasaki were over.

James Mcmillan

James McMillan was born in Adrossan, Scotland. He served as a chief engineer in Penang before coming to Nagasaki. He died at the home (No. 81 Uma-machi) of his Japanese wife Higashi Matsu on September 13, 1909 at the age of 47 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. McMillan was survived by his wife and four children. His youngest daughter, Shigeko Mabel McMillan, married Robert Walker, Jr. in 1937.

Johan Merbook

Johan Kalfrid Merbook, a native of Sweden, died in Nagasaki in December 1907 at the age of 51. He was survived by his Japanese wife and a five-year-old child. Merbook had been working for Urso & Co., but apparently he had not saved much money because his death left his family in what the local newspaper called "poor circumstances." There is no record that he was buried at any of Nagasaki's international cemeteries.

Nathan Mess

Nathan Mess, born in Odessa in 1856, more than likely joined his brother Morris Ginsburg in Yokohama in the mid-1870s before opening Nathan Mess & Co., Curio Merchants, at the back of No. 10 Ōura (facing Main St.) in Nagasaki in October 1887. At the opening of 1889, Nathan moved his curio shop two lots north on Main St. to No. 8 Ōura.

Nathan reportedly married a Japanese woman named Hana (Hannah) in the mid-1880s. The couple had at least one child, Minnie, who was born in December 1886. In January 1897, the lease to No. 21 Minamiyamate was transferred to Mrs. Hana Mess, who was listed as a Russian.

By 1898, Nathan Mess had expanded his business to include work as a commission agent and had taken on an employee, S. Mess. Soon afterward, he moved his business, now called N. Mess & Co., General Merchants & Contractors, to No. 42E Sagarimatsu. By the summer of 1902, the firm had branch offices at Port Arthur, Newchwang and Vladivostok. Georg Mess had also come to work at N. Mess & Co.'s headquarters in Nagasaki. Georg Mess stayed at the Belle Vue Hotel while S. Mess and his wife stayed at the Japan Hotel. In May 1903, Georg Mess severed his connection with N. Mess & Co.

On April 6, 1903, according to a local newspaper account, a "Miss Mess" returned to Nagasaki as Mrs. Stuart Laurance. This was almost certainly Minnie Mess, Nathan and Hana's daughter, who would have been 16 years old at the time. The only "Miss Mess" listed in the Nagasaki Directory of 1903 was residing at No. 42E Sagarimatsu, the home of Nathan Mess. Mrs. Laurance also gave birth to a daughter on August 23 of the same year — again at No. 42E Sagarimatsu. Nathan Mess and his wife probably left Nagasaki in the fall of 1903, never to return. N. Mess & Co. of Nagasaki closed in February 1904 with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War and did not reopen.

Henry And Elizabeth Mills

The British couple Henry and Elizabeth Mills came to Nagasaki around 1878 and Henry took over the Falcon Hotel [more of a rooming house/tavern than a hotel] at No. 31B Ōura. The hotel was destroyed by fire in 1890, but soon rebuilt. While in Nagasaki, the Mills's adopted a Japanese girl and named her Georgina. In October 1884, Georgina married George Mansbridge, an employee of Mitsubishi in town. The couple had four children. In June 1893, Henry Mills died after a long illness at the age of 49. Soon afterward, Elizabeth opened the Sherman House and Bowling Saloon at No. 42B Ōura on the south side of the Ōura River, where she too had to cope with a tavern fire in January 1894. She also ran the Seamen's Home during its first two years of peration from 1896 to 1898. Elizabeth Mills died in 1907 at the age of 66 and was buried next to her husband in Sakamoto International Cemetery. Georgina died in October 1935 at the age of 72 and was buried at the Addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery — next to her husband and across the street from her adoptred parents.

Albert Neuman

Albert Neuman, a 23-year-old native of Baltimore, Maryland, died in a cholera epidemic that swept Japan in the late summer of 1885. Neuman passed away in Nagasaki on September 7 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. The names of five other American sailors who died at sea and a sixth sailor who died in the same epidemic at Hyogo were later added to Neuman's memorial stone.

Avron Newman

Traveling physicians would usually advertise in the local English-language newspaper to announce their presence or imminent arrival in Nagasaki. One such traveling physician was Avron S. Newman, a doctor who had formerly operated a practice in Oakland, California. Newman, a temporary resident of Moji, was born in Sutter Creek, California on April 22, 1869. While visiting Hiroshima, he died of alcoholic poisoning on November 6, 1904. His body was returned to Nagasaki and the 35-year-old doctor was buried at the Jewish section of Sakamoto International Cemetery.

George Newton

George Newton, a physician with the British navy, was assigned to establish hospitals for contagious diseases in Japan's major cities. Newton arrived in Yokohama in 1867 and the following year established the first Lock hospital to help eradicate diseases such as smallpox and syphilis. The effort proved quite successful, so Newton was assigned to Nagasaki to build a similar hospital there.

Newton arrived in Nagasaki and established a hospital at the former site of Daitokuji Temple. After overseeing the opening of the hospital and the initial examinations of Nagasaki's licensed prostitutes, Newton returned to Yokohama.　In spite of its promising beginnings, the Nagasaki Lock hospital later closed due to a lack of funds. In June 1871, in an effort to reopen the hospital, Newton once again came to Nagasaki. While staying at the Occidental Hotel at No. 7 Ōura on July 10, he was stricken with a sudden case of uremia. Dr. Newton died early the following morning at the age of 41. The funeral service took place soon after, and he was buried just inside the front entrance to Ōura International Cemetery. The Japanese government, to honor the services rendered by Dr. Newton, erected a monument over his grave.

James M. Oliver

James M. Oliver was born on January 4, 1852 in Rochester, New York. He served in the U.S. Army before coming to Nagasaki circa 1900. Oliver married Yamaguchi Saku of Urakami on June 16, 1900. The American ceremony, conducted three days later by Henry Stout, was followed by a ceremony at Ōura Catholic Church. Oliver operated the Alhambra American Hotel at No. 14 Ōura and raised Saku’s two Eurasian children from previous marriages, a boy named William and girl named Louisa. He died on February 28, 1917 at the age of 65. His wife passed away on October 31, 1936 at the age of 73. They are buried next to one another at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

John V. Picard

John Ville Picard was born in New Orleans in 1854. He entered the US Navy in 1873 as a hospital attendant and later became an apothecary. Picard came to Nagasaki in 1885 aboard the USS Monocacy, took his discharge and later opened the Nagasaki Dispensary at No. 19 Ōura. He lived with a Japanese woman named Kagawa Yu. In 1895, their daughter, Louisa, died at the age of six and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Two months later, Picard applied for a license to marry Ms. Kagawa. On January 30, 1906, Picard suffered a stroke and died at the age of 62. He left behind his wife and a son.

Pignatel Family

See the first biography entry for Pignatel Family.

John Pike

John Pike (56), a native of the United States, and Ikebe Fujie (20) [24?] of Moto Daiku-machi were married on September 5, 1895. The American ceremony was the following day. Pike died in Kumamoto in January 1897. In December 1900, Fujie petitioned the Japanese government in Kumamoto to once again allow her to become a Japanese citizen.

Rodney H. Powers

Rodney H. Powers of Williamsburg, New York was born on May 5, 1836. He went to sea in 1863 and fought for the North during the American Civil War. He took his discharge on his arrival in Nagasaki aboard the USS Idaho in January 1868. Powers later joined a provisioner business in town, and upon the death of the owner in 1877 established his own store — R.H. Powers and Co. In April 1883, Powers took over the former Holme, Ringer & Co. property at No.111/2 Ōura.

In addition to being a provisioner, Powers was an auctioneer and broker, and for awhile operated a steam bakery in town. Among his accomplishments, he is remembered for having played an important role in the popularization of bicycles in Japan, and overseeing the installation of lights in the foreign settlement.

Although never officially married, R.H. Powers lived for years with a Japanese woman named Iida Naka. The couple raised two children, a son John (1870-1907) and a daughter Masa (1891-1976). John became a partner in his father's firm before his early death in 1907. Masa, who attended Kwassui Jo Gakkō in Nagasaki before continuing her education at Ohio Wesleyan University, later married the politician Nakayama Fukuzo, a former student at Chinzei Gakuin. Nakayama Masa went on to be elected to the Diet in 1947 and became the first woman to hold a cabinet post when she was appointed Welfare Minister in 1960.

Iida Naka died in July 1909 and R.H. Powers passed away the following month (August 9) after a long illness at the age of 73. Powers spent more than 40 years in Nagasaki, operating the most successful American firm in town. He is buried next to his son at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Frederick Ringer

Frederick Ringer was born at Norwich, England in 1838, the third son of a grocer. He followed his eldest brother John to China at a young age and by 1864 was working as a tea inspector for Fletcher & Co. in Kiukiang and later Shanghai. In 1865, he came to Nagasaki to work as a tea inspector for Glover & Co. In 1868, Glover turned the import/export business and other company activities over to his employees and devoted himself to the introduction of coal mining and other industries. On November 2, 1868, Ringer established the trading firm Holme, Ringer & Co. with Edward Z. Holme at No. 111/2 Ōura. Holme left Japan to conduct the London end of the business. Ringer's partner in Nagasaki was John C. Smith, who had worked with him

previously at Glover & Co. In the early days, the company concentrated primarily on the export of tea. Later, coal, marine products, vegetable wax and tobacco become important items of trade.

In 1888, Holme, Ringer & Co. moved its headquarters to No. 7 Ōura, the former Alt & Co. office and later Chinese consulate. Holme, Ringer & Co. also took over many of the agency activities carried on previously by Glover & Co. and Alt & Co., including the role of Lloyd's representative in Nagasaki. The firm eventuially moved away from the import-export business and concentrated on banking, insurance and shipping activities. It also expanded overseas, establishing branch offices in China and Korea and conducting extensive trade with Russia.

From the beginning, Frederick Ringer was an active participant in the political and social affairs of the Nagasaki Foreign Settlement. In 1874, he was elected to the Municipal Council, and in 1879 he served on the reception committee to welcome former U.S. President Grant to Nagasaki. From 1884, Ringer served as consul for Belgium, and at various times was acting consul for Denmark, Sweden and Hawaii.

Ringer's role in business was tremendous. Over the years, he established a flour mill, steam laundry, large-scale tanks for the storage of kerosene, a three-story hotel with its own power station, stevedoring business, trawler fishing and whaling companies. By the late 1890s, Nagasaki was enjoying a boom in the wake of the Sino-Japanese War, Spanish-American War, and the presence of the Russian Winter Fleet, and Ringer was by far the leading foreign merchant in town. Evidence of his prosperity include the establishment of a daily English language newspaper, the Nagasaki Press, in 1897 and the construction of the grand Nagasaki Hotel along the waterfront the following year.

Frederick Ringer remained in Nagasaki until 1907, when he returned to England for health reasons. He died at Norwich on November 29, 1907 at the age of 69. He was survived by his wife Carolina, two son, Fred and Sydney, and a daughter Lina. Fred died in Nagasaki in 1940 at the age of 56. In August of the same year, Sydney's two sons, Michael and Vanya, were arrested as spies by Japanese authorities and forced to leave the country. Both joined the British Indian Army; Vanya was killed in action at Malaya in January 1942. and Michael was taken prisoner-of-war in Sumatra. Sydney closed Holme, Ringer & Co. in October 1940 and fled with his wife to Shanghai. In 1942, the couple were interned along with other foreign civilians in concentration camps in Yangzhou and later Shanghai.

After the war, Sydney Ringer returned to Japan and made efforts to regain his assets in Nagasaki and Shimonoseki, which had been sold off as enemy property during the war. He sold most of the family property and returned to England, where he died in 1967. The only remaining evidence of the once considerable Ringer presence in Nagasaki is the residence of stone construction overlooking Nagasaki Harbor, preserved today in Glover Garden.

Edward Rogers

Edward Rogers arrived in Nagasaki in 1876 to become the head agent for the China & Japan Trading Co. Three years later, he was a member of the reception committee to welcome American president U.S. Grant to the city. In March 1882, Rogers married Ellie Hill in Tokyo. In December of the following year, he rented the former Alt House at No. 14 Minamiyamate. In July 1889, he purchased the old Sailor's Institute at No. 15 Ōura. On behalf of the China & Japan Trading Co., Rogers also rented the old butcher lots to use as kerosene storage facilities and the warehouses at Nos. 29, 30 and 31A Ōura. In March 1906, Edward Rogers and his wife left Nagasaki. Prior to their departure, Rogers made arrangements with Robert Walker to sell his lots at No. 15 and 33A Ōura.

Edward Rogers did not remain long with the China & Japan Trading Company. In 1894, he joined the Standard Oil Company of New York and became local manager at Yokohama. Although not recorded in Japan from 1901 to 1906, he resurfaces in 1907 as managing director of the Union Estate & Investment Company, Builders and Contractors, living with his wife and two daughters at No. 108 on the Yokohama Bluff. He died in 1929 and was buried in the Yokohama Foreigners' Cemetery.

William M. Ross

William Montague Ross was a native of Canada who while residing in Nagasaki came under the protection of the British Consulate. Previously a co-proprietor of the Golden Gate Tavern in Yokohama, Ross was in Nagasaki by January 1870. In Nagasaki, he operated Ross & Co., Hair Cutting and Shaving Salon at No. 16 Ōura, in a building attached to the Bank Exchange Billiard Saloon and Hotel. By 1872, he had moved his hair salon to No. 11 Umegasaki, and by March of the following year he was operating the Eureka Hotel and Eureka Shaving Salon at No. 19 Ōura. He later had to close both establishments, but reopened the Hair Dressing and Shaving Salon on the same site in May 1878. William Ross died on November 18, 1878 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

John Rowe

John H. Rowe and his wife Margaret were among the new contingent of missionaries that passed through Nagasaki on September 6, 1906. After studying Japanese language for five months in Fukuoka, the couple was assigned to Kokura. Later in 1907, they moved down to Nagasaki to replace the Walnes who had been assigned to Fukuoka. The Rowes even moved into the old Walne house at No. 29 Sakurababa-machi.

John Rowe was born on November 13, 1876 in Virginia, the oldest of eight children. After graduating from Richmond University and Southern Seminary in Louisville, he married Sarah Margaret Cobb, "a student from Texas who had served two years in New Mexico as a missionary teacher to the Navajo Indians." Margaret Rowe was physically not a strong person, however, and almost from the beginning, her health became an issue of concern.

The couple returned to the United States in 1912, because of Margaret's poor health, and did not return to Nagasaki. This meant that for the first time since 1896 that there was no American missionary in Nagasaki at work for the Southern Baptist Mission. John Rowe had originally been given the assignment of establishing boys' school in Fukuoka, but in 1913 when his return from America was delayed, someone else was given the task. The school, Seinan Gakuin, was opened in 1916 and Rowe was elected chairman of the board of trustees.

Margaret Rowe, after suffering with headaches for years, entered a sanatorium in California. There she had several operations and seemed well enough to consider returning to Japan. However, suddenly she became ill again and died of cerebral meningitis on April 5, 1920 at the young age of 36. She left behind her husband and four children.

John Rowe married another Southern Baptist worker in Japan, Carrie Hooker Chiles, at Seoul in June 1921. Rowe was designated founder of a girls' school (Seinan Jo Gakuin) in 1922, and his new wife was appointed principal. He died of pneumonia on August 12, 1929 in Gotemba at the age of 52, having served 23 years in Japan. He was buried at the foreigner's cemetery in Yokohama. Carrie Hooker Rowe left Japan with the Walnes in 1934 and a year later retired from the Mission. She passed away on September 11, 1966 at the age of 83.

Giuseppe Schiller

Giuseppe Schiller was a native of Lusk, Russia who was naturalized as an American citizen in New York on June 24, 1875. He registered with the U.S. Consulate in Nagasaki later that same year. Schiller came to Nagasaki as sailor, but soon opened a store in the foreign settlement. He stayed for three years, before selling his stock at auction to Samuel Goldman in July 1878 and leaving for India.

In 1893, Schiller returned permanently to Nagasaki; this time, he opened a tailor shop at the back of No. 9 Ōura, facing Main Street. For the next five years, he and his wife Bertha operated the shop, but on April 13, 1898, Giuseppe Schiller died of what was described as overwork at the age of 60. He was buried in the Jewish section of Sakamoto International Cemetery. Nine years later (February 12, 1907), his wife Bertha died of asthma in Nagasaki and was buried next to him.

James Schon

James Schon was a native of Denmark but served for many years in the U.S. Navy. He arrived in Nagasaki around 1897 and began work as an employee of R.H. Powers & Co. He was an active member of the Nagasaki Masonic Lodge. On May 27, 1901, he (51) married a Japanese woman named Shimoda Hisame (20). The wedding ceremony was held in September. The couple lived first at No. 8 Minamiyamate and then moved to No. 7 Minamiyamate. Schon retired from Powers & Co. in May 1904 and seems to have spent his sunest years in quie retirement. He died in Nagasaki in November 1911 and was buried at in the "Yamagashira Cemetery" with a large number of his fellow Freemasons in attendance. The location of the cemetery is unclear. Since the word yama (mountain) was used as a nickname for Nagasaki's Maruyama/Yoriai red-light district, indicating that the cemetery was located somewhere on the hillside above the area. Circumstantial facts such as the age gap between James and Hisame, the location of the cemetery, and the many other precedents in the former Nagasaki Foreign Settlement would suggest that Hisame was working in the local entertainment industry when she met James.

Carl P.H. Scriba

Carl P.H. Scriba [also spelled Sciba at times] was born in Heddesdorf, Germany in 1869. He worked for a time in China as a military instructor before coming to Nagasaki in 1899 and opening a contractor and provisioner business at No. 15A Ōura. In May of the same year, he married Naito Miwa (19) of Obama. Five years later, Scriba also purchased No. 15B Ōura and made it part of his business operation. Carl Scriba died on May 27, 1912 after a long illness at the age of 43 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. He was proceeded in death by a young daughter, Johana [Sciba], who died in 1902 and survived by his wife, Miwa, and four children: Karl, Adolph, Hugo and Elsa.

Miwa Scriba and her children remained in Nagasaki after Carl's death, but had their lots at No. 15 Ōura confiscated as enemy property by the Japanese government in September 1920. In August 1925 a son Karl (born February 15, 1905 in Nagasaki), who was a graduate of Tōzan Gakuin, went to the U.S. to study engineering at Pasadena College. Another son, Adolph, was adopted into the Naito family. He later married a Japanese woman named Teruko and had a son Tsukasa. A third son, Hugo (born June 18, 1903 in Nagasaki), died on November 7, 1964 at the age of 61 and was buried next to his father at Sakamoto International Cemetery. The names of Karl Scriba and his wife Pauline are also engraved on the gravestone, albeit without death dates.

Karl met Pauline (born Pauline Taber on March 11, 1911 in Evansville, Wisconsin) while he was studying business at the University of Southern California. The couple emmigrated to the United States after Karl's retirement. Their ashes were not returned to Nagasaki after their deaths but instead scattered in various locations in the United States.

Robert Shufeldt

A visitor who liked Nagasaki so much that he tried retiring here was Admiral Robert Shufeldt, the man who "opened" Korea for the United States. Robert Shufeldt first came to Nagasaki as a crewmember on the USS Hartford, which traveled to a number of East Asian ports between February and September 1866. He met the U.S. Consul to Nagasaki Willie P. Mangum and his wife in Shanghai, while Mangum was temporarily assigned there in 1867-68.

Shufeldt returned to Nagasaki in April 1880 as commander of the USS Ticonderoga. In December 1878, he had been dispatched on a two-year, round-the-world cruise to search for new markets for American products in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. With Mangum in tow as an interpreter, Shufeldt went to Pusan in May in a failed attempt to sign a treaty with Korea to open the country to trade with the United States. Rebuffed, he went back to Japan, where with the aid of the Japanese government, he sent a letter to Korean officials requesting a treaty. He went back to Nagasaki for 60 days and waited for the Korean response. The response was again negative, so Shufeldt left Nagasaki on August 19. After going to China, he returned to the U.S., arriving in San Francisco on November 8.

On March 3, 1881, Shufeldt received a letter from Charles Fisher, acting consul in Tientsin (Mangum had been consul, but he passed away in February of an illness he had developed while with Shufeldt in Korea, so his assistant Fisher took over), stating that Li Hong Zhang was ready to assist Shufeldt in the opening of Korea to the United States. Shufeldt and his niece/adopted daughter, Molly, sailed for Shanghai, arriving on March 29. They remained in China working out details of the treaty until May, when Shufeldt finally sailed to Korea. The treaty was signed on May 22, 1881 (it took another two years for the U.S. Senate to pass the treaty). He stopped briefly in Nagasaki on the way back, but headed for San Francisco in mid-July.

In late February 1887, Shufeldt came back to Nagasaki, accompanied by Molly, with the intention to retire here. He felt that his meager pension would not allow him to retire in comfort in the United States. While in Nagasaki, he lived in a house overlooking the harbor. He attended Church of England services every Sunday, went riding and bathing two hours a day, and often visited the hot springs at Takeo. In July 1888, Shufeldt took Molly on a 28-day cruise to Vladivostok. He left Nagasaki permanently on November 14, 1888, perhaps concluding that Nagasaki was not an ideal retirement spot after all. Robert Shufeldt died in Virginia on November 7, 1895 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Jean J. Sirot

Jean J. Sirot was born on the outskirts of Lyons, France in 1869. He worked for about five years with the Chinese Maritime Customs at Shanghai before coming to Nagasaki in 1895. He first joined the French trading firm of J. Gaillard Jeune as manager of its Nagasaki branch. A few years later, he opened up his own small business as a naval contractor and baker in Ōura. On July 6, 1899, he married Anna Louise Balmes, the French-Japanese daughter of Francois and Marie Yamamoto Balmes. Jean and Anna had two children. In 1903 Sirot built and managed the Hotel de France at No. 33 Ōura. Plagued by debts and failing health, Sirot sold the hotel to his brother-in-law and in 1909 moved his family to Korea. There he worked for a French gold mining concern until a severe kidney ailment forced him to return to Nagasaki. On December 6, 1912, two days after returning to Nagasaki, Sirot passed away at the age of 53.

John U. Smith & Family

John U. Smith was born in Cumberland, Maine in 1818. He went to sea at 12 and became a captain by the age of 19. In 1849, he married Hannah Sturdivant; the following year they moved to California. There, John worked on Pacific and East Asian routes and did some farming until 1865, when he brought his wife and four children to Nagasaki. For much of his 30 years in Nagasaki he was a harbor pilot, although from time to time he helped his wife with the family hotel business. John Smith died in Nagasaki after a long illness on January 26, 1895 at the age of 76. He was followed seven months later by his youngest daughter, Ida, who died of heart disease at age 28.

Hannah Smith for years operated hotels in Nagasaki. Hannah and her husband first took over the Commercial Hotel at No. 27 Ōura in September 1872. While briefly operating the Commercial Hotel, Hannah's long-term concern was with Smith's Hotel, which opened in 1874 at No. 14 Ōura. Hannah continued to operate Smith's Hotel for years, even after it was sold to outside owners in 1883 and again in 1888.

Hannah Smith died on February 23, 1899 at the age of 73, four days after the passing of her eldest son, Eugene. On September 28, 1900, the remaining daughter, Abbie, was killed in a shipwreck in Nagasaki Harbor on her way to serve as governess for a Russian family in Port Arthur. 13 years earlier, Abbie had suffered the tragedy of losing her three-week-old daughter. Finally, on October 16, 1905, the last remaining Smith, youngest son Edward, died of liver disease due to alcoholism. He had worked as a clerk with the China and Japan Trading Co., and later as a compradore for R.H. Powers and Co., but upon his death, he was reportedly on the verge of insolvency.

Soeur St. Elie

Sister St. Elie reached Nagasaki aboard the Genkai-maru on July 6, 1877 as part of the first contingent of French sisters to the town. She stayed for more than 50 years. According to the Nagasaki Press, "[Sister Elie] spent the largest part of her life in Nagasaki devoting herself to educational and benevolent works and also the creation of Japanese Sisters." Early on, she was elected Superior Provincial of her congregation. During her extended stay in Japan, she became the head of schools for girls in Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Kobe, Osaka & Kyoto.

Frederick G. Stone

Frederick G. Stone was born in Britain on January 17, 1845. He came to Nagasaki on the British ship Carnarvonshire in 1866 and left the vessel here. Since the early 1870s, he worked for the China & Japan Trading Co., first in Nagasaki and then later in Kobe and Yokohama. On March 31, 1882, while still living in Nagasaki, Stone married Ellen Rogers of Auckland, New Zealand, the sister of his boss at China & Japan Trading Co., Edward Rogers. In 1892 Stone returned from Yokohama and two years later was managing the firm's Nagasaki branch. In addition to Stone's prominent role in Nagasaki's business community, he was one of the founding members of the International Club and also secretary of the Masonic Lodge.

Frederick Stone became ill in August 1903 and was confined to bed at his residence above the China & Japan Trading Co. at No. 4 Ōura. He died on August 21 at the age of 58, leaving behind a wife and daughter. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Charles Sutton

Charles Sutton arrived in Nagasaki as a young man aboard the British ship Armistice around 1860. Little is known about his early years in Nagasaki, although at a certain point he did serve as keeper of the Nagasaki Club. The Nagasaki Club was a social club for European men living in the foreign settlement, established at No.31 Ōura in January 1862. When the old building became dilapidated, Sutton supervised the construction of a new club building, which opened in November 1881 at No.10 Ōura.

Nagasaki, like other foreign settlement port town in Bakumatsu Japan, was often a dangerous place to live, as residents had to cope not only with disease but also with hostile samurai angered by the presence of the Westerners. Charles Sutton became an early victim of the hostility when he was attacked from behind by a sword-wielding Japanese on an evening in early 1864 while walking along a road at the back of No.4 Ōura. Sutton's left arm was badly mutilated and he sustained a deep gash on the back of his neck. The arm eventually had to be amputated to save his life.

The incident caused a strain in British-Japanese relations, as the British government refused to accept the professed failure of Japanese officials to find the culprit, especially considering that they had been provided with a detailed description of the attacker. For his part, Sutton was not intimidated by the attack and decided to remain in Nagasaki.

After recovering from the near fatal attempt on his life, Sutton went on to succeed in business as a stevedore and general contractor, with an office at No.47 Ōura. On January 31, 1877, he also became the proprietor of the English language newspaper Rising Sun & Nagasaki Express at No.13 Ōura. In spite of the handicap resulting from the attack, Charles Sutton appears to have lived an extremely healthy and active life. On the evening of April 18, 1892, however, he returned from a horseback ride with a severe pain in his head. The pain turned out to be caused by a brain hemorrhage and he lost consciousness the following morning. Although treated by Russian, German, British and American physicians, Sutton never gained complete consciousness and died early on the morning of April 28 at the age of 52.

Charles Sutton's funeral was held on April 29 and he was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. The following year, his younger brother George also died in Nagasaki and was buried at the adjacent plot. The two Sutton gravestones are among the most impressive of those remaining today at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Carl J. Textor

For some of the early German merchants in Nagasaki, it was their ties to the Dutch East India Company in Batavia and at Dejima that served as their springboard to economic success in the opening decade of the foreign settlement at Nagasaki. One such merchant was Carl Julius Textor, who was born in what is now Bockenheim (near Frankfurt), Germany in 1816. A botanist by training, Textor's first voyage to East Asia was sponsored by Philipp Franz von Siebold, the eminent German physician and botanist who had served in Japan for five years in the 1620s with the Dutch East India Company before being expelled by Japanese authorities for trying to smuggle maps out of Japan. Siebold paid for Textor to go to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies, in the hope that Textor could find passage on a Dutch ship to Dejima in Nagasaki Harbor and continue Siebold's work collecting plant specimens from the country. Arriving in Batavia in June 1842, it took Textor a year to make arrangements for the trip to Japan. Once at Dejima, Textor collected specimens and sent them by ship back to Siebold in Europe. Unfortunately, the ship sank and most of the specimens were lost.

In 1845, Textor returned to Germany, but the next year went back to Batavia using his own money. There, he worked for the Dutch East India Company for a decade before being transferred to the Dutch station at Dejima in 1856. Textor remained there until his discharge in 1859. By this time, Nagasaki and Kanagawa [Yokohama] were open treaty ports, and Textor and his Dutch partner from Dejima, Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek, had established the trading company of Textor & Company in these two towns.

In Nagasaki, Textor established his headquarters at Dejima, where he lived with his Japanese mistress and their child. C.J. Textor, who went back and forth between the Nagasaki and Yokohama offices, was in Nagasaki at No. 11 Dejima in May 1865. He does not appear to have resided in Nagasaki after moving his office to No. 11 Ōura in early 1866. Instead, his operations in Nagasaki were supervised initially by the German merchants C.E. Boeddinghaus and Carl Lehmann, and later by Frederick Dittmer, Adolf Bovenschen and Carl Rasch.

Textor & Company later expanded its operation to include offices in Hyogo and Shanghai as well, and, in 1871, it moved its headquarters to London. Soon thereafter, however, due to an extended depression of the silk market, Textor & Company was forced to declare bankruptcy in London in April 1873.

Frank Tucker

Frank W. Tucker, a 25-year-old private in the U.S. Infantry died on October 1, 1898 aboard the U.S. transport City of Rio de Janeiro. He was buried at Takenokubo Epidemic Cemetery. A year later, Tucker's body was disinterred and taken back home to the United States for reburial. When the Epidemic Cemetery closed, some of the gravestones, including Tucker's, were transferred to Sakamoto International Cemetery.

William Thomas

William Thomas was born in England and later became a naturalized U.S. citizen. He was in Nagasaki by at least 1877 when he was a proprietor at No. 31B Ōura of the Falcon Hotel, which, in spite of its name, was more a boarding house and tavern than a hotel. Thomas died at a hot-spring inn in Shimabara of liver and kidney problems on August 27, 1887 at the age of 42. He was survived by a Japanese housekeeper who lived with him but was not legally his wife. Thomas is buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Risher Thornberry

Risher W. Thornberry came to Nagasaki in May 1903 to replace John Makins as manager of the Seamen's Home. Thornberry and his wife came to Nagasaki from the YMCA branch at Cavite in the Philippines. They returned to the U.S. in 1905. Risher Thornberry taught jujutsu at Ft. Lewis in Washington during WWI and published on the topic in California in the 1930s. Along with J.J. O'Brien, he helped introduce jujutsu to the United States.

John G. Walsh

The United States Consul at the time of the official opening of the foreign settlement in Nagasaki was John G. Walsh, the largest American merchant in town. Walsh had been appointed to his position on May 1, 1859 by Townsend Harris, the U.S. Consul-General to Japan who had been visiting the Japanese port town.

Walsh was born July 27, 1829 in New York City. He came to Nagasaki with his elder brother Thomas to establish the trading firm Walsh & Co. John Walsh served, for all practical purposes, as a merchant-consul; he received no salary from the U.S. Department of State, but was permitted to conduct his own private business. He was assisted in his duties as U.S. Consul to Nagasaki by a Deputy Consul (quite often his brother Robert), a U.S. Marshall, and, at times, an Interpreter — all selected from the local business community and paid out of his own pocket.

The U.S. Consulate was a series of makeshift arrangements during Walsh's tenure in office. The initial building, situated in Hirobaba, burned to the ground in December 1859. The consulate was located wherever Walsh lived and worked during the period, which after 1862 was at No. 12 Higashiyamate and No. 3 Ōura, respectively.

John Walsh served as U.S. Consul to Nagasaki for more than six years, without pay. He was, however, allowed to conduct private business in town. As a matter of fact, his business interests were his primary concern, and his consular duties were performed on the side. Business often took Walsh out of town during his tenure in office, and eventually he moved his business operations entirely out of Nagasaki.

While in Nagasaki, John Walsh married a Japanese woman named Yamaguchi Rin. They moved to Kobe when the foreign settlement opened there in 1868. His firm, called Walsh, Hall & Co. after 1871, remained in Nagasaki at No. 3 Ōura until 1874, but had its headquarters at Yokohama.

John Walsh spent most of his later years in Kobe, where he established the Kobe Paper Mill. He died in Kobe on August 16, 1897 at the age of 68 and was buried at the city's international cemetery.

N.A. Ware

Some of the mail ships that cruised the waters of East Asia carried their own physicians. On August 10, 1872, N.A. Ware, the surgeon of a Mitsubishi mail steamer, which ran between Yokohama, Nagasaki and Shanghai, died while in Nagasaki. The West Virginian native was buried at Nagasaki's Ōura International Cemetery.

William Watts

William Oscar Watts was born on February 10, 1879 in Ash Flat, Arkansas. He resided in Summertown, Tennessee before coming to Nagasaki on March 20, 1904 to serve as clerk at the U.S. Army Depot. Watts married Margaret Walker (21) of Nagasaki on June 8, 1905 and the couple had a daughter the following year. William Watts remained at the Nagasaki Army Depot for seven years until being transferred to Seattle, Washington in 1911.

W.D. Wentworth

W.D. Wentworth, a native of Britain, came to Nagasaki around 1900 to work for R.N. Walker & Co. By May 1901 he had established his own business, W.D. Wentworth, Landing and Shipping Agent and Customs Broker, at No. 20 Ōura. In February 1903 he moved his firm to No. 12 Ōura. Two years later, he moved to No. 42 Ōura (next to the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank). Later, he changed the name of his business to Kyushu Stevedorage Co. On June 28, 1913, Wentworth's Japanese wife Miki passed away at he age of 55. She was buried at the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery. W.D. Wentworth lived to the age of 83. After his death on August 12, 1931 at the family home at No. 21 Minamiyamate, he was buried next to his wife at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Caroline Wicks

Caroline Wicks (also spelled Wickes and Weeks) came to Nagasaki from San Francisco, accompanied by her young son Alexander, in 1860. She was among the first to register with the U.S. Consulate in September, and was on the original list of Americans who applied for land in the foreign settlement. She was the only female of any nationality to apply for a land permit. Weeks built a hotel on her property at No. 25 Ōura, calling it initially the Commercial House. In 1866 she changed the name to Royal House.

Caroline Wicks passed away on May 7, 1869 and was buried at Inasa International Cemetery. Her gravestone is one of five illegible grave markers in the small cemetery. Wicks' 12-year-old son remained in Nagasaki after her death, but survived her by only one year. Alexander died of smallpox in May 1870 and was probably buried alongside his mother. Unfortunately, the adventuresome mother and child from San Francisco did not survive a decade of life in the foreign settlement.

Gustav Wilckens

Gustav Wilckens was born in Germany, but was under the protection of the U.S. Consulate because Prussia had no treaty with Japan in the early days of the foreign settlement. He came to Nagasaki around the time of the opening of the port in 1859. Wilckens was a partner in the firm of Carl Nickel & Co. until his death on January 28, 1869 at the age of 37. His gravestone in the Inasa International Cemetery was erected by a geisha named Tamagiku who worked at the Maruyama teahouse Tsunokuniya.

James L. Williams

James L. Williams was born in England in 1838 and was in Nagasaki by at least 1877 when he rented lot No. 28A Ōura in the foreign settlement. By the early 1880s, Williams was living with a Japanese woman named Kono Cho who bore him a daughter (Rita Marie) in 1882. The couple officially married — a relatively rare occurrence between Westerners and Japanese of the day — in April 1890. Together they operated the Land We Live In Restaurant at the back of No. 9 Ōura facing Main Street.

Williams seems to have been a Catholic because, rather than sending his daughter Rita to one of the two Protestant girls' schools in the foreign settlement (Sturges Seminary of the Reformed Church or Kwassui Jo Gakkō of the Methodist Church), he enrolled her at Sacred Heart Girls School (Seishin Jo Gakkō), which began operations in Minamiyamate but later moved to No. 5 Ōura in 1889. Rita Williams died on May 24, 1898 at the young age of 16. She was buried in the Catholic section of Sakamoto International Cemetery. The gravestone is also inscribed with Rita's Japanese name, Yoshida Tsuta. As a last expression of their love, her parents engraved a temari and hagoita (Japanese toys) on the gravestone.

James Williams died two years later on May 22, 1900 at the age of 62 and was buried beside his daughter at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Hugo E. Worbs

Hugo Worbs was born in London of mixed English and German parentage. He lived in Yokohama and Kobe before coming to Nagasaki in 1899 as manager of Kunst & Albers and Ahrens & Co. to supervise the German Steamship Line. He stayed until December 31, 1901, when he returned to Europe to receive treatment for an advanced kidney ailment. Worbs was told that rest was the only thing that would help. He therefore decided to return to Nagasaki and arrived in June 1902. He had previously lived in Okusa, but moved to No.7 Higashiyamate [R.N. Walker's house] upon his return. Worbs died at his residence on August 18, 1903 at the age of 37. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery and a gravestone was erected above his grave by a Japanese woman named Okabe Tama (Taki).

Matthew C. Adams

Matthew Catlin Adams came to Nagasaki on March 27, 1862 and became a general storekeeper and contractor. One of his major responsibilities was to serve as contractor to the British navy. In May 1873, Adams received word that his wife, Mary Louisa (33), had died on board a British steamer in the Red Sea on the passage home to Britain. Six months later, he married a woman named Mary Lee in Nagasaki.

M.C. Adams, who had been a fixture in the Nagasaki foreign community for almost 30 years died suddenly on December 12, 1881 aboard the S.S. Waverly while on the way from Vladivostok to Hakodate at the age of 55. He was survived by his wife and two children, Matthew, Jr. and Kate, who lived at the family residence at No. 31 Minamiyamate.

Matthew, Jr. was born in Nagasaki on November 2, 1874. After his father's death, he helped with the family business before joining the China and Japan Trading Co. around 1897. Kate, born in Nagasaki on November 19, 1877, married David Bisset of Vancouver in December 1902, and the couple and Kate's mother moved to Vancouver soon thereafter. On May 19, 1904, Matthew, Jr. married Gerda Pedersen of Nagasaki. They had two daughters — Mary, born on October 1, 1905 and Alice, born on August 15, 1912 — and a son, Matthew Adams III, who was born on April 27, 1915, but seems not to have survived infancy. In 1917, Matthew, Jr. left Nagasaki for Kobe and in the following year he joined J.P. Carr in forming Carr, Adams & Co., a trading firm and lumber business in Karatsu. Matthew died in Otaru, Hokkaido on November 5, 1937 at the age of 63, and his body was returned to Nagasaki for burial. Matthew Adams, both father and son, share a single gravestone within Ōura International Cemetery.

Julius Adrian

See the first biography entry for Julius Adrian.

Ellwood Babbit

The United States Army operated a depot in Nagasaki from 1899 to 1917. Preparation for the establishment of a U.S. Army Depot in Nagasaki began on December 5, 1899 with the arrival of Maj. John M. Hyde and Lt. Ellwood G. Babbit aboard a U.S. transport from Manila. The purpose of the depot was to provide food, clothing and equipment to American soldiers in the region. It also furnished coal for American transport ships carrying troops and supplies between the United States and the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. Hyde as Quartermaster and Babbit as Clerk ran the depot out of the Nagasaki Hotel overlooking the harbor.

Babbit (28), a Boston native, married Annie Walker (24), the eldest daughter of British entrepreur and retired sea captain Robert N. Walker on September 17, 1900. The Babbits had an infant son, Edward, who died on June 9, 1902 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Ellwood Babbit, who left Nagasaki in 1904, went on to become U.S. Consul to Yokohama and United States Trade Commissioner.

Martin Beel

Martin S. Beel was born in Temescal, CA. He was a resident of San Francisco when he joined the U.S. Volunteers in the Philippines as a private. After finishing his tour of duty, Beel became a bartender in Manila. He came to Nagasaki from Hong Kong aboard the S.S. America Maru. Beel worked as a bartender in the foreign bar district along Ōura Creek [Ōura River]. On July 22, 1902, Martin Beel died from an abscess of the liver at St. Bernard Hospital at the age of 41. He was survived by a wife and children in San Francisco. Beel was buried at the Jewish section of Sakamoto International Cemetery, but, as he died practically destitute, there is no gravestone to mark his burial.

Thomas Bezer

The British tavern proprietor Thomas Bezer was in Nagasaki by early 1865. For years, he operated the London Tavern along Ōura Creek. In May 1877, Bezer received a heavy fine for his second offense of keeping a house of prostitution at his bar. In 1883, he sold the London Tavern but soon thereafter opened another tavern called the Snug Inn. Thomas Bezer died on December 28, 1890 at the age of 51 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

F.R. Borioni

F.R. Borioni, a native of Italy, was in East Asia by the early 1880s. He went from Shanghai to Korea on June 12,1883 aboard the steamship Pechili. He remained in Korea for some time and even owned land at Chemulpo. He is said to have been the first to introduce the bicycle into Korea. Borioni worked as the Chief Examiner at Chemulpo from 1886 until 1890 and then left Korea in 1903. He later became the Chief Examiner of the Chinese Maritime Customs Office at Ningbo. While visiting Nagasaki for health reasons, he passed away at the Nagasaki Hotel on July 11, 1920 at the age of 57. Borioni was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. His daughter Maria died only four months later and was buried next to her father. Borioni's Japanese wife Chiyo used the name Margarita. She died November 15, 1949 and was buried next to her husband and daughter at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Gabriel Bourhis

Gabriel Bourhis was a young sailor on the French gunboat Vipere. On October 18, 1888, Bourhis and several companions went ashore and ended up in a small Japanese bar at Naminohira. After imbibing a considerable amount of liquor, one of Bourhis' shipmates got into a fight with a Japanese laborer, reportedly over the affections of one of the barmaids. The fight quickly spilled out into the street and escalated into a wild brawl. Two Japanese policemen rushed to the scene, but were unable to stop the fighting. After several minutes and serious injuries on both sides, the sailors beat a retreat to the waterfront, leaving Bourhis unconscious and bleeding on the street outside the bar. He soon died from the effects of a blow to the head with a bottle. The matter was reported to police headquarters and to the ship's captain, and the following day an investigation began. After about a month of hearings, a Japanese carpenter named Morikami Toyomatsu was found guilty of the crime and sentenced to six years hard labor. The 23-year-old Bourhis was laid to rest at Sakamoto International Cemetery, gaining the dubious honor of being the first person buried at the new cemetery. With the establishment of the French Military Section in 1900, the gravestone was moved there.

George Bozier

George W. Bozier, a native of Britain, came to Nagasaki in 1868 at the age of 18. He worked first at the London Tavern and then in 1872 became the proprietor of the Ocean Tavern at No. 35 and 35A Ōura. He later was employed by Holme, Ringer & Co., Jardine, Matheson & Co., the Belle Vue Hotel, Hunt & Co., the Nagasaki Roller Mills Co., and finally Wright & Co. Bozier died of liver disease due to alcoholism at his residence at Minamiyamate on February 18, 1898 at the age of 48. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Bozier left behind two Eurasian children for whom the other foreign residents raised money to support. Two other children had died earlier — a daughter Amy on July 21, 1881 (buried at Ōura International Cemetery) and an adopted daughter Nagamoto Katta (Ninnie), on November 9, 1887.

John Breen

John Breen was a native of Ireland (born c. 1830) and a naturalized citizen of the U.S. who came to Nagasaki from San Francisco in the mid-1860s. From 1866, he was a partner with John U. Smith in the firm Smith and Breen at No. 38 Ōura. Although the business was advertised as "Ship's Compradores, Butchers, etc.," both Breen and Smith spent years in Nagasaki as harbor pilots. Their job was to go out to sea to meet large incoming ships and guide them to safety into Nagasaki Harbor — a job made even more dangerous for Breen by the fact that he never learned to swim!

Breen lived in a large house at No. 24 Minamiyamate with his Japanese wife, Miyahara Yoka, and their three children: Henry, Catherine and Margaret (Mary). He continued to work as a harbor pilot even after having amassed enough money to support his family comfortably.

His luck finally ran out March 26, 1886. He and his crew of six Japanese had gone out about 13 miles outside the harbor to wait for the expected arrival of a ship from Shanghai. The winds picked up, however, and capsized Breen's small boat. Even though the ship was righted, it drifted until sundown, at which time Breen died of exposure. His body was lashed to the side of the boat, before eventually got adrift. Only one of his crew survived the ordeal, and Breen's body was never recovered. A gravestone was erected for him Ōura International Cemetery, although it was later transferred to Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Breen's wife successfully petitioned the U.S. consulate for the right to claim his estate for her and the children. Although many Western men lived with Japanese women and fathered children during their long stays in Nagasaki, Breen's wife was one of the few to have achieved the legal spousal status. When she died on October 26, 1913, she was buried at her husband's grave, and her name (albeit her Christian name "Elisabeth," not her Japanese name) was added to the gravestone.

Margaret Breen married William Ehrhardt at Ōura Catholic Church in 1904, and though she left Nagasaki, she continued to reside in the country. Henry Breen later worked in Kobe. He died in 1929 at the age of 58- and is buried at the foreign cemetery there.

In 1920, the house at No. 24 Minamiyamate was sold by Henry Breen's instruction at auction to Araki Kuraju. The house still stands today, although half of it has been renovated to accommodate modern Japanese living conditions.

John Calder

John F. Calder was born in Midlothian, Scotland. He arrived in Nagasaki in 1867 as an engineer aboard the S.S. Coquette. Once in Nagasaki, he joined C. Cherry & Co., Boiler Makers & Blacksmiths, and soon thereafter the engineering firm of Boyd & Co. In 1876 Calder went to Yokohama to establish a branch of Boyd & Co. He remained with the company even after it was purchased by Mitsubishi Mail Steamship Co. in 1879. From 1881 to 1884, he served as manager of the Osaka Iron Works, before returning to Nagasaki as manager of the Mitsubishi Dockyard and Engine Works. Calder remained in this position until his death from cancer on May 23, 1892 at the age of 45. While in Nagasaki, Calder helped found the Masonic Lodge and served as its first Master. The Lodge held a special service in his honor prior to his burial at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Martin C. Carlsen

Martin Carl Carlsen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on March 15, 1844. He later became a naturalized American citizen and was a seaman on the USS Baltimore until his discharge in July 1895 because of heart disease. While his ship was in port at Nagasaki in January 1888, he married a 23-year-old Japanese woman named Uesugi Somo. (The American ceremony took place in September 1888). Uesugi later left him. Carlsen died of consumption in Nagasaki on October 14, 1895 at the age of 51. He was initially buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery, but his body was later disinterred and returned to the United States. The marker above his former gravesite reads U.S.A. 120.

James Cavanaugh

James C. Cavanaugh was a native of Ireland who took U.S. citizenship and came to Japan as young merchant-adventurer. He registered at the American consulate in Nagasaki on September 13, 1860. Cavanaugh worked as a pilot for Stevenson & Co. and rented lot No. 38 Ōura. In March 1861, he was arrested for assault. In November of the following year, he again showed up in court over a dispute with the American merchant George Lake. Cavanaugh was finally deported after a September 1863 manslaughter conviction for killing a British clerk named William Philips at Cavanaugh's home. He was jailed in San Francisco for a short time, but returned to Nagasaki in 1865 seeking his property. James Cavanaugh was arrested a final time in January 1866 and his lot was forfeited in March of the same year.

Johan And Mary Crevich

The Austrian (under British protection) Johan Crevich [also called John Anderson in his early years in Nagasaki] arrived in Nagasaki on August 14, 1859. Later, he operated the St. Petersburg Hotel (then the Universal Saloon) at No. 42 Ōura. John had a daughter Ursula, who was born in Nagasaki in 1867. Arriving at the end of the second decade of the foreign settlement was Mary Finance, a native of Alsace-Lorraine who in 1879 married Johan Crevich. Mary and Johan ran the Universal Saloon until December 1886 when they sold the establishment. Earlier in the year, Ursula had passed away at the age of 18 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. Mary died of cancer in February 1894 at the age of 49 and Johan followed four years later at the age of 71. Both were laid to rest at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

James M. Dow

James Markham Dow was born on March 23, 1869, in Shanghai, China, and died on October 4, 1910 in Bournemouth, England (while nominally working in St. Petersburg, Russia). He was the son of James Dow (1827-1875) and Marianne Letitia Goodwin Dow (1844-1915).

In the 1894 edition of The Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits etc., he is shown as a clerk working for the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank in Penang. He later works for Ginsburg & Co., variously in Nagasaki, Shanghai, and St. Petersburg. He was quite certainly working in Nagasaki between 1898 and 1901. While working in Nagasaki, on June 22, 1898, James married Isabel Marion Anthony (1872-1955), who he had met in Penang. They had two daughters: Marion Frances Dow (1903-1981), who was born in Shanghai, and Catherine Isabel ("Kitty") Dow (1909-??), who was born in St. Petersburg.

We know he was still in Nagasaki in 1901 because that is where his wife's sister had her first child, and she and her husband are believed to have been staying with the Dow family in Nagasaki at the time.

Frank Epps

It was a fairly common occurrence for Western sailors to get into arguments with Japanese jinrikisha drivers and sampan boatmen over prices while trying to return to their ships in rather inebriated states. On one such occasion, a young American sailor lost his life. On December 12, 1897, Frank Epps, a 19-year-old apprentice on the U.S. flagship Olympia, was murdered by two Japanese sampan operators. The following month, the two men were found guilty of involuntary homicide and fined a total of 150 yen. The U.S. Navy launched an investigation into the matter, but little else could be done. Frank Epps was laid to rest at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Robert Foad And John Hutchings

The deaths of Robert Foad and John Hutchings (both 23) of the British ship HMS Icarus on the night of August 5, 1867, had a tremendous impact on the politics of the day. Like most foreign seamen on shore leave in the early years of the foreign settlement — before the cluster of foreign bars opened along Ōura Creek (Ōura River) — Foad and Hutchings found their way to the traditional Japanese entertainment district, where they enjoyed drinking with their shipmates. After enjoying themselves a little too much, the two were left by their friends to sleep it off on the street in front of a brothel. This turned out not to be a prudent decision, as a passing samurai hacked the two sleeping men to death with his sword.

The subsequent investigation into the deaths was based mostly on circumstantial evidence, but the British Consul in Nagasaki, Marcus Flowers, was convinced that the murders had been perpetrated by Tosa samurai belonging to the Kaientai band headed by Sakamoto Ryoma. Britain felt that the Japanese government was dragging its feet on the matter, and relations between the two countries soured.

The case dragged on for a year, until a surprising development occurred. Tosa officials, who had denied involvement from the beginning, discovered that the murders had been committed by a Chikuzen samurai. Apparently, Chikuzen students had been drinking at a nearby brothel and discovered the drunken seamen asleep on the street. The senior member of the party drew his sword and "amused himself by coolly slashing the unfortunate men to pieces." The matter was reported to Chikuzen officials and the culprit arrested. The offender was ordered to commit seppuku (ritual suicide), but the crime and the subsequent punishment were kept secret. When Tosa officials learned of the events a year later, the others in the party were also apprehended, and in early 1869, they were imprisoned. In addition, the daimyo of Chikuzen was sentenced to seclusion and ordered to pay an indemnity to the families of the murdered seamen.

Coming as it did, on the heels of the murder of the American sailor George Bunker by a Japanese samurai in Nagasaki in June 1867, the Icarus incident convinced

British officials that the incumbent Japanese government was incapable of protecting the foreign settlements from the wandering samurai who frequented the port towns. By the time the case was finally resolved, the old Japanese government had fallen and the new Meiji leaders were in power.

Richard A. Ford

Richard A. Ford was a native of the West Indies who held British citizenship. He came to Nagasaki around 1870 and founded a stevedore and compradore business at No. 42B Ōura under the title of R.A. Ford & Co. He later married a Japanese woman

named Sawa Chiwa. In 1879 they had a daughter named Christina. Ford built a Western-style house at No. 22 Minamiyamate as the family residence. Later business activities took him for long stretches to Kobe and Vladivostok. He died in Nagasaki on April 16, 1903 at the age of 75 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Chiwa lived in the house until her death on March 11, 1935 at the age of 91. She was buried next to her husband at Sakamoto.

As a teenager, Christina Ford was sent to school in Vladivostok. She remained there after graduation and later married a Russian ship captain named Scherbinin. The couple had two children. The family lived in Vladivostok for years before returning to Nagasaki. Scherbinin sailed ships in a regular service between the two East Asian ports. After the death of both her husband and her mother, Christina continued to live at the

Minamiyamate family residence until her death on September 23, 1966 at the age of 87.

Christina Scherbinina was a member of the Russian Orthodox Church in Nagasaki and her house became a meeting place for Russian residents in the area. When she passed away in 1966, a large number of Russian and Japanese friends gathered for the funeral and followed the procession to Sakamoto International Cemetery, where she was laid to rest next to her parents.

Owen Gannon

Owen Gannon, a 28-year-old native of Philadelphia, and probable ex-sailor, drifted into Nagasaki after taking leave of his ship at an East Asian port. On the evening of May 15, 1898, he and three companions entered one of the foreign bars along the Ōura River. Around eight o'clock, a policeman on duty nearby heard a shot and ran to the bar, where he found Gannon lying on the floor. The barkeeper, another American named John Kelly, was arrested and jailed. He was later accused of first-degree murder and underwent a trial at the American Consulate.

U.S. Consul Charles Harris served as judge and found Kelly guilty of the crime. Kelly was sentenced to death, but Harris and others signed a petition asking for the sentence to be commuted to life imprisonment. Later, a retrial was ordered, and Kelly's sentence was reduced to seven years for manslaughter. He ultimately served only one year in jail, as he was released in July 1899 in the midst of confusion over the abolition of extraterritoriality in Japan. Gannon was originally buried at a grave with no gravestone, but years later the American Association erected a stone marker over the site that read simply AU.S.A. 308" (308 being the number of his cemetery lot). Gannon's body was probably later disinterred and carried back to the United States.

Morris A. Ginsburg [Mess]

M.A. Ginsburg was a Russian Jew from Odessa who changed his name from Mess and fled the country to avoid arrest for military desertion. By the 1870s, he had made his way to Yokohama (he is listed as working for Lane, Crawford & Co. in 1876 and E.C. Kirby & Co. in 1878), where he later (1879) founded his own provisions company. Ginsburg made frequent business trips between Yokohama and Nagasaki in the early-to-mid 1880s, before establishing his headquarters in Nagasaki at No. 50 Ōura. He was later joined in Nagasaki by his brothers, Nathan and Marcus Mess. Nathan probably joined his brother in Yokohama in the mid-1870s and opened a curio shop in Nagasaki in 1887. Marcus began as an employee of the firm M. Ginsburg in 1883, and ten years later became a partner in the firm.

By the late 1880s, M.A. Ginsburg found himself in the position of being able to aid the Russian government in acquiring coal for its Far Eastern Squadron after it had run short due to an argument over supply with the Japanese government. In the aftermath of this good deed, he confessed his identity and petitioned Alexander III for a pardon. According to a local Nagasaki newspaper, "Ginsburg not only received the Imperial pardon, but the thanks of the Czar, a monetary reward, a decoration, and the right of trading in Russia." In 1896, while visiting Russia, Ginsburg was decorated by the Russian government with the Third Class Order of Stanislav for important service to the Russian naval squadron.

M.A. Ginsburg's wife is first listed as living in Nagasaki in 1891, according to the Nagasaki Directory. In July 1892, Ginsburg purchased lots 12 to 26 and his brother Nathan bought lots 27 to 30 just within the front gate at Sakamoto International Cemetery to be used as a Jewish cemetery. By December of this year, the Ginsburg family had moved into the residence formerly occupied by Robert N. Walker at No. 31 Minamiyamate overlooking the harbor. By 1900, M. Ginsburg & Co. had branch offices in Singapore, Port Arthur, Chemulpo and Yokohama. By 1902, it had opened a branch in Colombo as well. In December of that year, Ginsburg took over the agency of the Russian Volunteer Fleet, which made him provisioner for practically all Russian shipping in East Asia.

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 marked the beginning of the end of the Jewish community in Nagasaki. Most of the Jewish merchants in town were Russian, and even those who were not depended in large part on servicing the Russian community in town and Russian shipping in East Asia.

The hardest hit was the firm of Ginsburg & Co. M.A. Ginsburg and his two brothers left Nagasaki in September 1903 for St. Petersburg. Ginsburg & Co. closed its office in Nagasaki on February 29, 1904. It remained closed during the duration of the Russo-Japanese War, but was back in operation by 1906. M.A. Ginsburg and Marcus Mess may have come back to Nagasaki in 1906 to reopen the firm, but if they did, they were back in St. Petersburg by the following year. Ginsburg & Co. maintained an office in Nagasaki until March 1909, when the departure of J.M. Hornstein signified the official closing of the firm's local agency.

Samuel Goldman And Sarah Spunt

A prominent figure in the early Jewish community in Nagasaki was Samuel Goldman, who arrived at the foreign settlement in the mid-1870s and worked as a tavern proprietor and shopkeeper. By August 1877, he was established at the rear of No. 17 Ōura. At one time or another, he also rented property at No. 35 Minamiyamate (residence), No. 9 Umegasaki and No. 40 Ōura.

Goldman was married to Sarah Devora Spunt, a native of Bardicheff. They had at least three sons, one of whom, Ramsay, died when he was only a year old in December 1886 and was buried at Ōura International Cemetery. Another son, Meier, married Clara Haikoff at the Japan Hotel in September 1903.

In 1886, the elderly Goldman (who according to accounts of the day was about 60 years old, asthmatic and blind in one eye) was the victim of an unprovoked attack by a man half his age. In early 1888, Goldman left Nagasaki due to serious health problems and traveled to Alexandria, Egypt where he passed away a year later. According to a Nagasaki newspaper account, "at the time of his departure [Goldman] was in a very critical state, and was not expected to recover."

Sarah Spunt remained in Nagasaki and ran the family store with her sons. In 1892, she ran a newspaper advertisement announcing a name change: "The business hitherto carried on... in the name of M. Goldman, will be conducted in the future with the same proprietorship and management in the name of S. Spunt." It was signed by S. Spunt (lately known as M. Goldman).

Clara Spunt, who was probably Sarah's sister, died in Nagasaki on August 3, 1902 at the age of 55 (in the midst of a cholera outbreak) and was buried at the Jewish section of Sakamoto International Cemetery. Two years later, Sarah Spunt (who was still known commonly around town as Mrs. Goldman) died at her residence at No. 10 Umegasaki and was buried next to her sister — thus ending the nearly three-decade-long presence of the Goldman/Spunt family in Nagasaki.

Peter Hawkins

Peter B. Hawkins was a native of Ireland who took U.S. citizenship and came to Japan as young merchant-adventurer. He registered at the American consulate in Nagasaki on September 13, 1860. Hawkins, who initially worked for R. Arnold & Co., was involved in two court cases in August 1860 — one of which was over nonpayment to a carpenter who laid down bowling alleys for him. January 1861 saw assault charges brought against Hawkins and he was deported. He did, however, later return to Nagasaki, where he worked for Lake & Co. before leaving permanently for New York.

Yves M. Huon

Yves M. Huon, a native of France, came to Nagasaki around 1885 and ran a series of taverns and inns at No. 40 Ōura — including the London Hotel, the Army and Navy Inn, and the Tivoli Hotel. On May 28, 1891, he married a Japanese woman named Hirayu Ichi (27) of Jūzenji-machi and fathered four children. Huon died on November 28, 1906 at the age of 63 and was buried in Sakamoto International Cemetery.

George And Edward Lake

One of the most enduring foreign firms in Nagasaki was that of Lake & Co., which operated from 1860 to 1921. Its founder was George W. Lake, who was one of the most notorious Westerners ever to set foot in Nagasaki. Lake registered at the U.S. Consulate in Nagasaki on September 12, 1860, and established Lake & Co. at Nos. 40A and 41 Ōura. The company was initially a butcher, compradore and general trading business. In September 1862, Lake was joined by his 17-year-old brother Edward of Toppsville, Massachusetts.

George Lake served as Marshall to the U.S. Consulate from 1860 to 1864, but this did not prevent him from getting into legal problems with Japanese and American authorities almost from the beginning. In 1862, he was arrested for assaulting a fellow American. Three years later, he was found guilty of assault and resisting arrest for pulling a revolver on a Japanese policeman who had tried to take a servant from his house. It was his second conviction, and Japanese authorities had every right to deport him, but chose not to do so. Instead, he received only a $200 fine from John Walsh the U.S. Consul. In 1867, he was once again found guilty of unlawfully detaining a wounding a Japanese Customs official. This time, he was fined $25 and sentenced to ten days confinement at a room in the U.S. Consulate. Lake managed to escape confinement, however, and apparently fled to Yokohama. He clearly returned at some point, because he was once again in trouble with authorities by 1870. Adrian & Co. filed a complaint against him in the summer of that year with the U.S. Consul.

The situation finally came to a head in 1871, when a paternity suit was brought against George Lake by a Japanese woman. The woman claimed that she had been Lake's mistress and that he had fathered her child. Lake admitted that had obtained the woman from a house of prostitution, and that she had lived with him from early 1861 to 1869, but he denied being the child's father. A jury of four Americans declared the child to be pure Japanese and thus found Lake not guilty of the charges. They still said he would be deported, and that he had only until October 7 to get out of the country. This thus ended Lake's tumultuous 11-year stay in the city.

When George was deported in 1871, Edward stayed on to conduct business under a power of attorney. His primary business was supplying ships with provisions and equipment. During his years in Nagasaki, Edward Lake fought a series of boundary disputes with his Japanese neighbors, as evident by the number of times his name appears in Japanese legal records of the day. Officially, he seems not to have married, but it is quite possible that he lived with a Japanese woman, since there is a gravestone in one of Nagasaki's international cemeteries that bears the name Lily Ito Lake (aged nine months) who died in 1889.

Edward's brother George returned to Nagasaki in January 1893 in an effort to regain control of the family business. The U.S. Consul William Abercrombie was far from pleased to see him, because not only was the deportation order still in effect, but Abercrombie reported that Lake's criminal record had grown even longer after he left Japan. George Lake's sudden appearance in Nagasaki not only disturbed Japanese and American officials, but Edward Lake as well, who soon thereafter was charged with assault by George.

Through legal maneuvers and stubbornness, George Lake managed to remain in Nagasaki the entire year of 1893. Finally, when he was still in Nagasaki on January 1, 1894, he was arrested, his business closed, and his property taken over by the U.S. Consulate. A comedy of affairs then commenced, in which Lake was deported on three separate occasions to Shanghai; he returned to Nagasaki each and every time. When he showed up in Nagasaki again on July 13, he was deported again — this time to Pusan. On this occasion, the deportation held, as Lake decided to pursue business opportunities in Korea.

Edward, after a time, had the business and property returned to him, although he faced a lengthy legal battle with the Japanese government over the company's rice mill at Kozone-machi. Initially, Japanese officials confiscated the property, but in January 1895, the U.S. Minister in Japan voided the action. Edward Lake eventually auctioned the mill off in June of the same year.

On August 30, 1898, George Lake's life ended violently in Chemulpo, Korea. An employee, John Flanagan, was eventually convicted of Lake's murder. The initial account by a Korean newspaper was very matter-of-fact: "Mr. Lake, an American citizen keeping a general store here in the Chinese settlement, was this morning found dead with a large hole in his head." Apparently, the murder weapon was a large Chinese weight. From all accounts, Lake was quite frail and in poor health prior to the attack. In the true spirit of George Lake, Flanagan, his convicted murderer, escaped prison in Korea the following year, but was recaptured within 24 hours. Flanagan was transferred to San Quentin Penitentiary in California in mid-1901 and later found innocent of all charges and released.

Back in Nagasaki, Edward Lake, with the help of his nephew, Frederick B. Lake, who came to join him in 1899, was able to maintain the family business until his death on November 16, 1918 at the age of 73. Edward Lake died at his home at No. 40 Ōura after an extended battle with cancer, and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Edward Lake spent 56 years in Nagasaki, including all but the first three of the foreign settlement period. He weathered numerous economic, political and social changes to remain longer than any other American. While hundreds of Western merchants tried and failed to make a living in Nagasaki, Edward Lake survived over five decades and was able to pass the family business on to his nephew before his death. Frederick Lake kept Lake & Co. running until 1921, when he returned to the United States.

Jose Da Silva Loureiro

Jose Loureiro was in Nagasaki by the autumn of 1858, leaving the city for Shanghai on 3 November of that year. On 12 June of the following year, he sailed from Shanghai to London. By at least 22 June 1861, Loureiro was back in Nagasaki, where he served as Portuguese Consul. Until late 1862, he also handled consular affairs for the French in the city. He also seems to have had close contacts with British government officials in Nagasaki, since he rented the lots that eventually housed the British Consulate. In addition to his consular duties, Loureiro also had business interests centered on the tea trade.

Loureiro's consular duties were conducted at his home at Nos. 8 and 10 Higashiyamate, while the tea trade took place at Nos. 17, 29, 33 and 45 Ōura. Loureiro remained in Nagasaki until 1870. In July that year, his house and furniture were sold at auction, and on 1 October, he and his family left Nagasaki. He later became Portuguese Ambassador to Japan and resided in Tokyo in that capacity in June 1888. After the Portuguese Embassy closed in 1892, Loureiro passed through Nagasaki on his way back to Hong Kong. He died of pneumonia in Hong Kong in August 1893 at the age of 58.

Louisa Lyster

Louisa was born on February 16, 1896, the daughter of a Japanese woman named Yamaguchi Saku and a British resident named Allan Kennedy. She had an older half-brother named William (Itarō) born in 1892 to Saku and Felice Mieli, an Italian resident who had died before William was born. Allan and Saku formalized their marriage at Ōura Cathedral, but Allan fell ill and died in 1897. Saku married an American resident named James Oliver in 1900 and joined with him in the operation of a hotel in the foreign settlement (later the Alhambra American Hotel at No. 14 Ōura). In 1918, Louisa married an American traveler named Frederick P. Desmond and moved with him to the United States, but she returned alone to Japan in 1920 and joined her mother in the operation of the Alhambra American Hotel (James Oliver had died in 1918). Soon after Louisa’s return to Nagasaki, Saku moved the hotel to the building at No. 40 Sagarimatsu used previously by Yves M. Huon as the Army and Navy Hotel. Over the following years, the attractive Louisa won popularity among residents and hotel visitors for her bright personality and talent as a pianist and singer. In July 1931, she gave birth to a son with Svend E. Lyster, a Danish employee of the Great Northern Telegraph Co. The couple, who married the following year and were blessed with a daughter in 1935, closed the hotel but continued to live at No. 40 Sagarimatsu until the eve of World War II. The family remained in Japan throughout the war. Louisa died in 1956 at the age of 60 and was buried in the Yokohama Foreign Cemetery.

Marcus Mess

Marcus Mess, the younger brother of Morris and Nathan Mess, was born in Odessa in 1862. He came to Japan to work for his brother Morris in 1883. Marcus was in Nagasaki by at least May 1885. Marcus married an Austrian woman named Regina, who between 1893 and 1903 gave birth to five children in Nagasaki. Of the children, a son was born on October 10, 1896, a daughter in 1898, and another daughter on January 18, 1903.

On April 13, 1893, Marcus became a partner with Morris Ginsburg. On June 3, 1896, the establishment M. Ginsburg became M. Ginsburg & Co. In 1900, Marcus Mess briefly left Nagasaki to become the manager of M. Ginsburg & Co. at Singapore. He was back in Nagasaki the following year, but then spent 1902 managing the firm's office in Colombo. Marcus Mess left Nagasaki for Russia in September 1903 with his wife and five children. He died in St. Petersburg on January 19, 1909 at the age of 46.

Regina and her children then fled to France to escape the unsettled conditions in Russia. In France she married a frigate captain named Louis Audemard, whom she had met in Nagasaki around the turn of the century. Regina and Marcus's daughter Esther (born Nagasaki 1898) married a British man named Francis Henry Blakeway and they lived on the Isle of Jersey in the British Channel until WWII when they fled to Britain to avoid German capture of the island. Their son Martin Blakeway lives in California at the time of this writing.

Henry And Elizabeth Mills

The British couple Henry and Elizabeth Mills came to Nagasaki around 1878 and Henry took over the Falcon Hotel [more of a rooming house/tavern than a hotel] at No. 31B Ōura. The hotel was destroyed by fire in 1890, but soon rebuilt. While in Nagasaki, the Mills's adopted a Japanese girl and named her Georgina. In October 1884, Georgina married George Mansbridge, an employee of Mitsubishi in town. In June 1893, Henry Mills died after a long illness at the age of 49. Soon afterward, Elizabeth opened the Sherman House and Bowling Saloon at No. 42B Ōura on the south side of the Ōura River, where she too had to cope with a tavern fire in January 1894. She also ran the Seamen's Home during its first two years of operation from 1896 to 1898. Elizabeth Mills died in 1907 at the age of 66 and was buried next to her husband in Sakamoto International Cemetery. Georgina died in October 1935 at the age of 72 and was buried at the Sakamoto International Cemetery Addition next to her husband and across the street from her parents.

James Mitchell

James F. Mitchell was born in Aberdeen, Scotland on May 25, 1829. He arrived in Nagasaki on January 23, 1861 and established a shipyard called "Aberdeen Yard" on the coast at Naminohira. His first creation there was the Phantom-a 57-foot, 38-ton yacht built for William Alt in 1861. The vessel was the first European ship built in Japan. Mitchell also cooperated with fellow Aberdeen native Thomas Glover in the construction of the Kosuge Ship Repair Dock near the entrance to Nagasaki harbor.

Mitchell had three brothers, William, George and Andrew, who were ship captains, all of whom died during a six-year period from 1868 to 1874. William died in Ethiopia on June 26, 1868 at the age of 54. George died in Nagasaki on June 21, 1871 at the age of 45. Andrew was captain of the British schooner City of Niagara, which capsized and sank in a fierce storm off of the Goto Islands on March 19, 1874. His body was never found. Following Andrew's death, James Mitchell had a monument erected in Nagasaki's Ōura International Cemetery in their honor. Atop the monument stands a life-size stone statue carved in the likeness of Andrew Mitchell. It had been Andrew who had probably been the first of the Mitchell brothers to go to East Asia, having established a shipwright and boat building operation in Shanghai by at least October 1856.

Until his departure from Nagasaki in 1880, James Mitchell, his wife and children lived on the hillside overlooking his shipyard. At that time, he moved to Shanghai and opened the "Pootung Building Yard." In 1885, he entered into an agreement with the Korean government to cut timber for the Shanghai market on an uninhabited island northeast of Pusan. In 1890, however, the island was raided by Japanese and he was forced to give up his rights. Mitchell later moved to Kobe where he established himself as a housebuilder in the foreign settlement. He died there on June 11, 1903 at the age of 78, leaving behind a wife and four sons. One of his sons, William Leslie Mitchell, had proceeded his father in death by only three months. Another son, John Benjamin Mitchell, died in Kobe on September 11, 1913 at the age of 43. John, who had been born in Nagasaki, was survived by a wife and brother in Kobe and a son in Melbourne, Australia.

Frank Nevills [Nevells]

John Franklin Nevills was born October 22, 1849 in Sedgwick, Maine and last resided in Salem, Massachusetts before coming to Japan. He arrived in Nagasaki on September 25, 1883 and worked as a merchant ship chandler for Powers & Co. until 1895. During the last six years at Powers & Co., Nevills also served as Deputy Marshall at the U.S. Consulate. In April 1895, he was officially appointed Marshall at the Consulate, a salaried office which allowed him to quit his job at Powers & Co. Nevills held this position until July 1898, when he was replaced by a foreign service official of the U.S. government. He then worked briefly at the Nagasaki Hotel. For the last 25 years of his life, Nevills operated his own business as a compradore, first at No. 43 Ōura and then at No. 16 Kozone-machi. He resided at No. 23 Minamiyamate for many years before moving to No. 18 Kozone-machi.

In 1893, Nevills was brought to trial on charges that he was smuggling Japanese women out of the country for the purpose of prostitution. The case caused much commotion among the local Japanese press, but in May, Nevills was found innocent of all charges. This was during his time as Deputy U.S. Marshall, although the charges dated beck before he became marshall.

Nevills died February 17, 1925 at No. 112 Jūnin-machi and his body was cremated for burial at lot No.128 in Azatanoura Cemetery in the same neighborhood. The lot belonged to Honda Shige, who was his housekeeper. Upon his death, she received all of Nevills' possessions. According to records kept by Kōsaiji Temple, which supervises the cemetery, lot No.128 no longer exists.

Michael Ross

Michael Ross was born in Chester, Pennsylvania on December 27, 1862. Ross, a Sagarimatsu innkeeper, was acquitted of shooting a British seaman by reason of self-defense in February 1906. Three months later he married a Japanese woman named Matsumoto Mutsu. On July 26 of the same year, Ross died of tuberculosis at the age of 43. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Albert Russell

Albert Russell was born in Plymouth, England on December 10, 1869. He came to Nagasaki in 1900 and from August 1902 he served as the manager of the Nagasaki branch of J. Curnow & Co., provisioners and naval contractors at No. 42A Ōura. On November 8th of that year, he married Elizabeth Swatton Mansbridge, the eldest daughter of George and Georgina Mansbridge of Nagasaki. Albert and Elizabeth had two sons (Henry, born November 1902, and Alfred, born February 1904) and a daughter (Katie). After a long illness and with his wife and mother-in-law at his side, Albert Russell passed away at the family home at No. 42A Ōura on July 6, 1934 at the age of 64. At the time of his death, he was the last foreigner operating a foodstuffs store in Nagasaki.

Marie Amedee Salmon

Marie Amedee Salmon arrived in Nagasaki on September 20, 1868 as a missionary with the Societe des Mission-Etrangeres de Paris. Born in Bozancais, France on November 11, 1845, Salmon was just 22 years old when he reached Japan. He spent only a year in Nagasaki, before being transferred to first Yokohama and then Kobe. In January 1872, Salmon returned to Nagasaki, where he spent the remainder of his life, except for a trip to France in 1874 and a seven-year tour of duty at Shittsu (Nagasaki Prefecture). From January 1887 until his death in 1919, Salmon was Vicar-General and Treasurer of the Nagasaki Catholic Diocese. He resided more than a half-century in Japan, 40 years of which he spent in Nagasaki. Salmon had been ill for a few months, when he passed away on March 31, 1919 at the age of 73. He was buried at the Catholic Cemetery at Urakami.

Harold Slade

The primary dentist for the foreign residents in turn-of-the-century Nagasaki was Harold Slade, who had a dental practice in Kobe and would usually travel down to Nagasaki twice a year. Ads in the April 3, 1895 edition of the Rising Sun & Nagasaki Express and the October 1, 1904 edition of the Nagasaki Press announced two such visits. On both occasions, he had competition. An ad from the same 1895 newspaper announced the visit of the American dentist John Rabe of San Francisco, who was scheduled to be in town for three to four weeks. Rabe worked out of the second-floor office of R.H. Powers & Co., while Slade conducted business out of the Belle Vue Hotel. When Slade visited Nagasaki again in 1905, a certain Dr. Preston, another American dentist, had already been working out of the Nagasaki Hotel for ten days. For most of the year, foreign residents suffered their toothaches in silence, but when Dr. Slade came to town, his presence often seemed to brin competitors out of the woodwork.

Harold Slade, a native of the United States, was born in 1860. In late October 1908, he traveled from his home in Kobe to have an operation at St. Luke's Hospital in Tokyo. While the procedure initially seemed to be a success, complications set in and Dr. Slade died of heart failure on November 2 at the age of 48. He left behind a wife and six children.

Henry Snell And Leander Brooks

It was common for brawls to break out between Western sailors of different nationalities who happened to be on shore leave at the same time in Nagasaki. One such example involved Henry Snell and Leander Brooks, who were seamen on the HMS Bonfleur, which visited Nagasaki in April 1901. Also in port at the time were French naval vessels. Sailors of the two nations soon found themselves frequenting the same row of foreign bars along Ōura Creek. A number of fights had already broken out between the two groups when on April 10 Snell ran into some French sailors while leaving a bar. One of the Frenchman drew a cane sword and, without provocation, plunged it into Snell's body just above the abdomen. The assassin then threw the weapon into the creek and escaped in the ensuing confusion. Snell was taken to the American hospital, but later died of his injuries. He was buried the following day with full military honors at Sakamoto International Cemetery, and a contingent from the French war vessels also took part in the funeral procession.

William Thomas

William Thomas was born in England and later became a naturalized U.S. citizen. He was in Nagasaki by at least 1877 when he was a proprietor at No. 31B Ōura of the Falcon Hotel, which, in spite of its name, was more a boarding house and tavern than a hotel. Thomas died at a hotspring inn on the Shimabara Peninsula of liver and kidney problems on August 27, 1887 at the age of 42. He was survived by a Japanese housekeeper who lived with him but was not legally his wife. Thomas is buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Johannes Umland And Heinrich Schonnecke

Johannes Umland and Heinrich Schonnecke were German nationals who came to Nagasaki around 1866. Like other Germans in the British and American-dominated foreign settlement, they took Anglican-sounding names to facilitate their business operations. Johannes was better known as "John William" Umland and Heinrich went by the name "Henry Shanegan." Together they operated the Prussian Eagle Hotel at No. 41A Ōura. Later, they changed the name to the Germania Hotel, and at the time of their deaths in 1881, it was called the Imperial Hotel.

Schonnecke suffered from ill health for a long time, and his death due to pulmonary disease on August 5, 1881 at the ages of 46 was not unexpected. The death the following day, however, of the seemingly healthy Umland at the age of 43 came as a great shock to everyone. The loss of his long-time friend and partner may have been too much for Umland to bear, and although the circumstances of his death are unclear, it is probably more than a coincidence that his end came so quickly upon the heels of Umland's demise. The two friends were buried next to one another in Ōura International Cemetery.

Carlo Urso

The Italian merchant with the longest residence and greatest impact on Nagasaki was the ship-chandler and compradore Carlo F. Urso. Urso, who was born in Italy in 1849, probably came to Nagasaki in the mid-to-late 1880s, although he did not open his own business until 1895. From this time until his death in 1918, he presented himself as "Compradore for the Italian, Spanish and Austrian Navies." Originally operating out of No. 36 Sagarimatsu, Urso & Co. moved to No. 37 Sagarimatsu in 1907. The Urso family residence was situated at No. 26 Sagarimatsu.

C.F. Urso married a Japanese woman named Take about half his age in the late 1880s. In the two decades between 1889 and 1910, Take gave birth to 16 children. Eight died in infancy and were buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Of the surviving eight, a daughter, Caterina, married a Japanese man named Nakahara and died at the age of 42 in 1950. Four others (Angela, Eugenio, Maria and Camillo) lived into their seventies and were buried in the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery between 1976 and 1980. Camillo and another brother named Luigi (born in 1910 and 1900. Respectively) were among the foreign residents arrested during World War II and later confined in the Kiyomizu Civilian Internment Camp in Saga Prefecture. Carlo died at the family residence in 1918, and Take passed away in 1939 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Today, several Urso family descendants continue to live in Japan, many of them using the Japanese family name Karino.

Jules Vachier

Jules J. Vachier was a French merchant who came to Nagasaki in 1907. He operated his own company and also served as agent for L'Air Liquide. In November 1920, he was appointed French Consular Agent for Nagasaki. At times, he also served as acting consul for Belgium and Brazil. The French Consulate was located at No. 42C Sagarimatsu. Vachier served as Consular Agent for the French Government until his death from chronic uremia on July 1, 1939 at the age of 74. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Vachier's wife, Kura, died on March 5, 1927 at the age of 57 and was buried at Myōgyōji Temple.

W.H. Wentworth

William Henry D.D. Wentworth was born in London on November 13, 1847. He came to Nagasaki around 1900 to work for R.N. Walker & Co. By May 1901 he had established his own business, W.D. Wentworth, Landing and Shipping Agent and Customs Broker, at No. 20 Ōura. In February 1903 he moved his firm to No. 12 Ōura. Two years later, he moved to No. 42 Ōura (next to the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank). Later, he changed the name of his business to Kyushu Stevedorage Co.

On June 28, 1913, Wentworth's Japanese wife Miki passed away at he age of 55. She was buried at the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery. W.D. Wentworth lived on to the age of 83. After his death on August 12, 1931 at the family home at No. 21 Minamiyamate, he was buried next to his wife.

Belle Allen

Belle J. Allen was born in Bellefonte, Ohio on November 11, 1862. A member of the Cincinnati Branch of the Methodist Episcopal Church, she arrived in Japan in September1888. The following month Allen came to work at Kwassui Jo Gakkō but soon transferred to Fukuoka. She returned to Kwassui in 1890 but transferred again in 1892 — this time to Yokohama. Allen was seriously injured in a boating accident at Tokyo in 1898 that claimed the life of fellow Methodist missionary and college roommate Maude Simons. After recovering, Allen became a medical missionary and went to India. She died in India on January 2, 1946.

Adella Ashbaugh

Adella M. Ashbaugh came out to head the music department at Kwassui Jo Gakkō in October 1908. Born in Lancaster, Ohio on September 19, 1873, she received her A.B. from Baldwin University in 1898, and immediately set sail for Nagasaki as a member of the Cincinnati Branch of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society. Ashbaugh performed six terms of service in Nagasaki (on her first furlough home in 1914, she graduated from Ohio Wesleyan Conservatory) between 1908 and December 10, 1940, when she was evacuated to the United States. In 1929, while teaching at Kwassui, Ashbaugh published Kwassui Jo Gakkō, 1879-1929, a history of the school's first 50 years. She retired on January 1, 1943 and passed away in Columbus, Ohio on February 9, 1946 at the age of 72.

Louise Bangs

Louise Bangs was born in Lansing, Michigan on March 8, 1881. From December 1911 to 1920 she taught at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. In 1925, she married George Ernest Trueman, a native of Canada and the former secretary of the Nagasaki YMCA who had been her neighbor at Higashiyamate during her years at Kwassui. Trueman's first wife Julia had passed away in Nagoya in 1921. Bangs died in Islington, Ontario on December 24, 1955 at the age of 74.

William N. Bickham

William Napier Bickham was born in England about 1834, the son of a calico printer in the textile production hub of Manchester. After a visit to Australia where he had a cousin, Bickham secured a position in the Hong Kong firm Johnson & Co. and traveled to China by steamer, arriving in Shanghai in April 1860. He served as a clerk and silk inspector in Shanghai and made frequent excursions into the interior to purchase raw silk for export to England. In addition to numerous letters, he penned extensive records of his travels that are preserved today at the National Library of Australia.

In September 1862, suffering from the lingering heat of summer and a bout of dysentery, Bickham decided to travel to Nagasaki to recuperate. He reported the journey in a letter to his mother dated September 26th, using the first pages to relay news about the so-called Namamugi Incident, i.e. the attack by samurai retainers on a British riding party near Yokohama on the 14th of the same month. All of the four Britons involved in the attack (three men and one woman) were acquaintances of Bickham. In fact the one person killed, Charles L. Richardson, was a fellow silk buyer and former Johnson & Co. colleague in Shanghai. Bickham goes on to describe Nagasaki, which he reached the previous day: ”Nagasaki is located in a nearly landlocked little harbour very pretty all around and a perfect contrast to the mudflat Shanghai. It is indeed a lovely spot and I shall enjoy my 10 days or so. Amazingly, I had a salt swim this morning and enjoyed it above a little. I have established myself in the house of an old Shanghai friend, so that costs nothing and I am so jolly. Diarrhea etc. clean gone.”

The “old Shanghai friend” was Edward Harrison, a former employee of the Shanghai firm Blain, Tate & Co. Harrison had established a branch office in Nagasaki and later joined Thomas Glover in Glover & Co. The reclamation of land for the Nagasaki Foreign Settlement had reached completion in April. Euro-American residents were now ensconced within the borders of their exclusive quarter, and the English Episcopal Church, the first Protestant church in Japan, was nearing completion on the Higashiyamate hillside when Bickham’s ship sailed into Nagasaki Harbor.

In the above letter to his mother, Bickham describes the Japanese residents of Nagasaki, calling them “a most remarkable race very like the Chinese in some things and totally different in others, both men and women.” He seems to have taken a special interest in the latter: “I can’t admire the black teeth of the women yet though perhaps it is want of taste on my part. The features of the people are generally distinct from those of the Chinese and yet like them all have black hair and eyes. They are quite European in feature and body, all but the color which is the same as the Chinese, a light brown, though some of the women are as fair as an English girl… The women don’t cramp their feet or wear breeches but have a petticoat or garment that wraps so closely round their legs that they can only take very short steps, and they seem rather proud or at all events not [at] all ashamed of showing the charms of their persons down to their waists, which the Chinese always keep covered.”

Bickham seems in high spirits, excited about his planned 10-day holiday in Japan, and he ends his letter with a promise to write his mother again soon. However, the “blue death” of cholera, which had taken Nagasaki by storm earlier that year, was calling at his door.

Until 1859 when the Ansei Five-Power Treaties came into effect, Nagasaki was the only port in Japan officially open to foreign trade. In that capacity it served as a gateway, not only for merchandise and information, but also for pathogens unknown to date in the country. Called mikka korori (drop dead in three days) in Japanese, cholera first reached Nagasaki in 1822, probably on a Dutch ship sailing from Batavia (Jakarta). It returned in 1858 when the U.S.S. Mississippi visited Nagasaki and American sailors suffering from the disease came ashore. The bacteria quickly spread throughout Nagasaki via tainted water and swept eastward across the Japanese archipelago causing thousands of deaths. Cholera outbreaks occurred again the following year and in 1861, but the epidemic of 1862 proved to be the most fatal of all those recorded in the Edo Period.

Already weakened by his previous attack of dysentery, William Bickham contacted cholera under unknown circumstances and died on October 3, 1862, only six days after arriving in Nagasaki. He was 28 years old. The Nagasaki British Consulate Death Register identifies the place of death as the “Blain Tate House,” no doubt the Edward Harrison residence at No. 8 Higashiyamate. Harrison, who reported the death, arranged for the burial of Bickham’s remains in the foreign cemetery at the head of Ōura Creek and the installment of a large gravestone, which can still be seen today.

Anna Bing

Anna L.V. Bing was born in McArthur, Ohio on August 28, 1864. She arrived in Japan as a missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church on September 28, 1888. She sailed immediately to Nagasaki, arriving on October 6. Bing came to town to take charge of the music department at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. She remained in Nagasaki until 1900 except for a leave to the United States from 1893 to 1896. Anna Bing died in Cincinnati, Ohio on December 8, 1923 at the age of 59.

Henderson Burnside

Henderson Burnside was a missionary with the Church Missionary Society. He and his wife arrived in Nagasaki on April 23, 1870. Burnside initially conducted a semi-public Bible class on Sunday afternoons, but in 1873 when the Japanese government removed its restrictions on the propagation of Christianity, he converted his Bible Class into a regular public service and added a service on Wednesday evenings as well.

About 40 people attended Burnside's foreign service every Sunday and he also held a prayer meeting for foreigners Sunday evening. Usually only four to six people attended, but when a man-of-war was in port the number could increase to 20 to 25. In addition to these efforts, Burnside became involved in an early attempt to establish a Seamen's Home in Nagasaki to meet the needs of Christian sailors. Early in 1874, Burnside opened a free school in his home at Higashiyamate, where he and his wife taught 18 male students. He then turned his attention to purchasing land within the foreign settlement as close to the native town as possible to erect a mission school or church. The obvious choice was Dejima, the site of the former Dutch headquarters which bordered the native town.

Burnside, constantly complaining of ill health, begged to be replaced so that he could go back to England to recover. While his health deteriorated, he continued to make plans to build a church on Dejima. He hoped that a representative from the Female Education Society would arrive soon and that she could keep the school going until his replacement got there.

Unfortunately for Burnside, neither the female representative nor his replacement arrived before his illness forced him to leave. The Burnsides departed on April 16, 1875 and their replacements did not arrive until the end of June. As ill as Burnside seemed upon his departure, he managed to live another 28 years before passing away at the age of 59 on February 9, 1903.

Charles Bishop

Charles Bishop arrived in Nagasaki in October 1885, where he served as the third principal of Chinzei. Born in Troopsburg [Troopsville?], New York on April 16, 1850, Bishop was educated at Northwestern University and graduated from Garrett Biblical Institute in 1879. In September of the same year, he arrived in Japan as a missionary with the Methodist Church. In 1880, he married Olive Whiting, a fellow Methodist missionary who had been in the country since 1876. Four children were born to the Bishops in Nagasaki — Karl (1881), Mildred (1883), Faith (1886) and Leon (1889) — before Charles was transferred to Kyobunkan in Tokyo in 1891. Olive Bishop passed away in Tokyo in 1914 at the age of 67. Two years later Charles married Jennie Vail, the sister of Methodist missionary Milton Vail. Charles Bishop retired in 1926, although he continued to teach at Aoyama Gakuin until ordered to evacuate in July 1940. He died in Los Angeles, California on November 8, 1941 at the age of 91.

Eugene And Emilie Booth

Eugene S. Booth was born in Trumbull, Connecticut on August 16, 1850. He received a B.A. from Rutgers College in 1876 and then graduated from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1879. On December 8 of the same year, Booth and his wife Emilie (Stelle) arrived in Nagasaki to work as missionaries with the Reformed Church in America. Booth replaced Henry Stout, who had returned to the United States on leave. The Booth family remained in Nagasaki until November 1881 when they transferred to Yokohama. Eugene Booth was appointed the second principal of Ferris Seminary in Yokohama that same year. Emilie worked as a missionary to Japan until her death in Harper's Ferry, Virginia on July 11, 1917 at the age of 62. Eugene Booth worked as a missionary in Japan until 1922. He died in New York City on February 9, 1931 at the age of 80.

Andre Boucly

Andre M. Boucly, a native of France, was in Nagasaki by the 1920s working as a merchant. In 1928, his Japanese wife Maki died and he erected a gravestone for her at Choshoji Temple. At the same time, a gravestone was built next to it for the Mukai family, whose daughter was married to another Frenchman, F. Charbonnel. When Charbonnel died in 1934 at the age of 62, he was cremated and buried at the Mukai plot. Boucly later married a Japanese woman named Toku, and when she died in 1950 her ashes were included along with his first wife's at Choshoji. Boucly briefly ran French government affairs out of his house at No. 13A Higashiyamate from July 1939 until the outbreak of World War II. He remained in Japan during the war and was confined along with his wife in a civilian internment camp in Kiyomizu, near Ogi in Saga Prefecture. On September 17, 1956, Andre Boucly passed away and his ashes were placed alongside those of his two wives. The building at Higashiyamate became the property of relatives of his second wife and was later sold to Nagasaki City. It is presently open to the public as a rest place.

Mary Brokaw

Mary E. Brokaw was born in Somerset County, New Jersey on April 8, 1861. She initially was a teacher in Louisburg, Kentucky. On May 19, 1884 she came to Nagasaki with Clara B. Richards to serve as a missionary with the Reformed Church in America. By the end of the year, Brokaw and Richards had taken a few girls into their home and created the nucleus of a school. When construction was completed on the RCA girls called Sturges Seminary [Umegasaki Jo Gakkō} in the summer of 1887, Brokaw was named principal. She remained in Nagasaki until 1890, when she asked to be transferred to Ferris Seminary in Yokohama. Brokaw stayed at Ferris until 1899 before departing for the United States.

Glen Bruner

Glen W. Bruner was born in Red Cloud, Nebraska on August 22, 1897. On October 15, 1920, Bruner came to Nagasaki as a Methodist missionary to teach at Chinzei Gakuin. He remained there until 1931 when, due to cutbacks in funding from the Methodist board in the United States, he resigned and entered the U.S. Foreign Service. While serving as a Methodist missionary, Bruner acted as the treasurer of the Seamen's Home and president of the American Association of Nagasaki. He worked for the U.S. Foreign Service from 1931 to 1955. His first assignment was as vice-consul in Nagasaki, where he served from October 30, 1931 to July 17, 1937. From 1961 to June 30, 1966, he worked at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Glen Bruner died of heart failure in Boulder, Colorado on March 26, 1987 at the age of 89.

Mary Cody

Mary A. Cody was born in Lincoln, Nebraska on October 28, 1871 and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. She arrived at Kwassui Jo Gakkō in 1905, after having spent five years in Manila and Singapore as a missionary with the Women's Foreign Missionary Society. Upon her arrival in Nagasaki, Cody organized the Kindergarten Normal Department at the school. The department remained in operation until 1922. She also established a kindergarten in the Y.M.C.A. and one for the children of Japanese women who coaled the boats in Nagasaki Harbor. She remained in Nagasaki until April 1910, when she returned to her home in Cleveland.

Irvin Correll

Irvin Correll was born in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1851. He graduated from Millersville State Normal School in 1871 and then joined the Philadelphia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1873. That same year Correll was assigned to China, but went no further than Japan, due to his wife Jennie's illness. He was instead assigned to Yokohama. After a furlough to the U.S. in 1889, he came in 1891 to Nagasaki. Correll was appointed presiding Elder of the Nagasaki District later that year and held this position until 1897. He also served as the fifth principal at Chinzei from 1892 to 1893.

The Correll family while in Nagasaki lived at No. 12 Higashiyamate, which at the time served as Methodist missionary housing. It was from there that Jennie Correll supposedly witnessed an affair between an American sailor and a Japanese prostitute that she passed on to her brother John Luther Long, a Philadelphia writer. In 1898, Luther published his fictionalized version of the affair under the title Madame Butterfly in Century Magazine, but it is obvious that he borrowed heavily from Madame Chrysanteme, the best-selling travelog published in 1887 by French writer Pierre Loti. Two years later, the American playwright David Belasco created a play of the same name that was witnessed by Giacomo Puccini in London. Puccini fell in love with the play and set about turning it into an opera, which debuted in Milan in 1904. The opera Madama Butterfly eventually became a huge success and forever linked the tragic love story to Nagasaki.

Although the Correll family left Nagasaki in 1897, they were in the town visiting their son (who was U.S. vice-consul of Nagasaki at the time) in June 1922, when the celebrated Japanese soprano Miura Tamaki, who made a living portraying Cho-Cho San, passed through the port and held a recital in the Japanese town, including a few songs from the famous opera. Jennie Correll, her son, Miura, and the local Nagasaki historian, Muto Chozo, paid a visit to No. 14 Minamiyamate, which had served as the U.S. Consulate (an important setting in the opera's story line) while Correll lived in Nagasaki. Irvin Correll died at sea in June 1926 at the age of 75 while returning from the United States to Japan. Jennie Correll passed away seven years later in November 1933.

Sara Couch

Sara M. Couch was born in the upstate New York town of Schoharie on January 10, 1867. After graduating from Albany State Normal School in 1888, she worked as an elementary school teacher in the public school system at Mechanicville, New York until 1891. She then spent a year at the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago preparing for missionary service. The Reformed Church dispatched her to Nagasaki in 1892 with the understanding that she would conduct evangelical work in the area. These plans, however, were soon altered.

The 25-year-old Couch arrived in Nagasaki on October 22, 1892 to discover that the head teacher at Sturges Seminary (Umegasaki Jo Gakkō), the Reformed Church girls' school that had opened five years earlier in Nagasaki, had died suddenly the previous month. This necessitated that Couch abandon her evangelical plans and assume charge of Sturges. At the time of her arrival, there were 51 students at the school, 11 of whom were Christians. Two years later under Couch's direction there were 58 girls at Sturges, 30 of whom were Christian.

An additional missionary was assigned to Sturges Seminary in 1895, in order that Couch could prepare for her evangelistic work. Couch was not long at her work, however, when conditions once again necessitated her recall to Sturges to teach. From 1898 until the removal of Sturges from Nagasaki in 1914, Couch performed the dual roles of teacher and touring evangelist.

In July 1899, Sara Couch embarked on her initial furlough to the United States where she stayed a year. While she was in America, a 12-year-old student named Tomegawa Jun entered Sturges Seminary. Jun was the second daughter of Rev. Tomegawa Ichiro and his wife Ume. Ichiro was an early disciple of the Rev. Henry Stout, the long-time head of the Reformed Church mission in Nagasaki. Ume was also a Christian, having graduated from Ferris Seminary in Yokohama and served as an assistant to Mrs. Stout before her marriage to Ichiro.

Tomegawa Jun was born in Nagasaki on December 13, 1884, but traveled extensively as a child due to her father's work at various Christian missions in northern Kyushu. Tragedy struck the family early, as Ume passed away when Jun was two and her only sister died a year later. Ichiro later remarried and Jun became part of a family of seven brothers and sisters, but life remained difficult because of the constant illness of her stepmother.

Tomegawa Jun began school in Kurume and finished her primary education in Saga. She was forced to stay home and work for a year after this; finally entering Sturges in September 1899. In spite of difficulties at home that precluded Jun from returning to school on time after summer vacation each year, she managed to graduate from Sturges in the spring of 1903.

From Sturges Tomegawa Jun went to Joshi Gakuin, a Presbyterian girls' school in Tokyo, with the financial support of the Reformed Church. In March 1905, she graduated, and the following month returned to Nagasaki to teach the Bible, Home Economics and History at Sturges Seminary. She also added the duties of dormitory matron in 1907. In spite of her original reluctance to take on the added burden, she agreed to do it because of her affection for Couch, the Assistant Principal, whom Jun later admitted she "learned to love as a mother."

Although offered the opportunity to go to the United States to attend college or Bible School, Tomegawa chose to remain in Nagasaki and teach at Sturges. Except for the year missed by Couch during her second furlough to America in 1907, the two taught at Sturges until the school was transferred to Shimonoseki in 1914 in a cost-cutting measure that merged it with a Presbyterian girls' school from Yamaguchi. The Sturges buildings at Higashiyamate were sold to Kwassui, a neighboring Methodist mission school for girls. At the time of the removal of the school to Shimonoseki, Couch and Tomegawa decided not to join the larger new school (still referred to as Sturges Seminary in English, but called Baiko Jo Gakuin in Japanese), but to remain behind and perform evangelical work to small groups of women in Nagasaki. Tomegawa also had an offer to become General Secretary of the Tokyo-based Woman's Board of Missions of the Church of Christ in Japan, but declined because it would have taken her away from Nagasaki.

Instead, Tomegawa Jun and Sara Couch concentrated their efforts on evangelizing and publishing a Japanese-language newspaper for women in the Nagasaki area. The eight-page monthly newspaper, entitled Ochibo (Harvest Gleanings), debuted in October 1914 and ran until February 1942 when it was forced to shut down because of World War II. By the end of the first year, the newspaper had over 800 subscribers. Although originally intended primarily for women, Ochibo also achieved a wide following among men. By 1922 there were more than a thousand subscribers throughout Japan as well as abroad in countries stretching from India to the United States.

By this time, the newspaper had achieved a profit, and the proceeds were being contributed to a building fund for a new church in Nagasaki. The new structure for Nagasaki Kyokai was built on the site of the old Public Hall in Ōura and dedicated in October 1925. It included a second-floor room over the entrance specially designed for use by the Women's Society of the church.

After living together for years in a Western-style building at Higashiyamate, Sara Couch and Tomegawa Jun bought a three-story, 16-room Japanese house at No. 96 Kami Nishiyama in 1928. Here they continued to publish Ochibo and headquarter their evangelical work throughout the 1930s.

In 1941, as relations between Japan and the United States deteriorated, the situation for Sara Couch became tense. By the summer of that year, the U.S. Consul and all American missionaries, except Couch, had evacuated Nagasaki. According to a Board of Foreign Missions report, Couch chose to stay with her friends in Nagasaki because she felt more at home there than in the United States.

On the morning of December 8, 1941, in the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Sara Couch was arrested at her Nishiyama home by a local policeman and taken to Maria Gakuen, a Catholic girls' school across town. Tomegawa Jun, in the company of two friends, visited Couch the next morning at the school. In the beginning, Jun was allowed to visit daily to bring food and supplies, but eventually was restricted to one visit a week.

Couch was detained at Maria Gakuen for a year before being transferred to Tokyo in December 1942. Prior to the departure from Nagasaki, Japanese authorities allowed her to return to her home for a few days to prepare for the trip. In addition, Tomegawa was permitted to accompany Couch to her new detention center at a French girls' school in Tokyo. Over the course of the war, Tomegawa managed to travel to Tokyo two or three additional times to visit her friend.

Sara Couch, despite her advanced years (she was 75 at the time of her transfer to Tokyo), not only survived internment but served as an inspiration to others in the camp. A member of the Evangelical Mission in Tokyo who was confined with Couch, remarked in a September 1945 letter upon their release that "[Couch] has been such a blessing to us in our internment camp in Tokyo ever since she came to us from Nagasaki in December 1942."

The camp was destroyed by American fire bombings on May 25, 1945, and although Couch lost most of her personal belongings, she managed to escape injury. She was then moved with the other prisoners to Seibo Hospital and Convent until the end of the war in August.

Peace came at last, but at a terrible price to the American missionary who four years earlier had stayed behind in Japan rather than return to the United States. Her beloved Nagasaki had been devastated by an atomic bomb, and she had no idea as to the condition of her friend Tomegawa Jun. The ship repatriating the camp internees to San Francisco was set to depart, but Couch refused to sail without information concerning Tomegawa. In a September 1, 1945 letter to an old Nagasaki acquaintance, Couch noted that "I may return later if [Tomegawa] and all friends there are gone!"

In an effort to determine the fate of Tomegawa Jun and other friends in Nagasaki, Sara Couch arranged for transportation to the city — arriving by train on September 13. What she saw coming into town horrified her, as she passed through Urakami and the heart of the atomic destruction. By the time the train pulled into the center of Nagasaki, however, she was able to breathe a small sigh of relief; she could see that the mountain between her home and Urakami had protected her neighborhood from the most severe damage. In an ironic twist of fate, she was escorted from the train station to her home by the same policeman who four years earlier had taken her away to the detention center — his behavior on this occasion reflecting much more humility than the first time they had met.

Sara Couch's unannounced arrival at her Nishiyama residence ended considerable trepidation on the part of the two long-time evangelists; Couch wondering if Tomegawa had survived the atomic bombing, and Tomegawa speculating as to whether the 78-year-old Couch had been able to endure four years of internment and the Tokyo air raids. Uncertainty and fear were soon replaced by reassurance and joy, as Sara Couch was finally home again with friends in Nagasaki.

The years of internment had taken their toll, however, and Sara Couch's health soon broke down. After a short illness, she died of pneumonia at her home on January 27, 1946 at the age of 79. Her funeral service was conducted in an upstairs room of her home by Tomegawa Jun. Among those in attendance was a young minister named Aoyama Takeo, who was so impressed by Couch's sacrifice for the youth of Japan that he too decided to dedicate his life to the education of Japanese youth. Aoyama later became the founder and president of The Nagasaki Junior College of Foreign Languages.

Sara Couch was buried not in the International Cemetery at Sakamoto where most foreigners were laid to rest, but across town in the Nagasaki Kyokai section of the Nakagawa Go (Narutaki) Cemetery situated above the Nagasaki Prefectural Junior College for Women. The following year Tomegawa Jun erected a gravestone over the grave, proclaiming herself a disciple left behind by Miss Couch. Tomegawa continued to live at the Nishiyama home and work for Christian causes in Nagasaki until her death on February 15, 1974 at the age of 89. She was buried alongside Sara Couch, and her name was added to the gravestone that she had erected 27 years earlier for her teacher and friend.

Sarah Curry

Sarah Olive Curry was born in California, Pennsylvania on February 15, 1898. She arrived in Japan on December 1, 1925 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1930 to September 29, 1941, Curry taught music at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. She was the last missionary to leave Nagasaki before World War II and the first to return. On January 8, 1947, she went back to Kwassui and remained there until April 1967. During this period, Curry also helped establish the Yuai Kan Social Center. Sarah Curry died in Pasadena, California on December 2, 1975 at the age of 77.

Charles Davison

Charles Stewart Davison was born in Nagasaki on February 14, 1877, the eldest son of the Methodist missionaries John and Elizabeth Davison. Charles lived in Japan until age 14 and then went to the United States to continue his education. He received his B.A. from Dickinson College in 1898 and his B.D. from Drew University in 1901. After graduation, he served as pastor of the South Market Street Church in Newark, New Jersey from 1901-1903. On September 26, 1903, Charles Davison returned to Japan, where he served as Presiding Elder in Sendai. Davison later taught in the College and Theological Departments of Aoyama Gakuin in Tokyo. He came back to Nagasaki in 1917 to become Dean of Chinzei Gakuin, but remained there only a year before returning home on leave. While on leave and teaching Greek at Drew University, Davison became ill from influenza. Unfortunately, the illness eventually developed into tuberculosis. Davison spent the final year of his life battling the disease. He died in Bloomingdale, New York on May 10, 1920 at the age of 43 and was buried at the old family home in Andover, New Jersey. He was survived by his wife Florence May Bower (whom he had married while home on leave on June 1, 1905) and their three children: Elizabeth [Gertrude], Dorothy and Robert.

John And Elizabeth Davison

In November 1872, at the annual meeting of the General Missionary Committee of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City, the church decided to send a mission to Japan. Among the four ordained ministers chosen to be the first missionaries sent was John C. Davison, who was assigned to Nagasaki. On May 20, 1873, Davison married Elizabeth Stout and they arrived in Nagasaki August 30 to begin their work.

John Davison was born in Harmony, New Jersey on November 19, 1843. At age 14, he became a member of the Newark Conference. As a young adult, he taught for several years, and also worked in law and medicine. Davison later served a short term in the army before enlisting in the navy for the duration of the Civil War. He received his education from Andover Academy and Drew Theological Seminary.

Even though the edicts against Christianity were no longer being enforced when the Davisons arrived in Nagasaki, they still found their first year one of preparatory work and the teaching of English. The following year, Davison began work on a church. The building, which was located at No. 22 Dejima, was completed in June 1876, making it the second oldest Protestant church for Japanese in Nagasaki. Davison was making gradual progress in baptisms and church attendance was up, when in late 1876 and early 1877 the Satsuma Rebellion interfered with his missionary activities. At the same time Nagasaki was also struck by a cholera epidemic. Davison bemoaned the fact that the lack of a Methodist mission school in Nagasaki prevented him from taking advantage of the closing of the government school.

Davison realized the importance of education in spreading the word of Christianity and begged the Mission Board for personnel to staff such schools. In the meantime, while awaiting assistance, he spent much of his time writing and translating hymns and teaching private English classes.

John Davison was instrumental in bringing the personnel to Nagasaki who would open Methodist mission schools for both girls and boys. In response to his May 1879 request, Elizabeth Russell and Jennie Gheer opened Kwassui Jo Gakkō in November, and the following year Davison met C.S. Long upon his arrival in Nagasaki and even purchased the land for Chinzei's first building.

Davison even taught at Chinzei in its opening years, before returning home on leave to the United States with his wife in 1882. During their initial nine-year stay in Nagasaki, Elizabeth Davison gave birth to three children: Charles, who became a missionary and teacher at Chinzei; Frances, who died in the U.S. in 1914; and Mabel, who was a music teacher at Kwassui before her marriage to a missionary in China in 1907. A fourth child, Judiah (Jay), was born while the Davison family were on leave in the U.S. in 1883. Jay spent 30 years as a businessman in China.

The Davison family returned to Japan in late 1883, and until July 1885, John Davison served as Presiding Elder of the Methodist Church for the Yokohama District. From July 1885 to May 1891, he held the same position in the Nagasaki District. During this time, Davison once again taught at Chinzei. After returning from leave to the U.S. in September 1892, Davison became Presiding Elder of the Tokyo District until July 1897. In 1897, he was transferred back to the Nagasaki District (which became part of the South Japan Mission in 1898). He taught at Chinzei again until 1902, when he was transferred to a girls' school in Kumamoto.

In April 1915, while living in Kumamoto, Elizabeth Davison died in her sleep at the age of 64 on the return voyage from having visited her daughter in China. Upon hearing the news, her husband came to Nagasaki the following day and conducted funeral services at both Kwassui and the Methodist Church at Ginya-machi. Elizabeth Davison was then buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

John Davison continued to work and teach in Kumamoto until 1922, when he went to live with his widowed daughter, Mabel, in Berkeley, California. There, on October 20, 1928, John Davison passed away at the age of 84. In accordance with the instructions of his will, his body was taken to Nagasaki and laid to rest beside his wife at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Mabel Davison

Mabel Winter Davison was born in Nagasaki on April 18, 1878, the third child of the Methodist missionaries John and Elizabeth Davison. In the 1890s, Mabel spent three years studying in California and two in Tokyo, before going to the Collegiate Institute in Hackettstown, New Jersey. From September 26, 1903 to January 29, 1907, she was in charge of the Music Department at Kwassui in Nagasaki. Mabel left Kwassui to marry Richard Smart, a missionary to China. She went with her husband to Soochow where she had three children. After her husband's sudden death from cholera in 1921, she and her children returned to Berkeley, California to live. Mabel, who herself suffered from malaria, was joined in Berkeley the following year by her aged father John C. Davison.

Nathan Demarest

Nathan H. Demarest was born in New York, New York on July 3, 1861. He received his B.A. from Rutgers College in 1880 before graduating from New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1883. He came to Nagasaki on December 19, 1883 as a missionary with the Reformed Church in America. Demarest remained in Nagasaki until April 22, 1888 before taking a leave to the United States. He returned briefly to Nagasaki on November 8, 1889, but remained only for a few months, before once again going back to the U.S. because of his wife’s poor health. Annie Strong Demarest died soon thereafter and Nathan resigned from missionary work. From 1890 to 1912, Demarest served as a pastor in Roxbury, New York. He returned briefly to Japan in 1912, but stayed only a year. Nathan Demarest died in Mt. Vernon, New York on February 17, 1917 at the age of 55.

Peter Doel

Peter Doel was born in Wiltshire, England on February 14, 1841. He joined the London Police Force at the age of 20 and spent about five years there before coming to Japan to work as a bodyguard for Sir Harry Parkes. He remained at the British Embassy for four years. For the next three years he was attached to the Yokohama and Kobe Railway Police. Just prior to coming to Nagasaki, he worked for five years in Osaka.

Doel was originally assigned to the Shinchi Police Station when he came to Nagasaki in 1879, but was later transferred to the Umegasaki Station. For his first year's salary, Doel received $70 dollars a month. The following year, the salary was raised to $80 dollars a month plus a $5 cost of living allowance; it remained this amount for the remainder of his tenure in Nagasaki. Early on, he resided at No. 11 Ōura and later lived at No. 17 Higashiyamate.

Peter Doel served the Nagasaki community admirably for over 15 years until illness caught up with him. On March 20, 1995, he received notice that his contract would not be renewed when it expired at the end of the month. Critically ill by this time, however, losing his job was the least of his worries. Doel died two days after his last official day of work at the Umegasaki Station at the age of 54. The following day, he was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

James W. Donald

James W. Donald was born in Britain in 1839. He was a sail-maker working for Browne & Co. when he died at his residence at No. 12A Higashiyamate on December 19, 1895 at the age of 56. He was survived by his Japanese wife Fuku and their four children. James and Fuku were married at the British Consulate in Yokohama on July 7, 1891. She was a British subject, but the children could not be, because they were all born in Japan before the marriage. On May 5, 1902, Fuku, 51-years old from Kanagawa, petitioned to be allowed to return to being a Japanese citizen. All of her children — James Webster (24), Agnes Lily (22), Annie Katherine (18), and William David (14) — were born in Yokohama.

Mary Elliot

Mary J. [Minnie] Elliot was a minister's daughter from Greensburg, Ohio. She came to Nagasaki on December 12, 1885 to teach music at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. Elliot took charge of the school on May 6, 1889 when Elizabeth Russell went home on leave. Mary Elliot taught at Kwassui until September 21, 1890 when she left due to ill health. She married a Methodist minister named Armstrong in 1902.

George Ensor

Although Episcopalians from the United States had been in Nagasaki since 1859 (John Liggins and C.M. Williams came in the summer of that year), the first British representative was Rev. George Ensor of the Church Missionary Society who arrived with his wife on January 23, 1869. Ensor was a graduate of Queens College, Cambridge in 1867. He was ordained a deacon the same year and a priest the next.

In the summer of 1869, Ensor and his wife sailed from Liverpool to Shanghai. The couple remained in China for three months before moving on to Nagasaki. There, they initially stayed in the house on the hill formerly occupied by Williams. By the following year, however, they were renting lots Nos. 1 & 2 at Higashiyamate. Ensor spent most of his time conducting services for the foreign community and visiting sailors, teaching English at the Japanese government school, and translating the New Testament. In January 1870, the Japanese government began to arrest and exile the Hidden Christians and Ensor requested that the British Consul intervene to end their persecution. Before the issue was resolved, however, Ensor returned to England because of ill health on May 15, 1872.

In 1908, Ensor tried once again to come to Japan; the CMS rejected his attempt, so he came out independently and worked in Tokyo briefly in 1909 — 40 years after his first visit to the country. Ensor fell ill in the summer of 1910 and tried to return to England but died en route at Gibraltar on August 13 on board the Persia. George Ensor, the first CMS missionary to Japan and the founder of its mission in Nagasaki, was buried at Gibraltar.

Emma Everding

Emma J. Everding was born in Brooklyn, New York on August 8, 1858. Her arrival in Nagasaki on December 19, 1883 marked the first time that a female missionary had been dispatched to Kwassui Jo Gakkōi since the coming of the school's founders, Elizabeth Russell and Jennie Gheer, in 1879. Everding received her B.A. from Syracuse University in 1882. She was a member of the Baltimore Branch of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society. At Kwassui, Everding organized the Science Department in 1885. She remained at Kwassui until May 6, 1889, when her health broke down and she had to be accompanied home by Miss Russell. Emma Everding arrived in Syracuse in June and passed away there on January 13, 1892 at the age of 33.

Elizabeth And Mary Farrington

Elizabeth F. and Mary J. Farrington were natives of Fishkill, New York. They were sent to Nagasaki by the Reformed Church to serve as teachers in Elizabeth Stout's girls' school that she operated out of her home at Higashiyamate. The Farrington sisters sailed from San Francisco on July 1, 1878 and arrived in Nagasaki on August 25. But the two remained in Nagasaki only for a brief time. In January 1879, they went to go to Yokohama in an attempt to treat the poor health of the eldest sister. She never fully recovered, however, and they were forced to return to the U.S. because of her deteriorating condition. Although Elizabeth and Mary Farrington remained in Nagasaki for only a few months, they still hold the distinction of being the first single females sent by the Reformed Church to Nagasaki.

Jose A. De Figureido

Jose a de Figureido, a Portuguese merchant, was in Nagasaki by 1870. At that time, he rented No. 28A Ōura. He worked first as a clerk for Alt & Co. and later in the same capacity for Holme, Ringer & Co. On August 13, 1885, while residing at No. 5 Higashiyamate, Figureido married Uchida Taka (22) of Juzenji-machi. In the time span of one month in 1887, the couple lost a daughter, Maria Thereza, and a son, Jose, to illness. The children were buried next to one another in Ōura International Cemetery.

Anna French

Anna S. French was born in West Salisbury, Massachusetts on March 18, 1863. As a New England Branch member of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society, she went to work in Yokohama in October 1889. French came to Nagasaki to teach at Kwassui in 1891 and stayed until 1895. She left the Methodist mission to marry a Presbyterian missionary named Freyer. Anna went to Beirut as a worker for the Presbyterian Board with her husband. She died in 1914.

Epperson And Kate Fulkerson

Epperson Fulkerson was born in Newcastle, Pennsylvania on October 2, 1859. He first became a member of the Arkansas Conference and later the Nebraska Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Fulkerson married Kate J. Strong on September 15, 1886. Arriving in Japan in March 1887, they came down to Nagasaki on August 31, 1889. While in Nagasaki, Epperson Fulkerson served two terms (1894-1901 and 1902-06) as principal at Chinzei Gakuin. Kate Fulkerson died of complications related to diabetes on October 23, 1903 at the age of 36 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. She was survived by her husband and four sons: Anson (1887), Walter (1889, Nagasaki), Raymond (1892, Nagasaki) and Earl (1899, Nagasaki).

