Via my old friend Scott Eric Kaufman I learned that President Obama’s visit to Japan was drawing criticism from the American right (I also learned that President Eisenhower bowed in public to a number of heads of state) due to Obama’s bowed greeting to Emperor Akihito.
Most of the commentary (this is an excellent roundup) hinges on whether it’s inappropriate for an American Head of State to bow to another Head of State. This is, of course, why Kaufman was noting Eisenhower’s bows, none of which were, apparently, mutual; other commenters have noted Clinton’s bow fifteen years earlier, and Nixon’s bow/handshake greeting with Emperor Hirohito. Some of the criticism is nuanced enough to note that mutual bows are appropriate greetings in Japan, but suggests that Obama’s bow was inappropriately deep and therefore servile and inappropriate.
Part of the problem in discussing this is the assumption that there is a stable protocol: Japan’s modern Imperial institution is younger than the American Republic, and interactions with other heads of state have always been somewhat improvisational. Before the Meiji Restoration, the Emperor didn’t meet heads of state. For centuries, the Emperor basically met nobody who wasn’t a member of the court aristocracy or high officials of the shogunal state: there was no public protocol except for a vague tradition that required the Emperor be above the gaze of anyone, not to be looked down upon. That tradition was revived in the Imperial era, but it wasn’t much guidance in dealing with modern crowds, photography, diplomatic visits. Even Meiji’s coronation ceremony was an innovation, purged of Chinese elements and enhanced with Shinto rituals. (See Keene, ch. 18) The first head of state to visit was Hawaiian King Kalakaua, but he was actually preceeded by a visit from former President U.S. Grant who greeted the Emperor with handshakes. Every time an aristocrat or diplomat met the Emperor, protocol had to be negotiated in advance, and it shifted over time: when and how much to bow, whether handshakes would be permitted, whether foreign women could enter the Emperor’s presence with their diplomat husbands, etc. But this wasn’t yet the great age of state visits: that doesn’t come until the 20th century, and the rise of air travel.
Before the next America presidential visit with a Japanese emperor, though, WWII intervened: the Japanese Emperor was demoted from sacred and inviolable to the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people. More importantly, perhaps, Japan became a neo-colonial extension of American power for a time (when that time ends is a matter of debate, of course) so that Presidential courtesies like Nixon’s bow were harmless to American power. By the time of Clinton’s gesture, though, Japan’s economic power was a threat to American dominance (well, with the 90s recession, not really, but pundits had spent a good portion of the ’80s talking up the Japanese threat, and the impression stuck), and the Imperial transition of 1989 took away the American sense that the Emperor was someone who had been defeated and disarmed. Even Clinton’s gesture towards a bow was too much for some, apparently: the very concept of monarchy raised spectres of pre-Revolutionary attitudes, though bowing is not necessarily a subservient act when done between equals (or by a superior) in the Japanese tradition.
Obama’s bow is a very formal one — formality and hierarchy are two different things — and in the context of a handshake. It doesn’t change the nature of the US-Japan relationship as much as the election of Japan’s new non-LDP PM, as much as the rising nationalistic culture, as much as the ongoing shifts in the economic relationship between two of the largest — and most obviously struggling — economies in the world.
Very interesting background you have provided on this issue. I am surprised at the level of the controversy regarding Obama’s bow. Although the controversy is really mostly relegated to the blogosphere and right leaning media such as the Fox Network. Personally I don’t have too much of an issue of the President bowing to the Japanese Emperor, especially as bowing is a cultural custom in Japan. I do think Obama bowed way too deeply however.
Thanks.
I think the depth of the bow falls into a gray area: it’s not really inappropriate by Japanese standards, which acknowledge that one can and should be very formal without necessarily indicating submission, but Americans have this anti-monarchical impulse (and superiority complex) which makes it hard to see a formal bow as anything other than the sign of submission it would be if it were offered to a Western monarch.
I’m not going to track the entire debate, but reading about this Washington Times op-ed makes me wonder if Obama’s upbringing in Hawai’i has anything to do with his decision: the combination of a close connection to the Japanese monarchy and the tradition of nostalgia for the Hawaiian monarchy (immortalized in statues, the only royal palaces on American soil, and the Hawaii state song) might, conceivably, be real influences on his attitudes.
The Hawai’i upbringing also may figure into it in that there is a lot more respect to the elderly woven into society and I think that the depth of Obama’s bow is not necessarily related to Akihito’s status but his age and the fraility that he projects.
Great background… and interesting this word “submission” keeps coming up, isn’t it? When you think about it, “showing respect” and “showing humility” are really more relevant “translations” of the practice I would think… US media really kind of strangely latched on to this idea of “submission”….
And speaking of the hawaiian world traveler, I read that when he was in Japan, he requested a private meeting with the Meiji emperor to propose a marriage alliance between Hawaii’s Crown Princess Kaʻiulani and Japan’s Prince Yamashina Sadamoro (who would later go on to distinguish himself by becoming admiral in the royal navy). The Japanese rejected this– not sure there has ever been this kind of international marriage alliance in Jpse history??
Cheers
I only want to draw the attention to everyone that the bow in the western and eastern cultures is different. Europeans tilt the head
where Japanese don’t, but keep it straight. So the western bow looks to be too low from the view of those used to the Japanese way of bowing. Maybe the problem is in the height of president.
>not sure there has ever been this kind of international marriage alliance in Jpse history??
(Leanne, is that you?)
IIRC a prince and a princess or two married “royalty” from Colonial Korea in the early 20th century. Can’t remember if these were “cadet branch” or “blood” prince/sses, but I do know that the marriages took place and that they were politically motivated.
Sorry I don’t have the names on hand, but I could find them if I tried.
Bucky
I think the princes you’re thinking of are here. I’m not sure I’d call it an “alliance”: more of an absorbtion of the Korean dynasty.
This post has been reprinted at HNN, by the way, and there are a few comments over there as well.
Hi Bucky! Yeah it’s me…. we’ll have to discuss these alliances on facebook (where exciting alliances happen)Ciao.
For Bucky, KML, and PONTUS: