Patriotic School Athletics – under the Japanese and After

To observe that modern “physical culture” (athletics) training in the compulsory schooling system is something closely linked to the conscription system and a general culture of militarism, represents no new scholarly achievement. In fact, if you were born in the right (?) place and time, you don’t even need to be a scholar to make it into your working hypothesis: I, for my part, vividly remember the “physical culture” lessons of my Soviet childhood, which included a good deal of marching, throwing of fake “grenades”, and lots of pep talks, which all boiled down to this: “Boys, learn it here and now, unless you wish to become pariah when you are eventually called up”.

It was an unquestioned assumption that every “boy” was going to be called up at some point. And it was not the “enlightened West”, at least before WWII, which served as an inspiration for fledgling anti-militarists like me: in the British schools from the 1880s, from what I understand, physical education, compulsory as it was, was often the domain of retired military men, and took the form they knew best, namely that of the drill. And of course, I already knew in the mid-1980s, that the main model for Soviet’s aggressively militaristic “Young Pioneers Organization” were Baden-Powell’s Scouts, their underlying ideology being an omnipresent Edwardian Social Darwinism, with its talk of the imminent “decline” (of Britain, West, and whatever else – you are surely in decline unless you are constantly training yourself to kill others…), and the desire to culturally colonize the working classes by importing them into the bourgeois/aristocratic “athletic patriotism” (John Springhall, “The Boy Scouts, Class and Militarism in Relation to British Youth Movements, 1908-1930”, – Review of Social History, Vol. 16, 1971).

When I first came to South Korea in 1991, I quickly understood that all the demons that haunted us, were already here as well: the “physical education” (체육) lessons based marching and command, the assumption that schoolboys are future conscripts to be drilled in advance in school. In their criticisms of the ways “physical education” was built up in the Korean schools, the anti-systemic dissidents of the 1980s often ascribed the blame to the “legacy of the Japanese imperialism”, and especially to the militaristic craze of the Pacific War time (see, for example, 고광헌’s excellent 스포츠와 정치, printed by 푸른나무, 1988). But there was very little concrete research about how, in detail, the school physical culture was militarized from the late 1930s onward.

And now, at last, this vacuum is starting to be filled – 신주백, one of the most promising historians of the colonial/early post-colonial period, has at last published a thoroughly scholarly paper dealing with the issue: “체육 교육의 군사화와 강제된 건강” (The Militarization of the Physical Education and the Forced Healthiness), in 정근식 (ed.), 식민지의 일상: 지배와 균열, 문화과학사, 2006. From this fascinating piece we learn that the Government-General, in preparation for the introduction of conscription in Korea (which began ultimately in 1944. Once introduced, such things tend to stay for a very, very long time…), surveyed the physical condition of around 60 thousand Korean male youths in March 1942, and from this ascertained how much improvement was needed.

About 97% of those called up for the survey complied. This is a very high level of the administrative efficiency for a colony and was mainly achieved by mobilizing the “neighbourhood patriotic associations” (애국반 – they became 반상회 in South Korea and 인민반 in North Korea from the 1950s) and making the families collectively responsible for the compliance of the young males. Then, from 1942, the “physical culture” lessons in the schools practically mergered with military drills. Around 600 hours of the drills a year were supposed to be provided for all Korean males above the primary school level, and the militarized Korean Sports Promotion Association turned athletic tournaments into places where the “Imperial Army Spirit” was to be demonstrated in action. However, the “Kokumin Tairyoku ho” (National Law on Physical Strength, 1940) from Japan proper (more  here)was never fully implemented in Korea, and the physical fitness of all these Korean males of constription age were never tested in full. Korea needed Kim Il Sung and Rhee Syngman to turn the sado-masochistic dream of checking and grading the ability of every young male to throw grenades and march into the sort of grim reality we are still facing here….

2 Comments

  1. Thanks for this great posting Noja, I really appreciate the time you take to introduce us to some of the research coming out that we may not have time to read ourselves (or just as likely, did not even knew existed).

    While I must admit that I haven’t read any of it yet, I picked up this book at a used bookstore when I lived in Japan which looks like it may discuss some of the same issues:

    日本植民地下朝鮮における学校体育政策 by 西尾達雄

    Here is its table of contents:

    第1部 朝鮮近代体育の成立と展開(開化運動と近代体育の萌芽
    学校制度の成立と展開)
    第2部 植民地学校体育政策の成立—武断政治期の学校体育政策(第一次朝鮮教育令と学校体育政策
    在朝鮮日本人の学校体育政策 ほか)
    第3部 植民地学校体育政策の展開—「文化政治」期から準戦時体制期の学校体育政策(第二次朝鮮教育令下の学校体育政策
    朝鮮における学校軍事教練の実施過程 ほか)
    第4部 植民地学校体育政策の解体—戦時体制期の学校体育政策(皇民化政策と学校体育
    戦力増強の体育と国民学校体錬科の成立 ほか)
    研究の総括と今後の課題

    The same author has also published more on this including the book below. More at his homepage at Shimane U here.

    生涯スポーツの時代—スポーツの現代的認識と国民スポーツの課題

    第1章 現代スポーツの価値と機能(多様なスポーツ意識
    スポーツの社会的価値と機能)
    第2章 国民スポーツの現状と課題(国民スポーツ参加の実態
    国民スポーツ要求の背景
    国民スポーツの課題
    子供とスポーツ
    高齢者とスポーツ)
    第3章 現代スポーツ批判(暴力とスポーツ
    スポーツの本質と社会的性格
    競争とスポーツ)

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