In 1905, Epperson Fulkerson married Anna Strong (possibly Kate's younger sister) anf fathered two daughters. Fulkerson returned to the U.S. in 1907 for health reasons and in 1908 transferred to the Columbia River Conference. He spent a few years in Galt, California trying to recover his health. From 1914 until his death on May 29, 1940 at the age of 80, Fulkerson resided in Canon City, Colorado.

Jennie Gheer

Jean [Jennie} M. Gheer was born in Bellwood, Pennsylvania on November 13, 1846. She attended the State Normal School in Middlesville, Pennsylvania but did not graduate because of illness. Jennie Gheer and Elizabeth Russell arrived in Nagasaki on November 23, 1879 as the first female missionaries sent to the city by the Methodist Episcopal Church. Together they founded the girls' school later known as Kwassui Jo Gakkō. Gheer remained in Nagasaki until 1884, when she moved to Fukuoka and established a girls' school there. The school was originally called Eiwa JoGakkō, but it was later renamed Fukuoka Jo Gakkō. After years of service to women's education in Japan, Jennie Gheer died in her home town of Bellwood, Pennsylvania on June 20, 1910 at the age of 63.

Eliza Goodall

Eliza Goodall, a widow who had served in India for 20 years with her husband before his death, came to Nagasaki in December 1875. She had met the Rev. Herbert Maundrell and his wife Eliza in England and decided to join the couple in Nagasaki and assist the Church Missionary Society mission there. Goodall and Eliza Maundrell handled the English classes at the mission. This was not a particularly difficult task in the beginning, since there were usually only two to three students at the time.

In January 1879, the English Church Day School for Japanese children was established at No. 11 Dejima. Mrs. Goodall taught there in the morning while a Japanese Christian male led classes in the afternoon. In mid-1879, a Girls Training School was opened at No. 3 Higashiyamate, with Goodall initially teaching two students.

For many years, Eliza Goodall operated the Girls' Training School alone, in spite of her advanced years. In April 1892, she wrote Jane Harvey in England to come to Nagasaki and assist her with the school. Harvey reached Nagasaki in mid-December 1892. By the time of her arrival, Eliza Goodall was already in poor health, and in March 1893 she passed away at the age of 75. Mrs. Goodall, a cousin of the poet Alfred Tennyson, had spent 18 uninterrupted years assisting the mission at Nagasaki, although she was not officially a CMS missionary. She was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Howard Harris

Howard Harris was born in Belleville, New Jersey, on July 29, 1848, the son of Elijah and Jemima Harris. He graduated from Rutgers College in 1873 and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in1876. From 1876 to 1884, he was a pastor at Hawthorne, New York. Harris was married to Elizabeth [Lizzie] B. Disbrow, who was born on April 23, 1854. On May 19, 1884, the couple arrived in Nagasaki to work with the Reformed Church station there headed by Henry Stout. Harris and Stout apparently had philosophical differences, especially regarding the need for a mission school in Nagasaki. Harris did not believe that a mission school was needed in southern Japan and was thus transferred to Tokyo in the summer of 1885. He was then offered a position at Meiji Gakuin in Tokyo, where he taught until 1900. After returning to the United States, he once again served as pastor in Hawthorne, New York from 1904 to 1910. Howard and Lizzie Harris then moved to California and Howard became an instructor at U.S.C. from 1910 to 1914. Howard Harris then served briefly (1914-1915) as pastor at a Japanese church in Kahului, Hawaii before returning to California. He died in Los Angeles, California on January 13, 1916 at the age of 67. His wife Lizzie died on October 5, 1925 at the age of 71 in Los Angeles and was buried at her family cemetery in Westminster Cemetery in Cranbury, New Jersey.

Merlo Heicher

Merlo K.H. Heicher was born in Highspire, Pennsylvania on May 31, 1882. He came to Nagasaki in September 1906 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church to teach at Chinzei Gakuin, the Methodist boys' school in Nagasaki. He remained in that capacity until 1911. Heicher died in Claremont, California on April 21, 1967 at the age of 86.

Willis Hoekje

Willis G. Hoekje was born in Cawker City, Kansas on July 3, 1844. He received a B.A. from Hope College in Holland, Michigan in 1904 and an M.A. from the same institution in 1907. In 1907, he graduated from the Western Theological Seminary. That same year, Hoekje went to Japan as a missionary with the Reformed Church. He spent three terms in Nagasaki: 1909, 1913-1915, and April 1927 to 1931. In the latter term, he served as the eighth and final principal at Tōzan Gakuin. Hoekje remained in Japan until 1941, when he returned to the United States prior to the outbreak of WWII. Willis Hoekje died in Wyckoff, New Jersey on January 10, 1949 at the age of 94. He was married to Annie M.N. Hall.

Gertrude Howe

Gertrude Howe was born in Poughkeepsie, New York on September 12, 1846. She graduated from Ypsilanti Normal School in 1872 and then became a missionary to China with the Methodist Episcopal Church later that year. Howe spent the rest of her life as a missionary in China except for a brief stint in Nagasaki from 1884 to 1885 because of unrest on the Asian continent. While in Nagasaki, she taught at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. Gertrude Howe died in Nanchang, China on December 29, 1929 at the age of 83.

Harriet Howey

Harriet M. Howey was born in Florida, Ohio on October 10, 1888. She arrived in Japan as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church on November 27, 1916. From 1919 to 1924 Howey taught at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. While in Nagasaki, she helped establish a branch of the YWCA in the city. Harriet Howey died in Columbus, Ohio on December 3, 1989 at the age of 99.

A.B. Hutchinson

Arthur Blockey Hutchinson was born in England in August 1841. After graduating from the Church Missionary Society College in Islington, he became a foreign missionary for the CMS. He initially served in Hong Kong before coming to Nagasaki on May 14, 1882. While in Nagasaki, he supervised the Sailors' Institute. He left for Fukuoka in June 1889. While serving in that city in 1908, he was appointed Archdeacon. Hutchinson returned to Nagasaki in 1911. He died on August 31, 1919 at the age of 78 and was buried at Karuizawa.

Louisa Imhoff

Louisa Imhoff was born in Siskilwa, Illinois on June 18, 1852. She came to Nagasaki on March 6, 1889 to take charge of industrial department at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. In 1891 Imhoff transferred to the North Conference of Japan She died in Blair, Nebraska on September 11, 1925 at the age of 73.

Herbert Johnson

Herbert B. Johnson arrived in Nagasaki in December 1888 and stayed until 1897. During this time, he served as the sixth Chinzei Gakuin principal from 1893 to 1894. While serving at Chinzei, his three-month old son (Willard B. Johnson) died and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery in January 1891. Born in Fairfield, New York on April 30, 1858, Herbert Johnson graduated from Ilion (New York) Academy in 1878. The following April, he married Emma Leach, but she passed away five months later. In 1883, Johnson graduated from Drew Theological Seminary in 1883. In May of the same year, he married Clara Richardson. The ceremony was performed by his friend David Spencer of Drew. Johnson became a member of the Wyoming Conference in 1883, and then served as pastor at Luzerne, Pennsylvania (1883-1886) and Plains, Pennsylvania (1886-1887). Upon leaving Nagasaki, Johnson was elected Presiding Elector of the South Japan Conference 1898. Back in the United States, he was chosen Superintendent of the Pacific Japanese Mission in 1904. Johnson received his B.D. from Drew Theological Seminary in 1894 and his S.T.D. from the University of Pacific in 1907. He passed away from a stroke while riding on a train in Indiana in November 1926 at the age of 68.

Lola Kidwell

Lola M. Kidwell was born in Kirkersville, Ohio on September 5, 1867. A graduate of Ohio Wesleyan, Kidwell came to Nagasaki as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church on October 2, 1894. She spent three terms of service (1904-07, 1910, & 1914-17) at Kwassui Jo Gakkō teaching Latin, Greek and history. Kidwell returned to the U.S. in 1917 and retired the following year. Lola Kidwell, who lived for years at the Methodist Home in Alhambra, California, died near San Diego on June 5, 1943 at the age of 75.

Willard De L. Kingsbury

Willard de L. Kingsbury was born in San Pablo, California on December 18, 1868. He came to Nagasaki as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal church to teach at Chinzei Gakuin from December 26, 1906 to1909. From1909 to 1912 Kingsbury was in Nagoya working for the MEC. In 1912 he left the Methodist Church to become an independent missionary and English teacher at Yokkaichi in Mie Prefecture. He remained in this capacity until 1920.

William Kitchin

William C. Kitchin was born in St. George, Ontario on September 7, 1855. He became an American citizen and served as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Kitchin and his wife Fanny came to Nagasaki on September 20, 1882 to assist Carroll Long at Chinzei Gakuin when John Davison (Kitchin's cousin) returned to the U.S. on leave. In 1883, Kitchin became the school's second principal. He was appointed to work in Tokyo in September 1885. William Kitchin died in Scotia, New York on January 8, 1920 at the age of 64.

Walter Krider

Walter W. Krider was born in Portland, Indiana on August 23, 1894. He arrived Japan on September 21, 1920 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1922 to 1935, Krider taught at Chinzei Gakuin in Nagasaki. In 1927, he served as President of the American Association of Nagasaki. Walter Krider died in Denver, Colorado on October 12, 1967 at the age of 73.

Jennie Kuyper

Jennie M. Kuyper was born in Pella, Iowa on April 3, 1872. A graduate of the University of Chicago, Kuyper taught in the Chicago school system before becoming the principal of the Rochester Academy in Rochester, Wisconsin (1901-05). In 1905, she became a missionary with the Reformed Church in America and teacher at Ferris Seminary in Yokohama. She returned briefly to the United States in 1919 due to an illness and was assigned to Kagoshima when she went back to Japan. In 1922, Kuyper became the third principal at Ferris Seminary. She died in the Great Kanto Earthquake on September 1, 1923 at the age of 51. Her ashes were carried to Nagasaki by fellow missionaries who were attending a conference in the city. While she has no surviving gravestone at Sakamoto International Cemetery in Nagasaki, she does have one in the international cemetery at Yokohama.

Harriet Lansing

Harriet M. Lansing was born in Lisha's Kill, New York on September 26, 1860. She attended Moody Bible Institute in Chicago before coming to Nagasaki in 1893 as a missionary with the Reformed Church in America. Lansing taught at Sturges Seminary [Umegasaki Jo Gakkō] until moving to Kagoshima in 1898. She later did evangelical work in Fukuoka. From 1924 to 1928, Lansing worked at Seijo Gakuin in Tokyo; She spent her last years with her sister in Richmond Hills, New York. Harriet Lansing died on January 22, 1933 at the age of 72.

Carrie Lanterman

Carrie B. Lanterman was born in Oxford, New Jersey on March 12, 1862. A graduate of New Jersey State Normal School, Lanterman came to Nagasaki in August 1890 to teach English and calisthenics at Sturges Seminary [Umegasaki Jo Gakkō]. In April 1892, she was placed in charge of the school, but she died of a short illness at Higashiyamate residence on September 10 at the age of 30. Her grave at Sakamoto International Cemetery became the first missionary grave of the Reformed Church's Women's Board of Missions in Japan.

John Liggins

The first of the American Mission Boards to respond to a 1858 appeal for Protestant missionaries in Japan was that of the American Episcopal Church, which had the advantage of a station and missionaries already in China. Chosen to go to Nagasaki were two missionaries in China at the time: John Liggins and Channing Moore Williams. Liggins and Williams were both 1855 graduates of the Virginia Theological Seminary who had gone to Shanghai in July 1856. Liggins, who was ill, was sent ahead to take advantage of Nagasaki's invigorating climate. He arrived on May 2, 1859 — almost two months before the official opening of the foreign settlement. Liggins and later Williams were housed at Kotokuin within Shofukuji Temple because the settlement was not yet ready for residence.

Liggins immediately began to teach English to Japanese interpreters, but the new Nagasaki bugyo proclaimed that he would not allow the teaching of Christianity. The religious duties of Liggins and Williams were thus limited to serving as ministers for the American and British residents of the foreign settlement and to leading services for visiting sailors. John Liggins was forced to leave Nagasaki for the U.S. on February 24, 1860 due to ill health. He never again set foot in Japan.

Carroll Long

In April 1880, Carroll S. Long arrived in Nagasaki with his wife Flora as missionaries with the Methodist Episcopal Church. His primary aim in coming to Nagasaki was to build a Methodist school for boys. He brought with him a mere $500, however, so he and Flora began to teach English classes to raise more money for a school building. The classes were the foundation of what was to become Cobleigh Seminary [Chinzei Gakkan, later Gakuin] in October of the following year. The school was built on the hill at No. 6 Higashiyamate near Kwassui Jo Gakkō.

Carroll Long was born near Athens, Tennessee on January 3, 1850. He graduated from East Tennessee Wesleyan in 1878 and the following year married Flora Smith in Canton, New York. The Longs sailed for Japan on February 28, 1880 and arrived in April. While in Nagasaki, three children were born to Carroll and Flora: Mary (1880), Flora (1881) and Pauline (1883). A fourth child, "Michi" Geraldine, was born in Yokohama in 1887.

Long served as principal of the school for a year, during a period of growth induced by a religious revival in Japan. In October 1882, he was joined by a second Methodist missionary, W.C. Kitchin, who was appointed head of the school. Long went home in April 1885, never to return to Nagasaki, but the school he founded continued to flourish. Carroll Long died in Asheville, North Carolina on September 4, 1890 at the age of 40.

John Major

John Benjamin Major was born in Strasbourg, France in 1835. By 1858, he was in Shanghai with his brother Robert, who was a silk inspector, and by June of the following year, he had made his way to Nagasaki at the young age of 24. He soon established the trading firm of Major & Co., which had its headquarters at No. 5 Ōura. He also rented No. 10 Higashiyamate for the purpose of constructing a private residence, a project that would never come to fruition. On April 20, 1861, Major was elected as one of three original members (the others being William J. Alt and Franklin Field) to the Municipal Council, the ruling body of the foreign settlement in its early years. Situated between the establishments of Glover and Alt on the Bund, Major and Co. was poised to become one of the leading trading firms in Nagasaki when John Major suddenly passed away on February 19, 1862. He is buried at Ōura International Cemetery.

Pauline May

Pauline May was born in Chicago, Illinois on June 27, 1898. She arrived in Japan as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church on September 4, 1922 and by the following year was teaching at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. May married fellow Methodist missionary Ralph E. West on July 11, 1925 and was forced to quit teaching at Kwassui. She did, however, spend the next two years teaching at Chinzei Gakuin, the Methodist boys' school in town. Pauline May died in Walnut Creek, California on May 5, 1986 at the age of 87.

Mary Melton

Mary E. Melton arrived in Nagasaki on December 7, 1897. Her primary duty was to head the Bible Women's Training Department at Kwassui. Born in Jacksonville, Illinois on March 19, 1873, Melton graduated from Illinois Women's College in 1891, Chicago Training School in 1894, and the Bible Institute (Chicago) in 1896. At Kwassui, she trained students to be evangelists. Mary Melton was stricken by a sudden attack of typhoid fever and died in Nagasaki on June 11, 1916 at the age of 43. She is the only missionary from Kwassui to have died in Nagasaki and been buried at one of the city's international cemeteries B Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Helen Moore

Helen G. Moore was born in Albany, New York on April 3, 1903. She became a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church and first came to Nagasaki in 1931. Moore taught economics at Kwassui on three different occasions: September 1931-1933, 1939-1941, and 1947-67. During WWII she was interned by the Japanese in the Philippines. Helen Moore died in Asheville, North Carolina on July 22, 1980 at the age of 77.

Jeane Noordhoff

Jeane J. Noordhoff was born in Alton, Iowa on November 5, 1883. She was a teacher in the public schools in Iowa and South Dakota from 1909 to 1911 and then came to Japan as a missionary with the Reformed Church in America. Noordhoff spent the year 1914-1915 teaching at Sturges Seminary in Nagasaki, and then was back in the city in 1937 when she served as the president of the American Association of Nagasaki. She remained a missionary to Japan until 1952. Jeane Noordhoff died in Orange City, Iowa on September 29, 1970 at the age of 86.

Albert Oltmans

Albert Oltmans was born in Zuidbroek, Groningen, the Netherlands on November 19, 1854 and immigrated to the United States in 1873. He received his B.A. from Hope College in 1883 and then graduated from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1886. Oltmans immediately went to Japan as a missionary with the Reformed Church. He and his wife Alice [Voorhoorst] arrived in Nagasaki on October 16, 1886.

Oltmans' arrival coincided with the beginning of construction of the Reformed Church's two school buildings. The boys' school, called Steele Academy, was constructed at No. 9 Higashiyamate and the girls' school, Sturges Seminary, was built nearby at No. 14 Higashiyamate. Construction was completed in the summer of 1887. Oltmans was placed in charge of Steele Academy and Mary Brokaw was named principal of Sturges Seminary. Sturges opened on September 14, 1887 with an enrollment was less than 20; Steele Academy opened 12 days later. "The small classes Oltmans had been teaching in temporary facilities grew immediately to a student body of more than 60 students. Within months, enrollment at Steele Academy rose to about a hundred students." Oltmans administered Steele Academy as its first principal until his departure in 1889. He remained a missionary in Japan until his death in Yokohama in June 1939 at the age of 84.

Caroline Peckham

Caroline S. Peckham was born in Bloom City, Wisconsin on February 5, 1891. A missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church, Peckham first came to Japan as a language student on November 15, 1915. She spent three terms teaching at Kwassui: 1917-1928, 1930-1941 & 1948-1957. While in Nagasaki, she also served as treasurer of the Seamen's Home and President of the American Association of Nagasaki. Peckham departed Japan in 1962. She died in Lebanon, Ohio on December 12, 1982 at the age of 91.

H.V.S. Peeke

Harmon Van Slyck Peeke was born in Owasco, New York on November 6, 1866. He received his B.A. from Hope College in 1887 and then went to Japan as a missionary with the Reformed Church in America. Peeke was in Nagasaki from January 21, 1888 to 1891 teaching at Tōzan Gakuin. He attended New Brunswick Theological Seminary from 1891 to 1892 and then graduated from Auburn Theological Seminary in 1893. Peeke received his D.D. from Hope College in 1913. He remained a missionary in Japan until 1929. H.V.S. Peeke died in Holland, Michigan on December 27, 1929 at the age of 63. He was survived by his wife Vesta Olive Greer.

Caroline Van Petten

Caroline W. Van Petten was born in Washington, Illinois on May 31, 1854. A member of first class to admit women at Northwestern; Van Petten later graduated from Mt. Union College in Ohio. After the death of her husband, she went to Japan, arriving on September 26, 1881. Van Petten came to Nagasaki in 1893 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. While in Nagasaki, Van Petten supervised evangelical work for the Methodist mission in Kyushu and the Ryukyus. She died in Santa Monica, California on October 24, 1916 at the age of 62.

Albertus Pieters

Albertus Pieters was born in Alto, Wisconsin on February 5, 1869. He received his B.A. from Hope College in1887 and his M.A. from the same institution in1890. Upon his graduation from the Western Theological Seminary in 1891, Pieters went to Nagasaki (with his wife Emma Kollen) to serve as a missionary with the Reformed Church in America. He served two tours of duty in Nagasaki: 1891 to 1898 and 1904 to 1910. During the latter stay, he also served as principal of Steele Academy (Tōzan Gakuin). On January 31, 1908, Henry K. Pieters, the nine-month-old son of Albertus and Emma Pieters died and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

After leaving Nagasaki, Pieters remained a missionary in Japan until 1923. He served as a professor at Hope College from 1923 to 1926 (receiving a Doctor of Divinity there in 1924) and a professor at the Western Theological Seminary from 1926 to 1939; Albertus Pieters died in Holland, Michigan on December 24, 1955 at the age of 86.

Pauline Place

Pauline A. Place was born in Pennville, Indiana on March 23, 1888. On September 18, 1916, Place came as a Methodist missionary to Nagasaki to teach at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. She remained at Kwassui until 1927. Place also spent 1930 to 1936 in Nagasaki, at which time she was involved in kindergarten and social work in the city. Her elder sister Olive taught music at Kwassui from 1920 to 1921.

Celestin [Charles] And Anthony Rambach

Celestin [Charles] Rambach, who was born in Schwobsheim, France in 1864, came to Nagasaki in 1891 and was one of the original teachers hired by Barth when Kaisei Gakkō was located at Hokaura-machi. He was joined by his older brother Anthony at Kaisei on February 2, 1897. Anthony, also a native of Schwobsheim, was born January 17, 1853 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen at Cincinnati, Ohio on April 28, 1894. Besides teaching at Kaisei, he also taught English at the Telegraph School in Umegasaki. Anthony died in Yokohama on February 27, 1921 at the age of 68.

In addition to teaching at Kaisei, Celestin also taught French for years at Nagasaki Koto Shogyo Gakkō. In 1941, Rambach lost both jobs, as Kaisei was ordered shut down by Japanese officials and he was dismissed from his other position because of fears that he might be a foreign spy. Interned in Tokyo during World War II, Celestin Rambach remained in the city after hostilities ceased. He died in Tokyo on April 23, 1953 at the age of 89 — having spent the final 62 years of his life in Japan — and was buried at the Yokohama Foreign Cemetery.

Irving Rand

In 1901, the U.S. Army built a government hospital in Nagasaki to administer to the needs of American soldiers going to and from the Philippines. As early as January 1899, the Nagasaki English-language newspaper had announced that the U.S. government was going to establish an Army Sanitarium in the city for use by American troops at Manila. It would take more than two years, however, for this for this report to become a reality. In January 1901, work finally began in earnest when the U.S. Secretary of War instructed Major John Hyde, Quartermaster of the U.S. Army Depot in Nagasaki, to lease a building for use as a hospital. Japanese officials refused to sanction a Government Military Hospital, but did agree to allow the United States to open and maintain temporarily a private hospital for army use. The building decided upon, No. 2 Higashiyamate, was owned by the Methodist Church. Dr. Irving W. Rand, surgeon of the U.S. Army, was put in charge of operations at the hospital. The experiment, envisioned by both the Americans and Japanese as temporary from its inception, was soon abandoned.

Archibald Rigby

Archibald E. Rigby was born on June 7, 1871 in Wheeling, Iowa. From December 1, 1900 to 1907, the Methodist missionary taught at Chinzei in Nagasaki. Rigby left the ministry in 1914 and became farmer and teacher in Iowa. He died there on May 27, 1940 at the age of 68.

David Ruigh

David C. Ruigh was born in Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa on March 25, 1872. He received his B.A. from Hope College in 1896 and his M.A. from the same institution in1899. Ruigh also graduated from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1899. His wife was Christine Carst. From 1902 to 1905, he served as a missionary in China. Ruigh was a missionary in Japan from 1905 to 1927. From September 1921 to March 1927, he was principal at Tōzan Gakuin in Nagasaki. During his stay in Nagasaki, he was also president of the American Association of Nagasaki. David Ruigh died in East Williamson, New York on March 15, 1962 at the age of 89.

Elizabeth Russell

Elizabeth Russell was born in Cadiz, Ohio on October 9, 1836, the eldest daughter of James and Julia Russell. The Russells had been married in West Liberty, Virginia (later West Virginia), and returned there in 1838. The family remained there until 1844, when it moved to Wheeling.

Although raised in a Presbyterian-Episcopal family, Elizabeth joined the local Methodist Church at age 16. In 1856 she left home to enter Washington (Pennsylvania) Female Seminary as a full-time boarding student. She graduated in 1859 and returned home to Wheeling, where she worked for a while as a photographic painter. In 1861 the Civil War came to Wheeling and disrupted the lives of its inhabitants until its conclusion four years later.

From the mid-1860s Elizabeth came to live with her younger sister Julia Chapman, first in Cumberland, Maryland and later in Piedmont and Keyser, West Virginia where Julia's husband worked. Elizabeth was a school teacher at all three cities. In 1873, Elizabeth began organizing Women's Foreign Missionary Societies in the Methodist churches around Keyser. Three years later she became Secretary of the West Virginia Conference. Then in July 1879 the 43--year-old Russell offered her services to the Cincinnati Branch as a foreign missionary. She was initially assigned to a girls' high school in Calcutta, India, but two weeks before her scheduled departure she was informed that she would be sent instead to Nagasaki to open a girls' school there. Accompanying her as an evangelist would be a woman from Pennsylvania named Jean Gheer, whom she had never met.

Russell and Gheer departed from San Francisco on October 25, 1879 and arrived in Nagasaki on November 23. There they stayed in a small house at No. 16 Higashiyamate. By December 1 they were teaching English to a 23-year old widow named Kanbai Yoshiko (No). By April of the following year, Kanbai remarried and discontinued her instruction with Russell and Gheer, but 14 students did finish the school year at what came to be called Kwassui Jo Gakkō.

In 1880, the school was temporarily transferred to William Alt's spacious former residence at No. 14 Minamiyamate, while a request for funds to build a new structure at Higashiyamate was prepared. The funds for the new building were approved in May 1881, construction began in June, and by the end of May 1882 the building was officially opened. The school had 43 students and one Japanese male teacher, in addition to Russell and Gheer.

Departments added to Kwassui Jo Gakkō over the next decade included Industrial (sewing and embroidery), Science, Bible Training, Music and Art. Additional female missionaries also began to arrive in 1883.

In 1885, two important developments occurred: Russell adopted a baby girl from the family of her first student, and Gheer went to Fukuoka to establish a girls' school there. The adopted daughter was named Ellen May Russell (usually called May). The school in Fukuoka was originally designated Eiwa Jo Gakkō, but was later renamed Fukuoka Jo Gakkō.

In 1889, Elizabeth Russell took her first furlough to America, accompanied by young May. She visited her sister Julia who was living with her four children in Berlin, Pennsylvania (Mr. Chapman had died suddenly seven years earlier). Elizabeth recommended that the family move to Delaware, Ohio, the home of the Methodist-supported Ohio Wesleyan College, and even helped them select their new home there. Elizabeth and May stayed with the Chapman family until returning to Japan in October 1890.

Kwassui Jo Gakkō continued to grow under Russell's leadership. By 1891 the school offered up to 14 years of education: two years of primary, four of preparatory, four of academic, and four of collegiate. Even after the closing of the foreign settlement in 1899, Kwassui Jo Gakkōremained open upon receiving approval from local Japanese authorities.

In 1900, Elizabeth Russell went home to her sister's place in Ohio on her second furlough (May had been sent back four years earlier to live with the Chapmans and attend local schools). Upon departure from Nagasaki, she turned over administration of Kwassui Jo Gakkō to Marianna Young.

While Elizabeth returned to Nagasaki after her furlough, May remained in Ohio and graduated from high school in 1906. May then entered Ohio Wesleyan as an English major. When she graduated with honors in 1910, her adopted mother Elizabeth was there to witness the ceremonies, as it coincided with her third home leave.

The 74-year-old Elizabeth Russell made plans once again to return to Nagasaki, this time with May accompanying her. Unfortunately, May fell ill on the return trip, and they did not reach Nagasaki until January 1911. Elizabeth went back to work at Kwassui Jo Gakkō, while May taught English first at the YWCA and later at Kwassui.

In 1912, Kwassui Jo Gakkō received official Japanese government recognition, after agreeing to drop its primary course. Above high school, there was one year of preparatory work and then four years of college. By its 35th anniversary in 1914, Kwassui had more than 300 students. In July 1919 Kwassui Woman's College also received official government recognition.

With Kwassui doing splendidly, the 83-year-old Elizabeth Russell decided it was time to retire. She departed Nagasaki in May 1919 and in June received a "Blue Ribbon" decoration from the emperor before leaving Japan for the final time. May Russell accompanied her on the trip home.

Soon after reaching the United States, however, May's health began to deteriorate, and she was admitted to a tuberculosis sanitarium in Michigan. May was told she could never teach again, and decided to pursue an M.A. in literature at Ohio Wesleyan, which she received in 1922. After that, she worked in the Alumni Office at Wesleyan and cared for her mother.

Elizabeth Russell would outlive both her younger sister and May, however, as the former died in 1922 and May passed away in an Ohio tuberculosis sanitarium two years later at the age of 39. Russell lived four more years, before dying at the age of 91.

H. Ernst Schmid

In the 19th century, it was not uncommon for medical missionaries to serve as members of Christian mission stations in Asia. The first medical missionary assigned to Nagasaki was Ernst H. Schmid of the American Episcopal Church. In April 1860, Schmid joined the Episcopal missionary C.M. Williams, who had been in Nagasaki since the end of June the previous year. The strategy of including a physician in the Nagasaki mission was devised by the missionary S. Wells Williams of China (who had visited Nagasaki in September 1858) and agreed to by the Mission Board of the Episcopal Church. In order to foster good will, "A physician should be part of the mission, one who would give his professional services free."

Since foreign housing was not yet available upon Schmid's arrival in Nagasaki, he and Williams lived and worked out of Kotokuin within Sofukuji Temple. In July 1861, Schmid rented No. 4 Higashiyamate within the foreign settlement. According to Guido Verbeck, a Reformed Church missionary who lived in Nagasaki at the time, Schmid "opened a very successful work among the natives, but was obliged to return home on account of ill health, on November 25, 1861." Schmid's departure marked the end of the experiment to attach physicians to church missions in Nagasaki.

F.N. Scott

On November 17, 1906, Francis Newton Scott came to Nagasaki as a one-year replacement for Epperson Fulkerson at Chinzei Gakuin (its name had changed from Chinzei Gakkan the previous year), but stayed until 1940. Scott was born in Chesley, Ontario on June 20, 1870. He later moved to Litchfield, Minnesota where his father became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In 1896, Francis received his A.B. from Hamblin University and three years later graduated from Drew Seminary, the Methodist training institution in Madison, New Jersey. In December 1899, Scott married Annie J. McLellan of Nova Scotia. Their first child, Frances Mary, was born in 1901 in Brown Valley, Minnesota.

The Scott family initially came to Japan in 1903, where Francis served as a Methodist missionary in Nagoya. A year after the arrival of Francis and Annie Scott in Nagasaki in 1906, a son, Paul, was born to the couple. Tragedy was not too far behind, however, as Frances died of diphtheria on January 3, 1909 in Nagasaki and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Harlan died two years later in California. As a memorial to the two children, the Scotts helped raise money to establish a kindergarten at AkunŌura in Nagasaki. Annie Scott for years headed this school. F.N. Scott retired on November 1, 1940 and he and Annie moved to Ontario, California. She passed away there on July 24, 1942 and Francis followed December 21, 1947 at the age of 77.

Luman Shafer

Luman J, Shafer was born in Vintonton, New York on November 21, 1887. Shafer received his B.A. from Rutgers in 1909 and his M.A. from the same institution in 1912. He also graduated from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1912. Upon graduation, Shafer became a Reformed Church missionary to Japan, a position he maintained until 1935. He served at Tōzan Gakuin in Nagasaki on three occasions: 1919-1921, 1923 and 1925. While in Nagasaki, Shafer also held the position of secretary to the local YMCA. On a sad note, on January 19, 1921, his second son, Luman, Jr., died of influenza at the age of two and was buried at the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery. From 1935 to 1955, Luman Shafer served as the secretary of the Foreign Missionary Board. He died at Penney Farms, Florida on January 1, 1958 at the age of 70.

Marian Simons

Marian G. Simons was born in Detroit, Michigan on May 9, 1899. She arrived in Japan on September 5, 1930 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1937 to1941, she taught at Kwassui was employed as a social worker at the Ōura Community Center in Nagasaki. She returned to Nagasaki after WWII and from 1958 to 1961 she worked at the Yuai Kan Social Center. Marian Simons died at Asheville, North Carolina on March 5, 1981 at the age of 81.

Maude Simons

Maude E. Simons was in born Fredericktown, Ohio on January 13, 1865. On April 27, 1889, Simons came to Nagasaki as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church and organized and taught in the art department at Kwassui Jo Gakkō. She transferred to Yokohama in 1892. Maude Simons died in a ship accident in Tokyo Harbor on July 29, 1898 at the age of 33.

Frank H. Smith

Frank Herron Smith was born in Viola, Illinois on March 6, 1879. He received his A.B. from State University of Kansas in 1902 and his B.D. from the Garrett Biblical Institute in 1905. Smith arrived in Nagoya, Japan on September 12, 1905 as a Methodist Episcopal Church missionary. From 1909 to 1914, he was in Nagasaki at Chinzei, and he served as the acting principal of the school from 1910 to 1912. During WWII, he broadcasted to the Japanese over American radio. Smith retired from missionary work in 1946 and later served as the Superintendent of Japanese Methodist Work on the Pacific Coast. Frank Smith died in Los Altos, California in August 1965.

Lida Smith

Lida B. Smith was born in Collamer, New York on May 5, 1859. She came to Nagasaki on December 12, 1885 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church and was sent to work at a school in Fukuoka until December 1889. Smith, who was the sister of Flora Smith [Mrs. C.S. Long], later spent two terms of service in Nagasaki (1896-97 and 1909-10) teaching at Kwassui before her retirement in 1912. Lida Smith died of pneumonia in South Orange, New Jersey on April 9, 1926 at the age of 66.

David Spencer

David Spencer came to Nagasaki in September 1886, and became the fourth principal of Chinzei Gakuin, serving in this capacity until 1892. Born in Lemon, Pennsylvania on January 31, 1854, he became a member of the Methodist Church at age 14. Spencer graduated from Wyoming Seminary in 1879 and Drew Theological Seminary in 1884. In May 1882, he married Mary Ann Pike of Factoryville, Pennsylvania. They went to Japan in 1884, with David serving as a professor with the Philander Smith Biblical Institute. The Spencers spent eight years in Nagasaki, where they had three children, including a son, Robert (born 1888), who later became a Methodist missionary and teacher at Chinzei himself. David Spencer retired in October 1926 and passed away in Pasadena, California on October 31, 1929 at the age of 75.

Bertha Starkey

Bertha F. Starkey was born in McCutchenville, Ohio on November 23, 1881. She arrived in Nagasaki on November 6, 1910 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Starkey taught at Kwassui Jo Gakkō until 1916. She later taught in Fukuoka, Korea and Manchuria. Bertha Starkey died in Asheville, North Carolina on August 11, 1976 at the age of 94.

Henry Stout

Henry Stout was born on January 19, 1838 in Raritan, New Jersey, the third child of the farmer/carpenter John Baptist Dumont Stout and the devout Christian Ann Berger. Henry attended a small private school in Chester, New Jersey and later studied at Rutgers College. Upon graduation from the latter institution in 1865, he entered the New Brunswick Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in America. In May 1868, Stout completed his work at the seminary and was ordained at his home church in Raritan. The same month, Guido Verbeck requested that a Reformed Church missionary be sent to assist him in Nagasaki. In June, Stout married Elizabeth Provost and in November the newlyweds were commissioned as missionaries of the Reformed Church. The Stouts left for Japan in January 1869, expecting to join Rev. and Mrs. Guido Verbeck at the church's Nagasaki station.

Arriving in Nagasaki in March 1869, the Stouts were dismayed to discover that the Verbecks were in the process of packing their belongings in order to move to Tokyo. In less than two weeks, the Verbecks were gone and the Stouts were left to operate the Nagasaki mission on their own out of Daitokuji Temple.

The prohibition against propagating Christianity outside of the foreign settlement was still in effect, so Henry Stout took over Verbeck's position at the government school (Kounkan) teaching English. Stout, like Verbeck before him, had hoped to use this base as a means to reach Japanese students and foster goodwill among Japanese government officials.

On January 26, 1870, the Stouts were blessed with the birth of their first child, a son whom they christened John Provost Stout. A week later, Henry Stout purchased a large, brick residence for the family on the hill at No. 14 Higashiyamate overlooking the harbor. The building, which had been built six years earlier for Rainbow, Lewis and Co. at a cost of approximately $4,000, was available at auction to Stout for $1,600 because of the trade depression that had occurred in Nagasaki after the opening of the foreign settlement at Hyogo. Stout proudly listed his address as "Green Bluff" in his official correspondence with the Mission Board of the Reformed Church.

As early as March 1870, Stout voiced reservations about the effectiveness of teaching English at Kounkan, but he continued instruction because there was little else the Japanese government would allow him to do. By mid 1872, he not only was teaching five and a half hours a week at the government school, but also had a class for eight young men in the evening. In the meantime, the Stouts had become the proud parents of a daughter, Anna Berger Stout, who was born on March 19 in Nagasaki.

Stout's dissatisfaction with merely teaching English at the government school is evident from a November 1872 letter in which he announced that he had finally become a full-fledged missionary after quitting his position at the school over new government regulations. He also announced in the same letter that since August he had had ten young men reading the New Testament every night at his home without any particular harassment from local government officials. He candidly admitted that the students came at first to learn English, but as he discovered, "men are sometimes caught with guile...," and he was able to teach about Christianity in this manner.

Around this time, Stout talked to a local official about the prospects of female education in Nagasaki, and concluded that something might come of it. The official said that it might be arranged to have some girls come to the Stout house every day to be taught by Mrs. Stout, and that this might be the beginning of a girls' school. Henry Stout then appealed to the Mission Board to send two additional female teachers to Nagasaki to prepare for such a school. By the following month, a small girls' school within the Stout house at Higashiyamate had gone into operation, with ten students who came for an hour or two a day, and the promise of eight more.

At the beginning of February 1873, the girls' school had taken on so many pupils that it had to be removed to a larger building in the city. Stout was asked to teach some boys in the same school in the afternoon, and agreed to do so if he were given sole control over instruction. As a result of these developments, Elizabeth Stout taught about 50 girls and Henry Stout about 30 boys at the school.

Word came later in the month that the Japanese government had decided not to enforce the ban on Christianity, so Henry Stout felt it was time to act. He took a Bible to the school and invited those who desired to do so, to remain and read it after the usual lessons. The incident caused the schools to be disbanded. Stout had clearly pushed too hard too soon; enforcement of the edicts against Christianity may have eased, but the laws against Christianity were still on the books.

Smaller classes of 11 girls and 15 boys were resumed at the Stout residence, with Bible reading in addition to regular classes. The Stouts also began a Sunday School in their parlor. In June, a large school house was constructed. There the first baptisms took place, the first native prayer meeting was held, and the Gospel was publicly preached. The baptism of three students, including Segawa Asashi who would become the most important Japanese Protestant minister of his day in western Japan, took place in early September. The following month, Stout began public preaching, with the assistance of Segawa, at the new building. Finally, in February 1874, a boarding house for up to 16 men was built on the grounds.

Henry Stout was having so much success reaching students through his school that he decided to concentrate more on education. Just as he made this decision, however, his wife's poor health proved the downfall of the girls' school. The school, which had been operated on a limited basis in 1873, finally closed in the summer of 1874. While Elizabeth Stout's school did not prove successful, in the meantime a number of Japanese schools for females had opened. Henry Stout, long an advocate of women's education in Japan, welcomed the increased Japanese interest in girls' schools.

The situation in Nagasaki certainly appeared hopeful, and Stout set about looking for a site to establish a church for Japanese. He had determined that the school on the hill at Higashiyamate was too far removed from the native town to conduct successful evangelical work, but failed in his attempt to find a suitable building in the city. He therefore, in June, decided to build his church at No. 5 Umegasaki, which was still within the confines of the foreign settlement but situated at street-level and contiguous to the native town. On August 20, before the building could be completed, however, disaster struck when a typhoon hit Nagasaki. The typhoon resulted in a two-month delay and a financial setback, but the church was up and operating by the end of the year. The structure, often referred to as Umegasaki Church, was 28 x 50 feet and under normal circumstances had seating for 100 people. It also included a 270-pound bell from a Buddhist monastery that was donated by a friend of Stout's. The construction marked the first Protestant church in Nagasaki built for Japanese residents of the city. Also built on the same lot was a bookstore attached to

the mission.

In 1875, Stout, using Segawa's name, rented a building in the native town at Sakaya-machi as an additional preaching place. On Christmas Day the following year, Stout organized Nagasaki Itchi Kyokai (Nagasaki Union Church) on the site, with ten adults and two baptized children as members. Among those baptized here was Tomegawa Ichiro, a friend of Segawa's. Over time, Tomegawa would prove to be a vital contributor to the Reformed Church mission in Kyushu.

On numerous occasions in 1875 and 1876, Stout pleaded with both the Mission Board and the Woman's Board for help in Nagasaki, especially in the area of female teachers so that a formal girls' school could be started up again — preferably adjacent to the other mission buildings on the hill at No. 14 Higashiyamate. Exasperated at the slow pace of progress in this regard, Elizabeth Stout, in the spring of 1877, agreed to reopen the girls' school in their home upon the condition that female teachers soon be sent to Nagasaki.

In 1877, Stout sent Segawa to the newly-established Japan Union Seminary in Tokyo to continue his theological education. Segawa stayed about a year, during which time he was designated a licensed preacher and passed part of the examination for ordination. He returned to Nagasaki in the summer of 1878 and married Fujiyama Tsuya, a young woman who had studied for three years at Ferris Seminary in Yokohama. In July 1878, the sisters Elizabeth and Mary Farrington from Fishkill, New York were finally sent by the Woman's Board to open a girls' school in Nagasaki. The sisters arrived on August 25 and began teaching the following month. By mid-October, however, the elder sister was in ill health. The sisters left Nagasaki for Yokohama in January 1879 in an effort to seek treatment. They eventually returned to the U.S., having spent less than five months in Nagasaki.

The decade thus ended for the Stouts and the Reformed Church in Nagasaki on another disappointing note. Schools were opened and closed with great frequency, as the Stouts proved unable, especially given Elizabeth Stout's poor health, to operate them alone. When help did arrive, it too proved inadequate. Evangelical efforts moved forward after 1873, but Henry Stout still felt that education was the tool to religious advancement, and this was an area that had to be improved.

As far as a Reformed Church school for boys in Nagasaki was concerned, conditions in 1878 seemed ripe for a new beginning. Stout said that what was needed to make this a reality was the dispatch of another missionary to Nagasaki. An additional man attached to the mission would also allow the Stouts to return to the United States on furlough — something they had not yet been able to do during their ten-year stay in Nagasaki. The Mission Board agreed to send an additional missionary couple, Eugene and Emilie Booth, but they did not arrive in Nagasaki until months after the Stouts had departed for America.

The Stouts left in the spring of 1879 but the Booths did not reach Nagasaki until December 9, just in time to witness the wedding of Tomegawa Ichiro. While attending the Annual Meeting of the Japan Mission of the Reformed Church in America at Yokohama in December 1880, Booth participated in two motions concerning the Nagasaki Station. The first authorized the station to acquire the title to No. 16 Higashiyamate, the piece of land that separated the Reformed Church property from the road. The second suggested that the Reformed Church be removed from the Foreign Settlement to the native town. Neither motion was immediately acted upon, but they clearly identified two issues that were important to the development of the Nagasaki Station.

The Stouts returned to Nagasaki on December 19, 1880. Henry Stout was reinvigorated by his leave and was ready to lay what he hoped were the final plans for Reformed Church schools in the town. Even though the Methodists had opened Kwassui Jo Gakkō in December 1879, Henry Stout felt that there was room for another girls' school in Nagasaki; all the Reformed Church needed was some money and a qualified female missionary to teach. The Reformed Church already had Japanese assistants in place in Nagasaki to aid such a missionary. Stout also believed there were enough students for a school, as many who would have preferred going to a Dutch Reform school were simply biding their time in other mission schools. He also thought that the Methodists had erred in building a large school and making plans to subsidize the education of most of their students. Stout disagreed with the aim of many mission schools for girls, feeling that an education should be useful in life. He liked to tell the story of how useless he felt an English education was for most Japanese girls. "I once heard an old man lament that while he understood that his daughter had made quite a reputation for writing letters in English to America, he had to hang his head in shame for the wretched Japanese she used in her letters to him."

He also disliked the Americanization or Europeanization of female education in Japan. "The [mission] schools are built upon European plans, and the studies are chiefly English. It seems to us that it would be better to establish a boarding school in a number of Japanese houses... There they could be taught not only English and Japanese branches of learning, but to be useful as wives and members of society when they leave their school." If he were given the opportunity to set up a school in Nagasaki, this is the way he would conduct female education.

In 1884, events began to occur that laid the foundation for permanent Reformed Church schools for both girls and boys. Up until that time, the Stouts basically had operated alone. Finally, in late 1883 and throughout 1884, four missionaries — two males and two females — were added to the Nagasaki station.

The influx of personnel freed Stout to open a short course in theology in September to three students. The two male missionaries worked on their Japanese language skills and helped Japanese students with their English. The two new female members devoted their time almost exclusively to the study of Japanese until just before the end of the year when they took a few girls into their home and created the nucleus of a school. Not all of the new missionary personnel, however, worked out. One of the women resigned the following year to get married, and one of the men had a difference of opinion with Stout. He did not believe that a mission school was needed in Nagasaki, and because of his arguments with Stout over the matter, he asked to be transferred to Tokyo.

In October 1886, Albert Oltmans arrived in Nagasaki to replace the missionary transferred to Tokyo, and the building of the schools finally got underway. The boys' school, called Steele Academy, and the girls' school, Sturges Seminary, were both constructed on the hill in the foreign settlement near the Methodist schools. "Construction was carried on simultaneously at the two sites, beginning in the fall of 1886; the work was completed in the summer of 1887. Stout himself not only served as architect, but also supervised all the construction work." Oltmans was placed in charge of Steele Academy and the remaining female missionary was named principal of Sturges Seminary.

Sturges Seminary opened in the new building on September 14, 1887 with fewer than 20 students and Steele Academy opened 12 days later. Although enrollment at the latter was originally poor, within months there were almost hundred students. Steele not only had an Academic Department under its new structure, but the theological classes taught by Stout and his Japanese assistant were brought into the school as the Theological Department. Oltmans administered the school while Stout concentrated on theological education. In January 1888 a young graduate of Hope College, H.V.S. Peeke, came to Nagasaki to help Oltmans with the teaching at Steele.

With educational matters finally stabilized and in good hands, the Stouts took their second furlough to the U.S. from early 1888 to early 1889. Upon his return to Nagasaki, the Tokyo and Nagasaki branches of the Japan Mission of the Reformed Church in America split, with Nagasaki from this time on being referred to as the South Japan Mission. This meant that at the end of Henry Stout's second decade in Nagasaki, two of the goals that he had fought for over the years had been achieved — the establishment of Reformed Church mission schools in Nagasaki and the independence of the Nagasaki Station from the dominance of the north.

The last decade of the 19th century opened on a positive note for Stout and the Reformed Church in Nagasaki, but soon turned to tragedy. In the summer of 1890, Carrie Lanterman arrived to teach English and calisthenics at Sturges. Two years later, she became principal of the school, but died suddenly in September of the same year at the young age of 30. A little more than a month later, 25-year-old Sara Couch arrived in Nagasaki. Couch was originally assigned to work as an evangelist, but because of Lanterman's death, she had to abandon her plans and assume charge of Sturges.

In 1895, the Stouts returned to America on a leave of absence and were forced to remain there for three years due to an illness suffered by Elizabeth Stout. They returned to Nagasaki in 1898, but Elizabeth never fully regained her health. In 1898, a very serious rift broke out between Henry Stout and two missionaries who joined him in Nagasaki in the late 1880s and early 1890s, H.V.S. Peeke and Albertus Pieters. The dispute went on for years, and eventually led to Stout's unceremonious departure from Japan. Along the way, Stout broke off social relations with the two men, even going long periods when he would not speak to them outside of official meetings. Peeke felt that Stout had lost touch with recent developments in Nagasaki.

All the while Henry Stout was feuding with Peeke and Pieters, Elizabeth's Stout's health continued to deteriorate and she finally died of acute bronchitis on March 2, 1902. She was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Henry Stout continued to live with his daughter Anna (who was also a missionary with the Reformed Church) in Nagasaki until early 1905 when Anna decided to get married, leave the mission and move to Kobe. With his wife dead and his daughter about to leave, Henry determined that his feud with church leaders was no longer worth fighting and he announced his resignation from the mission.

Just as Stout was about to leave, however, he received an offer to supervise the construction of the Y.M.C.A. headquarters in Nagasaki. This kept him in Nagasaki for another year and a half, during which time he stayed at the Japan Hotel. He eventually departed Nagasaki on May 8, 1906. From 1907 to 1911, he served as a pastor for two churches in his home state of New Jersey.

In 1911, Henry Stout returned to Japan one last time to see his daughter and grandchildren in Kobe. Before leaving Japan, he also traveled to Nagasaki where he paid a final visit to his wife's grave. Soon after he arrived back in America, Stout passed away on February 16, 1912 at his son's home in Lakehurst, New Jersey at the age of 74.

Anna Stryker

Anna K. Stryker was the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. She graduated from a female seminary in Saratoga, New York and then from 1897 to the autumn of 1900, she taught at Sturges Seminary in Nagasaki. The Reformed Church in America missionary retired in 1900 and returned to U.S. where she studied osteopathy. She later married William Clark. Anna Stryker died in September 1932 at the age of 71.

Mary Suganuma

Mary Suganuma, a native of the United States, came to Nagasaki with her Japanese husband Suganuma Motonosuke (called Joe Suganuma by the foreign community) in 1893 and operated a women's hospital here for almost three decades. Mary, who received her medical license from a homeopathic institute in Cleveland, Ohio, arrived in Japan in 1891 with the intention of conducting medical missionary work with the Methodist Church. However, in February 1893, at the age of 30, she married and was thus forced to sever her official relationship with the Methodist mission. In June 1921, fire destroyed both Mary's home and practice at Junin-machi. While much was lost in the fire, Mary began the struggle to open another hospital out of her new home at No. 15B Minamiyamate. Six months later, however, her husband died suddenly. Mary decided to return to the United States to live with her adopted Japanese son who was a student at Garrett Biblical Institute in Chicago. Mary Suganuma left Nagasaki on March 15, 1922, after having served the needy in the community for 28 years.

Daisy Sutton

Daisy B. Sutton was born in Welches, Virginia on November 17, 1880. She arrived Nagasaki in March 1908 and taught at Kwassui Jo Gakkō until December 29, 1909 when she married a Lutheran missionary named Lewis S.G. Miller. She served with him in Kyushu into the 1930s. Daisy Sutton died in Virginia on October 23, 1933 at the age of 52.

Minnie Taylor

Minnie Taylor was born in Rockland Lake, New York on May 9, 1868. She graduated from the California State Normal School and later became a mission schoolteacher in Los Angeles. In 1910, Taylor became a missionary to Japan for the Reformed Church in America. In 1914 she came to Nagasaki to teach at Tōzan Gakuin and remained there until the school's closing in 1931. While in Nagasaki, she was joined by her mother, Harriet M. Taylor. Harriet Taylor (born in Milan, Ohio on August 31, 1840) died on September 10, 1919 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Minnie Taylor remained as a missionary in Japan until 1937. She died in Hollywood, California on April 15, 1970 at the age of 101.

G. Ernest Trueman

G. Ernest Trueman was a native of Strathroy, Canada, who came to Japan at the end of 1908 to work for the Y.M.C.A. He married a woman from Oberlin, Ohio on April 12, 1910, and almost immediately took his young bride down to Nagasaki for a three-week introduction to the city and local Y.M.C.A. station there. Mr. and Mrs. Trueman would return the following year to begin an eight-year stay in the city.

The Trueman's arrived in Nagasaki on April 11, 1911, so that Ernest could take over as Secretary of the Y.M.C.A. from J. Merle Davis, who had been in that position since 1905. Once in Nagasaki, the Truemans resided at No. 13A Higashiyamate. Trueman's tenure in Nagasaki saw an increase in enrollment for the Y.M.C.A. and the construction of a dormitory for students.

From May 15, 1915 to September 5, 1916, the Truemans were on leave from Nagasaki. During this period, Ernest received his M.A. in Religious Education from Columbia University. Other than this educational leave and a one-month tour of Y.M.C.A.s in China and Korea in the summer of 1914, Trueman had served the local population faithfully for over seven years when he departed for Siberia with the R.R.S.C. in September 1917.

Trueman's mission was to distribute "comfort" goods to Allied soldiers. This, in a sense, was a cruel twist of U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root's original intention to have the Y.M.C.A. go to Russia to help better relations between the American and Russian people; instead Y.M.C.A. workers were aiding invading armies.

Trueman had high hopes for both his mission ("A wonderful opportunity is before us to serve thousands of soldiers during the winter and thanks to the leading force of God which has given the Association its wonderful organization both at home and abroad, I believe that we shall be able to step in almost immediately fully equipped for the task.") and that of the R.R.S.C. ("[The engineers] practically hold the key to the transportation problem in Siberia on which depends to a very great extent the success of our army work for the Czechs and other Allied soldiers."), but neither achieved their desired ends. Trueman was back from Siberia and out of Nagasaki by March 1919 and the R.R.S.C. at best secured mixed results.

Ernest Trueman, for his part, came back to Nagasaki briefly, but then, accompanied by his wife, left permanently for Nagoya on March 17, 1919. Mrs. Trueman, unfortunately, passed away in Nagoya less than two years after the move.

Milton Vail

Milton S. Vail was born in Concord, New Hampshire in 1853. He studied at Pennington Seminary in Manheim, Germany and graduated from Boston University in 1877. Vail sailed for Japan on August 15, 1879 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. On January 1, 1885, he married Emma J. Whitbeck, the principal of Ferris Academy. From 1895 to 1900, Vail taught at Chinzei in Nagasaki; he left due to ill health. He was principal of the Anglo-Japanese Training School in San Francisco from 1903 to 1925. Milton Vail died in Oakland, CA, on September 19, 1928.

Guido F. Verbeck

Of all the Christian missionaries and educators who came to Nagasaki in the wake of Commodore Matthew Perry's opening of Japan, the most influential was undoubtedly the Dutch-born, American-trained minister Guido Verbeck. Although best known for work that he later accomplished in Tokyo — he advocated the use of the German language for Japanese medical studies, encŌuraged the dispatching of the first Japanese diplomatic mission to the United States and Europe, supported the establishment of the prefectural system, and inspired the Education Order of 1872 and the Conscription Ordinance of 1873 — Verbeck spent the first ten years of his Japan stay in Nagasaki. Here he cultivated the relationships and acquired the skills that would lead to his subsequent fame in the capital.

Verbeck was born Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeek on January 28, 1830 in the Dutch city of Zeist. Here he grew up speaking Dutch, German, French and English. At the age of 22, upon the invitation of his sister and brother-in-law, Verbeck traveled to the United States to work at a foundry. The factory, located outside of Green Bay, Wisconsin, had been developed by a Moravian missionary to build machinery for steamboats. Verbeck stayed in Wisconsin for almost a year, during which time he changed the spelling of his name to "Verbeck" in the hope that Americans could better pronounce it.

Guido Verbeck went to Brooklyn looking for work, but soon moved on to Helena, Arkansas, where he was employed as an engineer. There, in the summer of 1854, he developed cholera and spent more than a month in bed. It was during this period that Verbeck is said to have vowed to become a missionary if he survived the illness. Upon his recovery, Verbeck decided to return to Green Bay to be near his sister and brother-in-law. Less than a year later, he followed them to Auburn, New York, when the brother-in-law moved there to attend a theological seminary. Guido soon thereafter enrolled as a student himself at the seminary.

At the time, upstate New York was a hotbed of foreign missionary activity, and one of the people Verbeck met there was Rev. Samuel R. Brown, who had previously served as a missionary in China from 1838 to 1847. It was through this acquaintance with Brown that Verbeck would eventually make his way to Japan.

While Verbeck was training to become a missionary at the Auburn Theological Seminary, events half way around the world in Nagasaki were unfolding in a manner that would greatly affect the young student's life. In September 1858, two Protestant missionaries residing in China, S. Wells Williams and Edward Syle, traveled to Nagasaki to ascertain what openings might be available for introducing Protestant Christianity into Japan after the port was opened to foreign trade and residence in July of the following year. While in Nagasaki, they met Rev. Henry Wood, chaplain of the USS Powhattan, which was in the harbor at the time. Williams, Syle and Wood then took it upon themselves to write to the directors of the Episcopal, Reformed, and Presbyterian mission boards in the United States, urging them to appoint missionaries to Japan.

In response to the letter sent to the Mission Board of the Reformed Church, Brown and Verbeck were selected to go to Japan and open a mission there. Brown was undoubtedly chosen because of his experience in China, while Verbeck was selected because of his language skills. The Dutch had been the only Westerners allowed in Japan since 1640, and even they had been confined to the tiny, man-made island of Dejima in Nagasaki Harbor. Since Nagasaki was to be one of the treaty ports open to foreigners as of July 1859, Reformed Church leaders assumed (correctly, as it turned out) that a missionary with both Dutch and English language skills would initially have an advantage. Verbeck met these qualifications, and was contacted by the Board in January 1859 to see if he would be interested in going to Nagasaki. After meeting with Board members in New York City, Verbeck decided to take up the challenge of conducting missionary work in Japan.

On March 22, 1859, Guido Verbeck was licensed and ordained an evangelist by the Presbytery of Cayuga, New York, and on the following day he was received as a member of the Reformed Church classis of the same city. He then left Auburn on April 15 for Philadelphia. There three days later he married Maria Manion, a young woman from Auburn that he had met while studying at the seminary.

After a short honeymoon, Guido and Maria Verbeck sailed from New York on May 7 aboard the Surprise destined for Shanghai. Accompanying them were the Rev. and Mrs. Brown and the medical missionary Duane B. Simmons and his wife. The ship arrived on August 25 in Hong Kong, where, because of storms in the region, it was forced to stay for about a month before moving on to Shanghai. In mid-October, Verbeck met S.W. Williams, Syle and Wood, the signatories of the letter which had led to his being sent out to Asia. Soon thereafter, Brown and Simmons left for Kanagawa to establish a mission there.

On November 4, 1859, Verbeck went alone to Nagasaki, arriving on the night of the 7th and coming ashore the following morning. John Liggins and Channing Moore Williams, missionaries with the American Episcopal Church, allowed him to stay with them at their residence in Shofukuji Temple until he could find a place of his own to rent. Verbeck received protection from the U.S. Consul, although officially he never became an American citizen.

Since housing in the foreign settlement had not yet been constructed, Verbeck was forced to look for a building in the native town. He found one just below the quarters of Liggins and Williams and moved in on December 5. With a house finally secured, Verbeck was able to write his pregnant wife to join him; she arrived on December 29.

Marion Verbeck welcomed a daughter into the world on January 26, 1860. In honor of being the first Christian child born in Japan since its reopening to the world, the girl was baptized Emma Japonica Verbeck. Joy, however, soon turned to sorrow with Emma's passing on February 9. She was buried at the international cemetery at Inasa, across the harbor from the foreign settlement. The loss for the young couple was almost unbearable.

Since it was still prohibited to preach Christianity outside the foreign settlement and for Japanese to become Christians, Guido Verbeck and the other missionaries were limited primarily to studying the Japanese language, preparing Christian materials for the day when the proscription of the religion might be lifted, and teaching the English language to very eager Japanese students.

The tragic death of their first born did not deter Guido and Marion from attempting to create a family during their decade in Nagasaki. Their second full year in town began happily with the birth of their son William on January 18, 1861. With a child now to care for, concerns over the sanitary conditions of their residence led Verbeck to look for a new house higher up the hill in the native town. He finally found one and moved into it in November.

In May 1861, Guido had asked permission of the Mission Board to rent a lot at Higashiyamate in the foreign settlement. C.M. Williams of the Episcopal Church had already rented lot No. 11 with the intention of constructing a church there, and Verbeck thought the Reformed Church should also have property in the area. Verbeck rented No. 3 Higashiyamate on 1 July 1861, but never built anything on the land and sold it two years later.

January 1863 saw the birth of a daughter, again named Emma Japonica. Their son William, almost two years old at the time, spoke Japanese better than English.

Political events in Japan made Verbeck fear for his safety and that of his family. The murder of a British visitor from Shanghai, Charles Richardson, by retainers of the Satsuma domain in September 1862, had set in motion a series of events that made it very dangerous for foreigners living in Japan at the time. Verbeck was warned by one of his students that his life was in danger, so he moved his family from the hills of the native town to the island of Dejima, which was more easily defended by Western ships in the harbor. Even Dejima was deemed dangerous, however, and on the recommendation of the foreign consuls the Verbecks went to Shanghai in May. Here they stayed until mid-October, when conditions were deemed safe enough to return to Nagasaki.

The year 1864 saw the Verbecks change residences again. In July, they moved to a house near the foreign settlement. By the time of their departure in March 1869, the Verbecks were living in quarters at Daitokuji Temple. Three more children had also been added to the family between 1864 and 1868.

Verbeck had been teaching English to Japanese students at his home since the early days of his stay in Nagasaki. In January 1864, in spite of concerns for his safety caused by samurai attacks on foreigners, Verbeck began to work more closely with local Japanese government officials in Nagasaki. The Nagasaki bugyo was so pleased with the English-language ability of his two interpreters who had studied under Verbeck, that he proposed that a foreign language be established with Verbeck as principal. The school, called Yogakusho in Japanese, was established in the native town at Edo-machi. Verbeck initially taught there two hours a day, five days a week for an annual salary of $1200. Soon there were more than 100 students at the school.

Most of 1864 and 1865 were spent teaching English at the government school in Nagasaki. In the latter year, the school underwent a number of changes. Early in 1865, French and Russian were added to the curriculum, and the school was transferred to Omura-machi and renamed Gogakusho. In September, the school was moved to Shin-machi and given the name Seibikan. Here, Verbeck taught both German and upper-level English classes.

In 1866, Verbeck began to play another important role in the education of young Japanese men; he sent the first of more than 500 boys to the United States, where they were aided by the Reformed Church and Mission Board. The first two that he sponsored attended the U.S. Naval Academy. The following year, Verbeck sent two students from Higo to study at Rutgers College, which was the college of the Reformed Church in America. By the fall of 1867, Verbeck's teaching had achieved such recognition that he could write that the daimyo of Kaga, Satsuma, Tosa and Hizen had all contacted him about establishing schools like the one in Nagasaki in their domains. He remained in Nagasaki for a little more than a year after this, however; long enough to witness one more change of schools there in the aftermath of the Meiji Restoration.

The Seibikan was closed in 1868 and replaced by the Kounkan. At the same time, the daimyo of Hizen established his own school nearby. Verbeck taught on alternate days at each school. This gave him access to even more students who would play an active role in the new Meiji government. It would be these students who would call Verbeck away from Nagasaki to the new capital city of Tokyo. Missionary work for Verbeck proved to be mostly preparatory in nature. Early on, he tried to establish trust among the Japanese and to develop his Japanese language skills. In 1862, upon the request of two young Japanese students, Verbeck opened the first Bible study class in modern Japan. Verbeck was wise enough to realize that the primary motive of the students was still instruction in the English language, but he was willing to reach them by any means that he could.

In other matters, C.M. Williams' Episcopal church at Higashiyamate was opened in September 1862, making it the first Protestant church in Japan. Verbeck led the singing and played the harmonium at Sunday services there. With Williams' move to Higashiyamate, this left Verbeck and the elderly German physician Siebold as the only Westerners living outside the foreign settlement.

The first major achievement for Verbeck in his missionary work at Nagasaki came in May 1866, when he baptized Murata Wakasa-no-kami and his brother Ayabe from neighboring Hizen. These baptisms were more than the entire Protestant missionary force had been able to achieve in Japan up to that time. Anti-Christian feelings were still strong in some quarters, however, as is shown by the 1867 publication of a Japanese-language pamphlet in Edo. It was later translated into English as Tales of Nagasaki: The Story of an Evil Doctrine. The pamphlet argued that Protestantism differed little from Catholicism, and that both were evil. After reading the tract, Verbeck realized from the information provided that the author was an elderly Buddhist priest who had often come to his house to discuss matters of philosophy. In fact, two of the priest's students still came to see Verbeck three times a week at his home.

As the Tokugawa Shogunate collapsed in early 1868, Verbeck was making plans for his family to leave Nagasaki. In February, he wrote the Mission Board that he wanted to send his wife and two children (William 7 and Emma 5) back to New Brunswick, New Jersey the following year, but that he had no money. He also requested a leave of absence for himself, in order to travel to areas away from Nagasaki that might hold greater promise. He was instructed by the Mission Board to go to Osaka, and he did so on October 18. Except for the escape to China in 1863 and one visit to Hizen, he had not left Nagasaki since his arrival in 1859.

What he discovered at the newly opened foreign settlement at Osaka, was that most of its residents were people who had once been in Nagasaki. They had come to Osaka in search of greater business opportunities. He also encountered some of his former students from Nagasaki who were holding important positions in the new Meiji government. Osaka was clearly a more active city than Nagasaki, and Verbeck was besieged by both Japanese and foreigners alike to intercede in matters such as the dispatching of Japanese students to the U.S. Naval Academy, the sale of an American ironclad to Japan, and the opening of a government school in Tokyo.

Verbeck returned to Nagasaki, but had not been there long, when on February 13, 1869, he received a letter from former students who were now in the Japanese government asking him to go the following month to Tokyo to establish a university there. Verbeck quickly accepted the offer to go to Tokyo and prepared to leave Nagasaki on March 23. In the meantime, he readied his wife and five children (aged eight months to eight years) for their voyage to California and arranged to host his missionary successors in Nagasaki, Henry Stout and his wife Elizabeth. The Stouts arrived considerably behind schedule on March 10. Verbeck had written in February that if they were going to be any later they should go to Osaka and establish a mission there, since that city had surpassed Nagasaki in terms of importance. Whereas, a decade earlier Verbeck had touted Nagasaki as the best place for a mission, circumstances had clearly changed. Verbeck himself was leaving for Tokyo, and he was suggesting that his replacements be assigned to Osaka. Luckily, the Stouts did not receive the communication and they proceeded to Nagasaki as planned.

Verbeck put the Stouts up in the family quarters at Daitokuji Temple, where they witnessed his final hectic days in Nagasaki. Verbeck ended his ten-year stay in Nagasaki discussing Christianity with a Buddhist priest and then throwing his belongings in a blanket for transport to Tokyo. It was indeed a hurried departure, without much opportunity to reflect upon the impact that he had made on the town in the preceding decade. Verbeck left Nagasaki not with sadness, but with the hope that his ten years of preparatory work there had readied him for the tremendous challenges that awaited him in the capital. Besides, many of the people that he had come to know in Nagasaki had already moved on before him to the metropolitan centers of Osaka and Tokyo.

Guido Verbeck spent more than ten years in Nagasaki during the early days of the foreign settlement period. He and his wife were the pioneer representatives of the Reformed Church in Nagasaki at a time when the propagation of Christianity to Japanese was prohibited. Because of these circumstances, he felt that his primary task was to develop a trust among the Japanese, in order to lay the groundwork for the future growth of Christianity once the prohibitions against it were lifted. He developed this trust by taking the time and effort to learn about Japanese language and culture, and by helping to educate young Japanese about things Western. His students were primarily interested in English, but he also taught Dutch and German. He helped send some of the first Japanese students to the United States, and was particularly influential in gaining access to the U.S. Naval Academy for a number of young Japanese. Though his most obvious achievements were in the field of education, Verbeck, through English-language instruction, was able to begin the first Bible class in Japan and to perform some of the earliest baptisms in the country.

The Nagasaki that Verbeck left in 1869 was quite different than the port city that he had come to a decade earlier. It never lived up to the promise that many (including Verbeck) envisioned for it early on, and by the beginning of the Meiji period it had clearly been surpassed by the likes of Tokyo, Osaka and Yokohama. But Guido Verbeck left behind in Nagasaki a legacy of good will and quality education. He also laid the groundwork for the missionaries that followed in terms of churches and mission schools.

Ernest Walne

Ernest N. Walne and his wife Claudia were the first members of the Southern Baptist Mission to arrive in Nagasaki when they moved down from Fukuoka in March 1896. Ernest Walne was born in Mississippi on January 20, 1867. His parents were both active members of the Southern Baptist Convention's missionary programs. Walne attended Mississippi College and Southern Baptist Seminary before moving to Ghent, Kentucky to serve as a pastor. There he met Claudia McCann, a graduate of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. The two were married in Nashville in May 1892. Three months later, they were off to Vancouver and an ocean-voyage to Japan that would land them in Yokohama on November 13.

Walne was assigned initially to Kokura, and then moved to Fukuoka in 1893, before coming to Nagasaki March 1896. While in Nagasaki, the family resided at No. 7 Higashiyamate. Initial successes were slow in coming, although with the assistance of the Japanese convert, Sugano Hanji, preaching stations were established in both Nagasaki and Sasebo. Ernest Walne fell ill in November 1898 and the family (including their three children) returned home on leave for a year.

When the family returned to Nagasaki in November 1899, they moved to No. 29 Sakurababa-machi. Ernest Walne took an active role in a series of revival meetings in 1901, but the Baptists still did not have a permanent site for their chapel. The situation was finally resolved in October 1902, when a two-story building in Katafuchi-machi was purchased with funds gathered by the Board.

Walne was also busy writing a constitution for the Southern Baptist Mission and trying to obtain permission from Japanese government officials for recognition of the group's legal status. This was finally received in December 1903, which meant that the Mission could finally own property in its own name, rather than having to have its Japanese members sign for it. 1903 was also an important year for Walne, in that he established the Gospel Book Store (Fukuin Shokan) in a section of the church. The store was made possible through a $500 donation by the Sunday School Board in Nashville.

In 1905, Walne started a monthly paper called Seiko (Starlight), with the assistance of Chiba Yugoro, who came down from Kyoto to serve as editor. In general, however, the year proved to be a difficult on for the Walne family. Claudia gave birth to a son in June, but became seriously ill with meningitis for six weeks; Ernest was exhausted from overwork; and another son, Herbert, was incapacitated for months by a fall from a tree.

In September 1906, the workload for Ernest Walne was eased somewhat with the arrival of three new missionary couples. After some training in the Japanese language, the couples were sent into the field. This caused a shuffling of positions and in 1907 the Walne family moved to Fukuoka. They were replaced in Nagasaki by John and Margaret Rowe. Ernest Walne remained with the Southern Baptist Mission in Japan until his retirement in 1934, which means that he toiled for the church for 43. He died on October 31, 1936 at the age of 68 in Berkeley, California. Claudia Walne passed away on December 6, 1948 at the age of 80. She was survived by her four sons.

Anthony Walvoord

Anthony Walvoord sailed to Nagasaki in 1905 with his young bride to teach English at a Reformed Church mission school in the town. Originally intending to stay only six years, he remained 14 and oversaw the rapid growth of the school as its principal from 1910 until his sudden death in 1919.

Anthony Walvoord was born in the small farming community of Cedar Grove, Wisconsin on March 13, 1878 to Dutch immigrant parents. His father had come to Cedar Grove from the Netherlands in 1849 at age 14 and his mother arrived soon after. Their 1858 marriage produced six children, Anthony being the youngest.

Upon graduation from high school, Anthony Walvoord enrolled at Hope College in Holland, Michigan, the major Reformed Church affiliated college in the Midwest. In addition to receiving a college education in Michigan, Anthony also met his future wife, Edith, there. After graduation from Hope in 1904, Walvoord served a year as teacher and principal of a Reformed Church high school in Sioux Center, Iowa. The job proved to be only temporary: in April 1905 the Reformed Church offered him a teaching position at Steele Academy in Nagasaki on a special six-year contract basis. While excited about the prospect of going abroad, he did not want to go alone. He asked Edith Walvoord if she would marry him and sail to Nagasaki together. She agreed, and they were married at her home in Holland, Nebraska on August 3, 1905.

In order to catch their honeymoon ship to Japan, the newlyweds had to leave Nebraska by train four days after the wedding. They sailed for Japan on August 19th, and arrived in Nagasaki early on Sunday morning, September 10th. The couple were initially housed in temporary quarters, but in October they moved into No. 16 Higashiyamate. This would remain the Walvoord home in Nagasaki for the duration of

their stay. The situation that confronted Anthony Walvoord when he arrived at Nagasaki was a difficult one. The Reformed Church mission there faced stagnating student population at its schools and clashes among some of its missionaries.

Albertus Pieters, who was principal of Steele Academy when Walvoord arrived, administered the school out of necessity, but desired to return to evangelical work in Kyushu. The school did not prosper under his tenure, primarily because of insufficient staffing and facilities. Anthony Walvoord brought needed teaching relief, and Pieters was able to turn some of his attention to other matters.

Most of Walvoord's first year in Nagasaki was spent teaching English and Bible classes and studying the Japanese language. During this period, however, he came to be greatly impressed with the work done at Steele Academy in training local Japanese evangelists, and felt that his work as a Christian educator was of considerable importance. This belief prompted him in August 1906 to offer his lifelong services in educational work as a member of the Southern Japan Mission of the Reformed Church. Anthony Walvoord wanted to be more than an educator — he wanted to be an educational missionary. In early 1907 the Mission Board agreed to Walvoord's request and commissioned him an educational missionary with the Reformed Church. From this time, Anthony Walvoord was no longer a short-term special contract teacher, but a permanent member of the Reformed Church Mission in Japan.

The professional satisfaction achieved through his change in status must have added to the personal satisfaction of having become a father for the first time on December 6, 1906 with the birth of his daughter Geraldine. The Walvoord family was completed two and a half years later when twin daughters, Wilhelmina and Jeane, were born on July 9, 1909.

When Pieters resigned in November 1909, effective April 1910, in order to return to evangelistic work in Kyushu, Walvoord was named his successor as principal of Steele. Soon thereafter, Walvoord was authorized to conduct a four-week tour of 25 schools around Japan in order to study school organization and administration. Upon completing his tour, Walvoord concluded that the Japanese schools were superior in equipment, staff and discipline. He remarked that the mission schools should either bring their schools up to Japanese standards or close down.

Walvoord had specific suggestions concerning Steele Academy and Sturges Seminary, which shared the Higashiyamate hillside with the boys' and girls' schools operated by the Methodist Church. He did not believe that all four Protestant schools could survive, especially in light of the increased competition of higher quality Japanese public schools. He suggested that Steele should unite with Chinzei, the neighboring Methodist boys' school, in order to make the best use of common resources. In addition, he thought that Sturges should be sold to the Methodists in

exchange for the Methodist girls' school in Fukuoka. Both issues dragged on for years, but ultimately were settled by other means.

While not abandoning the prospect of union, Walvoord concentrated on expanding and improving the quality of Steele Academy. To assist him, the Mission Board allocated additional funds to help restore some of the older buildings. Slowly at first, then dramatically, enrollment at Steele began to increase, and by June 1911 Walvoord could proudly relate that the school had the largest number of applicants for entrance in the history of the school.

With most of the repairs at Steele completed and enrollments up, Walvoord took a furlough to the United States in 1912 to continue his studies. He entered the Master's program of the Divinity School at the University of Chicago, from which he received his degree in August 1913. Walvoord left once again for Japan in January 1914. Back in Nagasaki he not only resumed his teaching duties, but the numerous social responsibilities in which he was actively involved. In addition to being principal at Steele Academy, Walvoord was a director of the Y.M.C.A. and the Seaman's Home, as well as a Sunday school teacher.

Unlike some members of the foreign community, Anthony Walvoord also had great respect and admiration for the Japanese with whom he lived and worked. Among the Reformed Church missionaries, he above all others called for cooperation with the Nagasaki Church and for the necessity of a Japanese principal at Steele Academy. He was an earnest, hard-working man who respected others and wanted the same in return. Although he went to Japan expecting to teach more than learn, he developed a great sense of admiration for the quality of Japanese schools and the ability of Japanese teachers. He also worked long and hard on the Japanese language, so that he could reach all of his students, not just the ones skilled in English. His efforts to learn the language, his dedication to hard work, and his willingness to cooperate with the Japanese on all levels made Anthony Walvoord one of the most respected figures of Christian education in Nagasaki.

From 1914 to 1917, Walvoord oversaw the construction and repair work that needed to be done at Steele Academy. He also instituted changes in the curriculum in an attempt to correct faults he perceived in Japanese education. Walvoord felt that the students had too many courses and spent too much time at school merely memorizing facts. He said they would be better served by preparing more outside of the classroom and developing their ability to reason.

In nine years as principal of Steele Academy, Anthony Walvoord made the school one of the best in southern Japan and dramatically increased student enrollment. At the age of 42 he seemed poised to lead the school for many years to come. This was not to be, however, as on the return journey to Nagasaki from the nearby summer resort of Unzen on September 5, 1919 he noticed a small sore above his left elbow, possibly caused by an insect bite.

The sore soon became infected, and on the 8th he consulted his long-time family physician Ikebe Eijiro. Ointments and lancing failed, however, and the infection spread to the whole lower arm. On the 14th the decision was made to amputate, and even though the operation was declared a success, his fever remained high. His condition worsened until he passed away on the evening of the 16th.

A funeral service was conducted for Anthony Walvoord at the Steele Academy Chapel on September 18. It was attended by students and teachers of Steele, the local missionary community, the mayor of Nagasaki, principals and teachers of the Japanese Government schools, the American Consul, and various foreign residents. After one of the longest funeral processions ever seen in Nagasaki, Anthony Walvoord was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery, next to the mother of an American teacher at Steele who had died a week earlier. A gravestone was erected for Walvoord by the

students and teachers of Steele Academy. In the days after his burial, many came to visit the gravesite, and a year later a memorial service was attended by everyone at the school. On that occasion, the school flag was placed next to Walvoord's tomb and all the students and teachers filed by one by one to bow before his grave. The students also wrote a letter to his widow Edith at the time, which contained the following passage. "As you know, [Principal Walvoord] had three children, but they are all girls. He had no sons. If one should have questioned him whether he did not feel it hard, he would have replied that he was quite rich in sons, and pointed to the 350 boys under his care. So dearly and to his very last, did he love his pupils and care for their present and future."

The letter clearly reflects how Walvoord felt about his students and how they in turn felt about him — he may have had only three daughters, but he had 350 sons.

Edith Walvoord and her three children left Nagasaki for the United States on December 6, 1919, the 13th birthday of the oldest daughter Geraldine. Edith later became a housemother at a residence hall on the campus of Hope College in Holland, Michigan.

For a number of years, former students and teachers at Steele Academy helped to keep the memories of Nagasaki alive through correspondence with the Walvoord family, but most of these threads have been severed by time. While Steele alumni members were still relatively young and active, however, in the years after World War II, they rendered a tremendous service to the Walvoord family by restoring Anthony Walvoord's gravestone after it was destroyed by the atomic bomb. The effort to raise funds from alumni all over Japan to restore the gravestone began in 1948 under the direction of Inuzuka Isao, a former teacher at Steele Academy. The unveiling ceremony of Walvoord's gravestone was held on January 13, 1949 and was attended by many of his former students and friends. The restored gravestone of Anthony Walvoord remains in good, but somewhat unkempt, condition to this day.

The irony of the events leading up to the restoration of Walvoord's gravestone is clearly evident, yet unappreciated by most people. His original gravestone was destroyed by the terrifying bomb dropped on Nagasaki by his own countrymen, and was later replaced by some of his 350 "sons" who banded together to honor the memory of their former teacher. As noted in the article describing the restoration of the gravestone, "[Anthony Walvoord] loved Japanese through his life and was a true friend of Japanese." It was his Japanese friends who collected the money and took the time and trouble to restore his gravestone

Ralph West

Ralph E. West was born in Samsonville, Ohio on October 4, 1893. He arrived in Japan on September 4, 1922 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1924 to March 23, 1927, West taught at Chinzei in Nagasaki. While in Nagasaki, he married fellow Methodist missionary Pauline May on July 11, 1925. Ralph West died in Walnut Creek, California on November 8, 1979 at the age of 87.

Anna White

Anna L. White was born in Legrand, Iowa on May 27, 1884. She arrived in Japan on December 2, 1911 as a missionary with the Methodist Episcopal Church. From April 1920 to July 15, 1937, she served as the third principal of Kwassui in Nagasaki. Anna White died in Pasadena, California on May 5, 1976 at the age of 89.

Channing Moore Williams

Channing Moore Williams was born in Richmond, Virginia on July 18, 1829. He was a graduate of the Virginia Theological Seminary (1855) and arrived Shanghai in July 1856. Along with John Liggins, Williams was one of the first two Protestant missionaries assigned to Nagasaki in 1859 in preparation for the opening of the foreign settlement here. Both were members of the American Episcopal Church stationed in China. Liggins, who was ill, was sent ahead to take advantage of Nagasaki's invigorating climate. He arrived May 2, 1859 and was joined by Williams on June 29. They were initially housed at Kotokuin within Sofukuji Temple because the settlement was not yet ready for residence. Joining them at the Episcopal mission in Nagasaki in April 1860 was the physician E.H. Schmid.

Liggins immediately began to teach English to Japanese interpreters, but the new Nagasaki Magistrate proclaimed that he would not allow the teaching of Christianity. The religious duties of Liggins and Williams were thus limited to serving as ministers for the American and British residents of the foreign settlement and to leading services for visiting sailors.

Liggins was forced to leave Japan in February 1860 due to ill health, and Schmid followed in November 1861 for the same reason. This left Williams as the sole representative of the American Episcopal Church in Japan. C.M. Williams continued his work with the foreign community and on September 29, 1862, he dedicated the English Church in the foreign settlement at No. 11 Higashiyamate — the first

Protestant church in Japan. Williams' successes proselytizing among the Japanese were limited, however, as he did not make a single convert during his nearly seven-year stay.

In the spring of 1866, the situation in Nagasaki changed dramatically, as Williams was recalled to the United States and appointed Bishop of China and Japan. He would later return to Japan and be based in Osaka, but his departure curtailed activity by the American Episcopal Church in Nagasaki. The Church Mission Society of the Anglican Church took charge of the chapel in the foreign settlement in January 1869 and later developed its own headquarters at Dejima, but the American Episcopal Church never returned to Nagasaki. C.M. Williams died at Richmond, Virginia on December 1, 1910 at the age of 81.

Charles Wolff

Charles H.H. Wolff was born in Holland, c. 1840, and later came to the United States, where he was ordained a minister at Auburn Seminary in 1870. The following year, he and his British wife Louize Buboc went to Japan as missionaries with the Dutch Reformed Church (later Reformed Church in America). On February 11, 1874 Wolff was transferred to Nagasaki to assist Henry Stout with the Reformed mission. While in Nagasaki, he resided at No. 16 Higashiyamate. Stout and Wolff did not get along, Stout claiming that Wolff had almost no Japanese language skills and that he was overly concerned with establishing an English school. Because of these differences, Wolff was transferred out of Nagasaki in February 1876. At this time, Wolff left the Reformed mission and for the next six years taught English at government schools in Japan. Charles Wolff died in Yokohama on August 25, 1919.

Charles A. Arnold

Charles Arthur Arnold was born in Chelmsford, England in 1861, the son of a clergyman of the Church of England. He received his early schooling at King's Cross Naval College and graduated from the University of Aberdeen with a degree in medicine. After practicing for two years in England, Arnold came to Japan. In early November 1886, he arrived in Nagasaki and established a medical practice in a room at the Belle Vue Hotel. By the end of the year, however, he had moved his office to No. 19 Minamiyamate. In addition to his private practice, Arnold was also employed by the Japanese authorities as a lecturing surgeon and physician at the Nagasaki Government Hospital.

In 1887, Arnold married Mary Munn, the daughter of a British army officer, in Shanghai. The couple later had two daughters (Frances and Dorothy), both born in Nagasaki in 1889. That same year, the family moved to No. 15 Minamiyamate. Although British, Arnold was appointed U.S. Vice-Consul in March 1893.

Charles Arnold died of a sudden illness at his home on August 22, 1894 at the young age of thirty-three. After his burial at Sakamoto International Cemetery, his wife put up the family residence and belongings for auction and returned to England with her children.

Michael Banks

Michael Banks was born in Belfast, Ireland in 1846. As a young cabin boy during the American Civil War, he served on the Confederate cruiser Alabama. Banks came to Nagasaki in 1867 aboard another American vessel and took his discharge here. Initially working for the Mitsubishi Steamship Co., he later became a coast and harbor pilot between ports in China and Japan. Banks lived with his Japanese wife Koyama Tsune and an adopted daughter at No. 17 Minamiyamate. The daughter married a British ship captain on March 2, 1904 and left for Hong Kong. Two days later, Banks died of acute bronchitis. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. His gravestone is unique in that it has the symbols of his trade — a pair of binoculars, a steering wheel, signal flags, and a boat cutting through the waves — carved in relief on the stone.

Katherine And Samuel Barff

Samuel Barff and his wife Katherine (Kate, a native of Sussex, England) came to Nagasaki in 1894 after his retirement from the Hong Kong civil service. The couple rented No. 15A Minamiyamate and called their residence "Cliff Field." Samuel Barff, who was bedridden during most of his stay in Nagasaki, died at the family home on August 25, 1897 at the age of 69. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

In January 1898, Kate, who had three sons to support, rented the neighboring No. 14 Minamiyamate (the former Alt House), intending to open the Cliff Field Hotel there. Tragedy soon followed: her son, Lionel, an art correspondent with a London magazine, was killed in Tientsin while reporting on the Boxer Rebellion. In February 1903, Kate transferred the lot at No. 14 Minamiyamate to Caroline Ringer and auctioned off her furniture. In April of the same year, she transferred No. 15A Minamiyamate to her son, Charles Stuart Barff, but she continued to live there until her death on May 5, 1922 at the age of 89. She was buried next to her husband in Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Herbert And Emily Blackburn

A British physician practicing in Hong Kong, Herbert Blackburn arrived in Nagasaki in mid-June 1892 to replace C. Edward Amuat as director of the Nagasaki Government Hospital. Amuat had passed away suddenly two weeks earlier. Blackburn was accompanied by his wife, Emily May Sutton, a native of Norwich, England. While in Nagasaki, the Blackburns had two children: Enid Marjorie, born January 18, 1893, and Stanley Napier, born September 5, 1894. In March 1894, Herbert Blackburn — in spite of his British citizenship — was appointed U.S. vice-consul at Nagasaki to fill in during U.S. Consul William Abercrombie's frequent absences. Tragedy struck the Blackburn family on March 3, 1895, when Emily died of a sudden illness at the family residence at No. 8 Minamiyamate, only 33 years old. Emily was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. Herbert Blackburn remained in Nagasaki until October, but then returned to England with his children.

A.G. Bollman

A.G. Bollman, a Russian national, married a 23-year-old Japanese woman named Ito Kiku of Obama on May 1, 1896. They lived for a time at No. 18 Minamiyamate. In 1906, Bollman was appointed the Nagasaki agent for the Russian East Asiatic Steamship Co. at No. 47 Ōura.

John Brandram

John Babbs Brandram, a native of Britain, was a graduate of Queens College, Cambridge. He came to Nagasaki with his sister Mary Elizabeth as a missionary for the Church Missionary Society on April 8, 1884. The couple stayed in Nagasaki for three years before transferring to Kumamoto in May 1887. John married the CMS missionary Mary Gertrude Smith at Nagasaki in 1890. They had four sons: John Buckley, born February 27, 1891 in Nagasaki; Arthur, born May 14, 1892 in Nagasaki; Thomas Caldwall, born October 26, 1895 in Kumamoto; and Christopher, born January 1, 1899 in Kumamoto. Mary Elizabeth Brandram died in Kumamoto on October 13, 1892, three months after her brother went home to England on leave. John Brandram died on December 30, 1900, a day after sailing from Japan for health reasons. He was buried at Shanghai.

John C. Combaz

John C. Combaz first came to Nagasaki briefly in January 1881. Born in St. Beron, France on December 8, 1856, Combaz was educated first at Pont-de-Beauvoisin Middle School, Chambery Seminary and later at the Seminary of Foreign Missions in Paris. Immediately after arriving in Nagasaki, he transferred to Osaka for two years. Combaz returned to Nagasaki permanently in 1883, in order to act as an instructor at the Catholic Seminary in Ōura. He remained at the Seminary until July 1912, when upon the death of Bishop Cousin, he was elected Bishop of Nagasaki and consecrated on September 8 of the same year.

Under Combaz's leadership, the number of Catholics in his diocese increased from 49,000 to 62,500. Twenty new churches and 45 evangelistic stations were also founded. From his arrival in Japan in 1881 until his death in Nagasaki on August 19, 1926 — a time-span of 45 years — Bishop Combaz never once returned to his homeland. His funeral was held at Urakami Church and he was buried at the cemetery there.

Jules Cousin

Jules A. Cousin was born in Chambretaud, France on April 21, 1812. He arrived in Nagasaki on May 7, 1866, and became the first Societe des Mission-Etrangeres de Paris missionary to look for underground Japanese Christians in the Goto Islands. In 1868, he smuggled the first Japanese seminarians out of the country to the SMEP college in Penang, off the Malay Peninsula. The following year, Cousin transferred to Osaka, where he established the first Catholic station. He remained in Osaka for the next eighteen years. In 1885, he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Southern Japan. He returned to Nagasaki in 1887, and was named Bishop of the district in 1891. In 1897, to mark the 300th anniversary of the martyrdom of the Twenty-six Saints of Japan, a Catholic church called Our Lady of the Martyrs in Nagasaki was constructed on the site of the execution at Nishizaka.

Cousin was proud of the work he had done to increase the number of Japanese priests. During his twenty-six years of his episcopate, he performed thirty-three ordination ceremonies at Ōura Cathedral, which resulted in forty new priests. He also established thirty-five new districts and blessed fifty new churches or chapels. The number of Catholics had also increased for 23,000 to 48,000 in his diocese.

Upon Cousin's death on September 18, 1911 at the age of sixty-nine, the Nagasaki Press reported his passing as follows: "By his death, the Roman Catholic Mission loses a tried and successful leader, his missionary brethren lose a valued friend of whom they always spoke with the deepest reverence, and the Japanese Roman Catholics a beloved leader."

George Denbigh

George Denbigh was born in Scotland circa 1838. Like other young British merchant adventures of his day, he made his way to Asia seeking fame and fortune. His first job there was operating a small seaweed business out of Chefoo, China. Denbigh frequently traveled between the ports of northeast Asia in various capacities related to trade in marine products. Most of his time was divided between Sakhalin, Vladivostok, Kamchatka, Hakodate and Nagasaki.

In the mid-1870s, Denbigh merged his business with that of a Jewish merchant from Vladivostok named Jacob L. Semenoff to form Semenoff and Company. Around this time, he also became a naturalized Russian citizen, probably in order to meet treaty provisions concerning trade between the Kuriles and Sakhalin. He was clearly in Nagasaki by the late 1870s in connection with the introduction of whaling. While in Nagasaki, he met Moritaka Teshi (born 1853 in the neighboring town of Kikitsu), who bore him four sons and one daughter between 1879 and 1888. In April 1896, George Denbigh petitioned to marry Teshi, and did so the following month. The family had a residence at No. 25 Minamiyamate, a large Western-style house on the hillside overlooking Nagasaki Harbor. The house is currently on display at Meiji Village outside of Nagoya. The Denbigh family spent most of their time, however, at the family home in Hokkaido.

The four Denbigh boys, Alfred (born 1879), Teddy [or Terry] (born 1883), Washington (born 1885), and John (born 1888), all worked at one time or another for the Semenoff-Denbigh business offices in East Asia. Alfred was sent to a mission school in Tokyo, and then on to the University of London, before returning to Hokkaido in 1900. Taught the family business by his father, he took over the main interests of the company around 1908. Using capital provided by the sale of family business interests in Sakhalin to the Japanese government after the Russo-Japanese War, Denbigh & Co. became independent in 1909, with sites established at Hakodate and Vladivostok.

On December 27, 1909, Teshi Denbigh (also known by her Christian name of Anna Rudolph Denbigh) died suddenly of apoplexy at the age of 54 at the family home in Nagasaki. At the time, her husband George and daughter Lisa (born 1886) were on route to Australia to pass the winter. Teshi was buried at the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery.

In 1915, Lisa married Edward L.S. Gordon, the British Consul to Honolulu. Gordon had been assigned to the British Consulate in Nagasaki in 1899 on a temporary basis, and was serving at the Hakodate office in 1914. George Denbigh accompanied his daughter and son in law to Honolulu where they took up residence in the British Consulate. George was already quite old at this time, however, and on November 15, 1916 he died of heart trouble at the age of 76. After a local funeral service, his body was cremated and sent to Nagasaki to be buried next to his wife.

Unfortunately, Lisa did not live much longer either. She died suddenly of appendicitis at Kauikeolani Children's Hospital in Honolulu on April 21, 1919 at the age of 32, nine days after giving birth to a son (George Denbigh Steuart Gordon) at the hospital. According to a local Honolulu newspaper, "Mrs. Gordon was a social favorite and became readily endeared among Honolulu's best families. She was an expert tennis player." In a touching tribute to the tragically early death of the wife of the British Consul, Honolulu's high society saluted Lisa in the best way it knew how — tennis matches were called off for the day!

Like her father, Lisa's body was cremated and the ashes returned to Nagasaki. Edward Gordon, accompanied by a nurse and his infant son, left with the ashes on October 4 and seventeen days later Lisa Denbigh was laid to rest next to her parents in the city of her birth.

On August 8, 1920, Alfred Denbigh married Maria Gromadsky, a Russian actress who fled the country after the Revolution, and the elder sister of his brother John's wife, Anna. Throughout the 1920s and early 1930s, Denbigh & Co. continued to prosper as an import-export company and a commission agency, with Alfred heading up operations in Hakodate and John supervising operations in London and Paris. In 1939, Alfred, Maria, and Maria's mother fled to Shanghai when it became too difficult to remain in Japan. After the war, they moved back to Yokohama and then Kamakura. Anna's mother passed away in Kamakura in June 1952, and was followed in death by Alfred in November 1953. Maria died in Karuizawa in October 1967. All three bodies were transferred to the foreign cemetery at Yokohama in June 1988.

John Denbigh is also buried at the Yokohama foreign cemetery. He was preceded in death by his daughter Ludmila (born in Vladivostok on August 1914), who died from gunshot wounds inflicted by Japanese troops in Shanghai in June 1939). Ludmila's body was later returned to Japan and buried at the Hakodate foreign cemetery. After John's death, Anna (born February 1898 in Russia) married Konstantin Plezo in April 1966. Anna passed away in February 1988 and is buried in the Denbigh family plot.

Edward Duus

Edward Heraculus Duus was a native of Denmark. On November 15, 1886, he married Shiratori Kin (35) of Ōura. The two had a son who was called both Ichitaro and John Henry. In Nagasaki, E.H. Duus served originally as an agent with Nippon Yusen Kaisha and later worked for both Holme, Ringer & Co. and Browne & Co. He also spent time as secretary and treasurer of the Nagasaki Club. The Duus family lived at No. 8 Minamiyamate. E.H. Duus died in Kobe on April 22, 1901. John Henry Duus took over the deed to the Minamiyamate property upon his father's death.

Ary W. Van Ess

Ary William Van Ess was born in Rotterdam, The Netherlands on November 28, 1838 and later became a British citizen. He served in the British Legation Escort at Beijing from 1869 to 1874 and then from 1876 to 1903 he was constable at the British Consulate in Chefoo. Van Ess came to Nagasaki upon his retirement in 1903. He died at his residence at No. 22 Minamiyamate on October 25, 1913 at the age of seventy-four. Van Ess was survived by his Japanese wife Kizue (who died in Kobe on January 14, 1961) and daughter, as well as three children from a previous marriage.

Louis Theodore Furet

Louis Theodore Furet was born in France in 1816. In early 1855, he was one of three missionaries dispatched to Naha by the Societe des Mission-Etrangeres de Paris to prepare for the opening of Japan. Furet briefly visited Nagasaki in May 1856 on the Colbert under the command of Admiral Laguerre and viewed the city from the ship. In 1862, Furet went to Yokohama to join four other French priests already stationed there. On January 22, 1863, Pierre Mounicou, the acting MEP Superior in Japan, sent Furet to Nagasaki to establish a church and mission headquarters there. The settlement was full at the time, however, and he was forced to stay initially at Dejima and later in Daitokuji Temple. Bernard Petitjean joined Furet in Nagasaki in August of the same year and at the end of November, Joseph Laucaigne replaced Furet, who returned to Yokohama. Furet returned to Nagasaki in 1866, after Petitjean and Laucaigne had managed to construct a Catholic Church at Ōura.

Martha George

Martha Ann George was born in Fraserburgh, Scotland in 1842. She was the daughter of Thomas Berry Glover and Mary Findlay and the younger sister of Thomas Blake Glover. In 1861, at thee of 18, she married James George of Aberdeen. Martha and James had two children who lived to adulthood, Charles and Annie. Around 1870 George died and Martha and the children moved in with her parents. Annie died in 1889 and Martha went to live were her brother Thomas in Tokyo not long after this. In 1894, she came to Nagasaki and lived with Thomas in Minamiyamate. She died at the Glover house on March 18, 1903 at the age of 61 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Thomas C. Gillespie

Thomas Campbell Gillespie was a native of Greenock, Scotland. The retired master mariner was married to a Japanese woman named Takaya Suma. Suma died on March 2, 1928 at the age of 60 at the family residence at No. 16A Minamiyamate. A funeral service was held at Myōgyōji. T.C. Gillespie continued to live in Nagasaki until his death at his residence (No. 35 Katafuchi-machi) on June 9, 1941 at the age of 78.

Alfred B. Glover

Alfred Berry Glover was born in Bridge of Don, Scotland in November 1850. He was the son of Thomas Berry Glover and Mary Findlay and the youngest brother of Thomas Blake Glover. He came to Nagasaki in 1867 to work for his brother Thomas. After the bankruptcy of Glover & Co. in 1870, he worked at the Takashima coal mine. In 1879 he joined Gribble & Co. and three years later became an employee of Holme, Ringer & Co. Seriously ailing in 1904, he left Nagasaki for Scotland but died on board ship in Hong Kong Harbor on May 25 at the age of 54. His body was returned to Nagasaki and he was buried next to his sister Martha George at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Thomas Berry Glover

Thomas Berry Glover was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1874. He was the only son of Charles T. Glover, the oldest brother of Thomas Blake Glover, and Margaret Mitchell. Thomas Berry Glover was employed by Balmer Lawrie & Co. in Calcutta. He died of a sudden illness in Yokohama on his way back to Scotland on March 17, 1906 at the age of 32. His remains were carried to Nagasaki for burial at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Pieter Goudswaard

Pieter Goudswaard, a native of The Netherlands, was the manager of the Nagasaki branch of the Rising Sun Petroleum Co. He died at his residence at No. 10 Minamiyamate on February 12, 1932 at the age of 68. Goudswaard was survived by his Japanese wife Fuji.

Christian And Hermann Iwersen

See the first biography entry for Christian And Hermann Iwersen.

Johann Jesselsen

Johann J. Jesselsen was born in Heilrgenhagen, Holstein in 1839. From 1881, he operated the German ship Ingo, which carried coal from Takashima to Shanghai and back on a regular basis. He and his family lived at No. 6 Minamiyamate. Johann married a woman named Helene, who was born in England in 1844. The couple had two sons. One worked for Holme, Ringer & Co., while the other, Ingo, worked for the German firm H. Ahrens & Co. and was secretary and treasurer of the Nagasaki Football Club]. Johann and Helene also had a daughter. By 1895, Johann Jesselsen, who had been having problems with rheumatism, went to Hong Kong for his health. He did not recover, however, and died there on October 23. Helene continued to live in Nagasaki until her death at the family residence on September 12, 1918 at the age of 74. She was buried in the addition to Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Maximilian Kolbe

In April 1930, three Franciscan friars landed at Dejima and soon thereafter established themselves at Minamiyamate. The leader of the group was Father Maximilian Kolbe, who would spend six fruitful years in Nagasaki before returning to his native Poland.

Kolbe was born January 8, 1894 in Zdunska-Wola, Poland and named Raymund. At the age of 13, he entered a seminary in Lwow, where he studied for three years. At the end of this period, he was admitted into the Conventional Order of St Francis and took the name Maximilian. Kolbe began his theological studies in Krakow in 1911 and the following year moved on to Rome where he studied philosophy at the Gregorian University. In 1915, he received his doctorate in Philosophy at the university. Two important events occurred in Kolbe's life in 1917: he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and he formed the Knights of the Holy Mother. The latter was initially a small group of missionaries who vowed to travel the world to fight evil and consecrate their lives to Mary. In 1918, Kolbe was ordained a priest at St. Andrea Church in Rome. A week after receiving his Doctorate in Theology at Bonaventure University in Rome in July 1919, he returned to Krakow.

In Krakow, Kolbe was appointed to the faculty of the Conventual Theological Seminary, but before long he again became ill from tuberculosis. He had to remain in a sanatorium for two years in before he could go back to work. Upon returning to Krakow, he began the one-man task of publishing the magazine Knights of the Holy Mother. In October 1922, Kolbe was transferred to Grodno and took his printing operation with him. By 1925, circulation had reached 30,000, but his health broke down again. He had to return to the sanatorium and was not released until April 1927. In October of the same year, Kolbe received property in Teresin (southwest of Warsaw) and founded the Niepokalanow friary there.

Kolbe ran the friary for two years before deciding that he should take his missionary work to Asia. He and four Franciscan brothers departed in February 1930, in an attempt to establish friaries in India, China and Japan. The center of the operation would be Nagasaki, where 433 years earlier six European Franciscans had been among those executed for their beliefs, in what came to be known as the Twenty-Six Martyrs Incident. After leaving two of the brothers in Shanghai, Father Kolbe, Brother Zeno and Brother Hilario arrived in Nagasaki on April 24, 1930.

The three set up temporary operations in rented rooms at the Tanaka and Amenomori Hospital (the former Cliff House Hotel at No. 10 Minamiyamate) and exactly a month later begun their press evangelism with the first Japanese-language issue of Knights of the Holy Mother (Seibo no Kishi). Since none of the Franciscan friars knew any Japanese, the early issues were often poorly written and filled with mistakes. Still, they managed to print 10,000 copies of the magazine in the early days and had doubled this number by the end of the first year. For the first two years of his stay in Nagasaki, Father Kolbe also taught philosophy and theology at the nearby Catholic Seminary in Ōura. To save money, the friars early on "did without furniture, sleeping on the floor, and cooked...outdoors with only iron sheeting as a makeshift roof to keep rain or snow off the cook."

Less than two months after arriving in Japan, Kolbe was called back to Poland to attend a meeting of the Polish provincial Chapter of the Franciscans in Lwow. When he returned to Nagasaki, he brought two more friars with him. In May 1931, at the insistence of Kolbe, the Franciscans bought land across town high on a hill at Hongochi-machi. There, they constructed a simple wooden building, in which they resided and operated their press. This was the beginning of the friary, which Father Kolbe referred to as the "Niepokalanow of Japan;" to the Japanese, it was more commonly known as Seibo no Kishi.

The following May, Father Kolbe constructed a grotto on the grounds dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes. Upon completion of the grotto, he left for a two-month visit to India in a failed attempt to open a friary there. In December, a three-story building was completed at the Hongochi-machi site.

From April to October 1933, Kolbe returned to Poland to take part in another Provincial Chapter meeting. The following year, a two-story parish chapel was established at Hongochi-machi and then, in April 1936, Kolbe opened a minor seminary on the site.

On May 23, 1936, after six years in Nagasaki, Kolbe again returned to

Poland to participate in a Provincial Chapter meeting and this time was elected guardian of Niepokalanow. He would never return to Japan. War was on the horizon in both Asia and Europe and this meant times of suffering ahead for the members of his friary in Nagasaki and Kolbe himself in Poland. War in Japan meant the cessation of publication of Nagasaki's version of Knights of the Holy Mother (December 1940). It also forced Japanese brothers at the friary into army duty and seminarians into military factory work. The seminary itself was converted into a detention camp for foreigners, while the Polish priests and brothers were sent to a detention camp near Mt. Aso in Kumamoto.

When war broke out in Europe in September 1939 with Hitler's invasion of Poland, Kolbe was arrested by the Germans and taken to Amitz. In November, he was transferred to Ostrezezow. On December 8, he was allowed to return to his friary at Niepokalanow. Kolbe managed to get out both the December 1940 and January 1941 issues of Poland's version of Knights of the Holy Mother before being rearrested by the Germans on February 17, 1941.

On May 28, 1941, Kolbe was moved to the infamous German prison camp at Auschwitz. In late July, a prisoner managed to escape from the camp and in retaliation the Germans ordered ten remaining prisoners to be taken to the basement of the camp and forced to die of starvation. Not originally selected as one of the ten to die, Kolbe volunteered to take the place of a Polish soldier who had a wife and two children. Maximilian Kolbe died at Auschwitz on August 14, 1941.

Joseph Laucaigne

Joseph M. Laucaigne was born in France in 1838. By 1862, he was in Yokohama as a missionary with the Societe des Mission-Etrangeres de Paris. At the end of November 1863, Laucaigne came to Nagasaki to join fellow missionary Bernard Petitjean. The two were placed in charge of building a Catholic church in Nagasaki. They tried desperately to get the Japanese to finish constructing their church, but initially had little success. In December 1864, Petitjean was asked by Japanese officials to teach the French language in government school. He said he would in exchange for the completion of his church at Ōura by Japanese workers. The church was finally dedicated February 19, 1865. Less than a month later, on March 17, a number of Japanese hidden Christians showed up at the doorstep of the church and announced their presence to Petitjean and Laucaigne. Large-scale persecution of these hidden Christians by the Japanese government began in July 1867 and deportation followed in July of 1868. Laucaigne remained a missionary in Japan until his death on January 10, 1885 at the age of 46.

Simeon Lawrence

Simeon Lawrence was born in England in 1838. He joined the British army in 1855, serving first in India and then China before coming to Japan in 1862. After taking his discharge from the military in 1864, he worked briefly in Shanghai before becoming constable at the British Consulate in Hakodate — a position he held for 13 years. In 1879, he was transferred to Nagasaki where he held the same position until his retirement in 1898. Simeon Lawrence died at the family residence of No. 12A Minamiyamate on September 26, 1902 at the age of 64. He was survived by his wife Yoshi, whom he married at Hakodate in 1869 when she was only 17, and two adopted Japanese children. Yoshi died of cancer on January 20, 1912 at the age of 60. Both Simeon and Yoshi Lawrence are buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Niels Lundberg (A.K.A. Charlie Brown)

When he died in Nagasaki on October 22, 1903, Niels Lundberg had been living in Nagasaki longer than any other foreign resident. He arrived here in 1859, very soon after Japan ended its long period of national isolation (1641-1859), and he made the city his home for the next 44 years.

Swedish by birth, Lundberg was 24 years old when he came to Nagasaki and entered the employ of the firm Adrian & Co. Because Sweden was not among the countries that signed the Ansei Treaty of 1858, he placed himself under British protection and adopted the English name "Charlie Brown" (not realizing that decades later it would become the name of a world-famous cartoon character). In 1865, he joined Alt & Co. and then transferred to Holme, Ringer & Co. when the latter was established in Nagasaki in 1868. In 1876 he went to work as an underground foreman at the Takashima coal mine and lived on the island until 1883, when he returned to Nagasaki and opened his own stevedore business (C. Brown & Co. ) at No. 42 Ōura-Sagarimatsu. An expert in the use of dynamite, Lundberg is credited with blowing out the rock face in Ōura to open a path up into Higashiyamate (the famous orandazaka or "Hollander Slope"). In 1898, Lundberg sold the business to R. N. Walker and entered into a life of quiet retirement.

Niels Lundberg was renowned for his physical strength, his skill in various sports, and his honesty and kindness. He was one of the avid and successful participants in the boat races held in Nagasaki Harbor every spring, and there were few who could match his skill on the billiard table or bowling lane. He was also a dedicated member of the Nagasaki Masonic Lodge (the lodge master conducted the service over his grave at Sakamoto International Cemetery).

Josephine Reymond Mancini [Drewell]

Josephine Reymond was born in Paris in 1857, but educated in Egypt until the age of 14. She left Egypt with her mother in 1871 to join her father, who operated the Osaka Hotel in Osaka. In 1876, at the age of nineteen, Josephine married an Italian hotelkeeper in Nagasaki named C. Nicolas Mancini. Mancini had worked in Nagasaki since at least 1862, primarily as the proprietor of the Belle Vue Hotel. A son was born to the Mancini in October 1877. At various times, the couple helped to operate both the Belle Vue and Commercial Hotel. C.N. Mancini died in 1880, and the following year Josephine married a British merchant in Nagasaki named Albert A.S. Drewell. Together, the couple ran the Belle Vue Hotel until September 1888. After that, they moved to Kobe, where they lived for many years. A.A.S. Drewell died in 1911, but Josephine was still living in that city in 1918.

William Mason

William Benjamin Mason, a native of Britain, married a Japanese woman named Kaneda Tome on May 13, 1887. Mason had worked as a merchant in Nagasaki since at least 1880 when he rented No. 12 Minamiyamate.

Bernard Petitjean

Bernard Thadee Petitjean was born in France in 1828. By 1862, he was in Yokohama as a missionary with the Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris. By August 1863, Petitjean was in Nagasaki to oversee the construction a Catholic church in the city. In December 1864, he was asked by Japanese officials to teach French at the government school. Petitjean agreed in exchange for the completion of his church at Ōura by Japanese workers. The church was finally dedicated February 19, 1865. Less than a month later, on March 17, a number of Japanese hidden Christians showed up at the doorstep of the church and announced their presence to Petitjean and Laucaigne. Large-scale persecution of these hidden Christians by the Japanese government began in July 1867 and deportation followed in July of 1868. Three thousand were deported from Urakami in January 1870. Petitjean returned from attendance at the Vatican Council in December 1870, and decided to move his residence to Yokohama.

The ban on Christianity was lifted in March 1873. At that time Petitjean asked for 15 new missionaries from France; 11 were in the field by September. Laucaigne was raised to the episcopate and made an auxiliary of Petitjean. A seminary for the training of evangelists was also opened in Nagasaki. At the close of 1873, the Mission had two bishops, 29 missionaries, three churches, two seminaries, a girls' school and two orphanages.

In 1876, the Mission was divided into two vicariates — the south headed by Petitjean who moved to Osaka, and the north by Pierre-Marie Osouf who resided in Tokyo. By March 1879, there were churches in Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Hakodate and Kobe. There were also 20,000 Christians connected with the Mission.

In 1880, Petitjean moved back to Nagasaki, convinced that it was still the most important center for the work of his vicariate. There were about 250 Christians in the city. In Urakami there were more than 3,000 Roman Catholic Christians. On December 31, 1882, three of the men who the previous year had been deacons were ordained priests. Petitjean attempted to establish a station of the Mission in the Ryukyus, but became ill in Kagoshima and had to return to Nagasaki. He died there on October 7, 1884.

David F. Robertson

David F. Robertson was born in November 1841 in the Kingdom of Fife, Scotland. Robertson first came to Nagasaki in the mid-1880s as the superintending mechanical engineer at the Takashima Colliery. He resigned in July 1888 to take up employment in Yokohama. Robertson later returned to Nagasaki in June 1897. He worked out of his residence (No. 7B Minamiyamate) as a surveyor and engineer. Robertson died at his home in Nagasaki on September 2, 1927 at the age of 86. He was survived by a Japanese wife and a son. A funeral and cremation ceremony were held at Myōgyōji.

Marie Amedee Salmon

Marie Amedee Salmon arrived in Nagasaki on September 20, 1868 as a missionary with the Societe des Mission-Etrangeres de Paris. Born in Bozancais, France on November 11, 1845, Salmon was just twenty-two years old when he reached Japan. He spent only a year in Nagasaki, before being transferred to first Yokohama and then Kobe. In January 1872, Salmon returned to Nagasaki, where he spent the remainder of his life, except for a trip to France in 1874 and a seven-year tour of duty at Shittsu. From January 1887 until his death in 1919, Salmon was Vicar-General and Treasurer of the Nagasaki Catholic Diocese. He resided more than a half-century in Japan, 40 years of which he spent in Nagasaki. Salmon had been ill for a few months, when he passed away on March 31, 1919 at the age of 73. He was buried at the Catholic Cemetery in Urakami

Almiro C. De Souza

Almiro C. de Souza was born in Nagasaki in 1880, the son of Simao and Shito de Souza. In 1898, after graduating from Kaisei Boys School, A.C. de Souza joined his brother in opening a small business (De Souza & Co.) as storekeepers and commission agents. He then worked briefly for Lessner & Co. before going to work for the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation as a clerk. After working in the bank's Shanghai and Hankow offices, de Souza came back to Nagasaki in 1904. Around this time, he married a Japanese woman and they moved into a house at No. 8 Minamiyamate. On November 1, 1921 de Souza died of pneumonia at the age of 41. He was survived by his wife Jean and eight children. The family apparently rented their house from the owner Victor Pignatel. When Pignatel died three months later, Jean De Souza inherited the house and gardens at No. 8 Minamiyamate. The will was contested by a Japanese maid, who claimed that Pignatel had given the property to her on his deathbed in the presence of witnesses. The maid's claim was later rejected and the property went to Mrs. de Souza, who continued to live on the premises with her children.

Simao R. De Souza

Simao Rozario de Souza, the father of A.C. de Souza, was born in Macao around 1837 and educated in Bombay. In 1872 he came to Nagasaki. S.R. de Souza married Hamamoto Shito of Shimabara in October 1885. The couple have eight children buried at Nagasaki's international cemeteries. From 1885 until 1898, de Souza worked as an interpreter for the U.S. Consulate in Nagasaki. Later, he performed the same duties for the U.S. Army Depot. S.R. de Souza died on January 6, 1904 at the family residence at No. 26 Minamiyamate at the age of 67. He was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery, but no gravestone remains today.

Herbert Spear

Herbert Spear was born in Cornwall, England. For years he was a ship's captain and pilot on the Yangtse River in China before retiring to Nagasaki. He died here on June 19, 1930 at the age of 63. Spear lived at No. 23 Minamiyamate at the time of his death. He was survived by a Japanese wife named Yuki, who died on April 6, 1966 at the age of 72. The couple is buried next to one another at Sakamoto International Cemetery.

John M. Stoddart

When the Mitsubishi Co. took over the Takashima Coal Mine in 1881, Scottish engineer John M. Stoddart, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, was hired by the company to serve as chief mining engineer. During his tenure, the company dramatically expanded its mining operations and rushed to the forefront of the industry in Japan. The level of respect paid to Stoddart is reflected by his salary: in April 1881, when the colliery manager Yamawaki Masakatsu was earning a monthly salary of 175 yen, Stoddart was pulling in a staggering 785 yen. After a continuous residence of 12 years, Stoddart returned to Scotland to marry and came back to Nagasaki with his wife at the end of a year's holiday. The couple settled in the stone bungalow at No. 27A Minamiyamate commanding a spectacular view of the harbor and town of Nagasaki. On January 3, 1892, Stoddart sailed alone to Shanghai on business but came down with a bad cold. Although sick on the voyage back to Nagasaki, he resisted the protests of his friends and made the long climb through the cold night air to his house. His wife immediately called Dr. Charles Arnold, but the disease had apparently developed into acute pneumonia and the physician's efforts were in vain. Stoddart died in his wife's arms the following afternoon, still only thirty-six years old. The funeral was attended by dozens of foreign and Japanese friends, and the procession to Sakamoto International Cemetery was led by Japanese flower-bearers wearing black kimono embellished with the Mitsubishi crest.

John Wardrop

John N. Wardrop was born in London on June 17, 1872. He lived in British North Borneo prior to coming to Nagasaki. Wardrop died in Nagasaki on September 2, 1924 at the age of 52 and was buried at Sakamoto International Cemetery. He was survived by his Japanese wife, who is listed as Emily Hamafuji on his gravestone. Other accounts say that Nakahara Hama was his housekeeper at time of his death at No. 35 Minamiyamate.

John White

John White was born in Dublin, Ireland and came to Nagasaki around 1874, where he established himself as a harbor pilot. He married a Japanese woman named Nagahama Tome on December 8, 1887. The couple lived with their four children in Minamiyamate. White died on March 17, 1884 from exposure due to a boating accident while trying to guide an American ship into port. White was buried at Ōura International Cemetery, 42 years of age at the time of his death.